Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2016-03-17
Page range: 451–488
Abstract views: 131
PDF downloaded: 3

A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothurioids (Echinodermata: Echinothurioida)—excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae—with a description of a new species of Tromikosoma

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited, Private Bag 14 901, Wellington, New Zealand.
Echinodermata Echinoid tam o’shanter Echinothurioida Echinothuriidae Phormosomatidae Hygrosoma Sperosoma Tromikosoma Kamptosoma Phormosoma new species taxonomy New Zealand Australia

Abstract

An examination of a large collection of echinothurioid echinoids (excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae Thomson) from museum collections in New Zealand and Australia has expanded the known diversity of the group in New Zealand from three species in two genera to seven species in five genera, and revealed a new species in the genus Tromikosoma Mortensen.

New records for New Zealand and Australia are reported for Sperosoma obscurum Agassiz and Clark, 1907 and S. nudum Shigei, 1978 and new records for New Zealand are reported for Tromikosoma australe (Koehler, 1922) and Kamptosoma asterias (A. Agassiz, 1881). Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov., remarkable for its unusual wrinkled appearance and exceedingly thin test, is described from deep water in the northeast of New Zealand. No evidence for the existence of Phormosoma rigidum A. Agassiz, 1881 as a species separate from P. bursarium A. Agassiz, 1881 was found, and synonymy with P. bursarium is proposed.

Previous records of these echinoid species were rare, as they live mostly in deep water (>1000 m), and three species were previously known from the type material alone. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. now falls into that category, but new material of the other species greatly expands both the number of known records and their geographical distribution. The majority of these new records are from the New Zealand region, with several additional records from south-east Australia.

An updated key to the echinothurioids of New Zealand is provided.

 

References

  1. Agassiz, A. (1880) Reports of the dredging by the Blake— Preliminary report on the Echini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 8, 69–84.

    Agassiz, A. (1881) Echinoidea. Report on the scientific results of the exploring voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology, 3, 1–321.

    Agassiz, A. (1904) The Panamic Deep Sea Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 31, 1–243.

    Agassiz, A. & Clark, H.L. (1907) Preliminary report on the Echini collected in 1902 among the Hawaiian Islands by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in charge of Commander Chauncey Thomas, U.S.N., commanding. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 50 (8), 231–259.

    Agassiz, A. & Clark, H.L. (1909) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Echinothuridae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 34 (3), 141–204-.

    Amemiya, S. & Tsuchiya, T. (1979) Development of the echinothurid sea urchin Asthenosoma ijimai. Marine Biology, 52, 93–96.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386862

    Anderson, O.F. (2013) A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothuriinids (Echinodermata: Echinothuriidae) with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3609 (6), 521–567.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.6.1

    Anton, R.F., Stevenson, A. & Schwabe, E. (2013) Description of a new abyssal copepod associated with the echinoid Sperosoma grimaldii Koehler, 1897. Spixiana, 36 (2), 201–210.

    Bronn, H.G. (1860) Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Zweiter Band. Actinozoen. C.F.Winter’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig & Heidelberg, 434 pp. [in German]

    Campbell, A.C. & Jensen, M. (1993) Rostrate Pedicellariae: A Morphologically Distinct Form of Echinoid Test Appendage. Journal of Morphology, 218, 237–247.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052180302

    CANZ (1997) New Zealand Region Bathymetry, 1:4, 000 000 Chart. NIWA Miscellaneous Series, 73.

    Clark, A.M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. British Museum (Natural History), London, 277 pp.

    Claus, C.F.W. (1880) Grundzuge der Zoologie. 4th Edition. N. G. Elwertsche Universitatsbuchhandlung, Marburg & Leipzig, 821 & 522 pp. [two volumes]

    David, B., Choné, T., Mooi, R. & de Ridder, C. (2005) Antarctic Echinoidea. In: Wägele, J.W. & Sieg, J. (Eds.), Synopsis of the Antarctic Benthos, Volume 10. Theses Zoologicae, 35, 1–275.

    De Ridder C., David, B. & Larrain, A. (1992) Antarctic and Subantarctic echinoids from "Marion Dufresne" expeditions MD03, MD04, MD08 and from the "Polarstern" expedition Epos III. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 14A (2), 405–441.

    Emson, R.H. & Young, C.M. (1998) Form and function of the primary spines of two bathyal echinothuriid sea urchins. Acta Zooligica, 79 (2), 101–111.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1998.tb01149.x

    Fell, H.B. (1958) Deep-sea echinoderms of New Zealand. Zoological Publications of Victoria University Wellington, 24, 1–40.

