Abstract
Notosuchia is a large and diverse clade of Mesozoic crocodyliforms that thrived in continental environments especially during the Cretaceous of Gondwana. This clade has been the focus of several phylogenetic studies that led to the consensus of two main topological arrangements, mostly differing in the position of the clade Sebecidae: the sebecosuchian and sebecian hypotheses. In this manuscript we review the main phylogenetic definitions of several clades of notosuchians in the context of these hypotheses. As a result, besides the clade names previously established under the ICPN/Phylocode (including registration in RegNum) by Ruiz et al. (2021) (Notosuchia, Xenodontosuchia, Sphagesauria, Sphagesauridae) and Darlim et al. (2021a) (Baurusuchia, Baurusuchidae, Baurusuchinae, Pissarrachampsinae), eleven clade names have been registered and are defined in this contribution. Ten of these represent converted clade names (Uruguaysuchidae, Mahajangasuchidae, Peirosauridae, Itasuchidae, Ziphosuchia, Sphagesaurinae, Caipirasuchinae, Sebecia, Sebecosuchia, and Sebecia), while one represents a new clade name (Peirosauria). Furthermore, the definition of Xenodontosuchia is emended (unrestricted emendation) so that the name can be used in the context of a wider array of topologies.
References
- Andrade, M. B., and R. J. Bertini. 2008. A new Sphagesaurus (Mesoeucrocodylia: Notosuchia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Monte Alto city (Bauru Group, Brazil), and a revision of the Sphagesauridae. Historical Biology 20(2):101–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960701642949
- Andrade, M. B., R. Edmonds, M. J. Benton, and R. Schouten. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163(1):S66–S108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x
- Antunes, M. T. 1975. Iberosuchus, crocodile sebecosuchian nouveau, l’Eocène iberique au Nord de la Chaîne Centrale, et l’origine du canyon de Nazaré. Comunicações Servicio Geologico Portugal 49:285–330.
- Barrios, F., A. Paulina-Carabajal, and P. Bona. 2016. A new peirosaurid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 53:14–25. https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.03.09.2015.2903
- Benton, M. J., and J. M. Clark. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia. Pp. 295–338 in The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