    Fell, H.B. (1966) Diadematacea. In: Moore, R.C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, U. Echinodermata. Vol. 3 (1). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, pp. U340–U366a.

    Gage, J. D. & Tyler, P, A. (1992) Deep Sea Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 504 pp.

    Grassle, J.F., Sanders, H.L., Hessler, R.R., Rowe, G.T. & McLellan, T. (1975) Pattern and zonation; a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible “Alvin”. Deep Sea Research, 22, 457–481.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(75)90020-0

    Koehler, R. (1897) Nouveau genre d'Echinothurides. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 20, 302–307. [in French]

    Koehler, R. (1926) Echinodermata, Echinoidea. Scientific Report of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, Series C, 8 (3), 1–34. [plus 124 plates]

    Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010) The phylogeny and classification of Post-palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8 (2), 147–212.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772011003603556

    Leske, N.G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis disposition echinodermatum: edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, 278 pp. [in Latin]

    Malahoff, A., Zaiger, K.K., Jones, A.T. & Chave, E.H. (1988) Visual and photographic survey of a preferred Hawaii deep water cable route. Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) report, Honolulu, 213 pp.

    McKnight, D.G. (1974) Some echinoids new to New Zealand waters. Records of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 2 (3), 25–44.

    Mironov, A.N. (1971) Soft sea urchins of the family Echinothuriidae collected by the R/V “Vityaz” and the “Academik Kurchatov” in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Transactions of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 92, 317–325. [in Russian with English summary]

    Mironov, A.N. (1972) On relationship [sic] of the group of flexible urchins and systematic status of the genus Kamptosoma Mortensen (Echinoidea, Echinothuriina). Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 51 (3), 381–387. [in Russian with English summary]

    Mironov, A.N., Minin, K.V. & Dilman, A.B. (2015) Abyssal echinoid and asteroid fauna of the North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II, 111, 357–375.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.08.006

    Mooi, R. & David, B. (1998) Evolution within a bizarre phylum: Homologies of the first echinoderms. American Zoologist, 38 (6), 965–974.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/38.6.965

    Mooi, R., Constable, H., Lockhart, S. & Pearse, J. (2004) Echinothurioid phylogeny and the phylogenetic significance of Kamptosoma (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Research II, 51, 1903–1919.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.020

    Mori, T., Tsuchiya, T. & Amemiya, S. (1980) Annual gonadal variation in sea urchins of the orders Echinothurioida and Echinoida. Biological Bulletin, 159, 728–736.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1540837

    Mortensen, T. (1903) Echinoidea (Part 1). The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 (1), 1–198.

    Mortensen, T. (1927) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 471 pp.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6841

    Mortensen, T. (1934) New Echinoidea. Preliminary Notice. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I København, 98, 161–167.

    Mortensen, T. (1935) A Monograph of the Echinoidea II. Bothriocidaroida, Melonechinoida, Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp.

    Mortensen, T. (1940) Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross during the Philippine Expedition, 1907–1910. United States National Museum Bulletin 100, 14 (1), 1–52.

    Pawson, D. (1982) Deep sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahama Islands, a survey using the research submersible Alvin. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 16, 129–145.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.16.1982.362

    Rowe, F.W.E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33, 1–580.

    Smith, A.B. & Wright, C.W. (1990) British Cretaceous Echinoids. Part 2, Echinothurioida, Diadematoida, and Stirodonta (1, Calycina). Monograph of the Palaeontological Society, 143, 101–198.

    Shigei, M. (1978) A new species of echinothurid sea-urchin, Sperosoma nudum, from the North Pacific, off central Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo, IV, 14 (1), 71–77.

    Schultz, H. (2011) Sea urchins III: worldwide regular deep water species. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner, Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 477 pp.

    Smith, A.B. & Kroh, A. (2011) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoid-directory (accessed 12 December 2015)

    Stock, J.H. (1968) The Calvocheridae, a family of copepods inducing galls in sea-urchin spines. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 38, 85–90.

    Thomson, W. (1872) On the Echinidea of the “Porcupine” Deep-Sea Dredging-Expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 20, 491–497.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1871.0095

    Thomson, W. (1877) The voyage of the "Challenger": the Atlantic: a preliminary account of the general results of the exploring voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" during the year 1873 and the early part of the year 1876. Harper, New York, 498 pp.

    Tyler, P.A. & Gage, J.D. (1984) The reproductive biology of echinothuriid and cidarid sea urchins from the deep sea (Rockall Trough, North-East Atlantic Ocean). Marine Biology, 80, 63–74.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393129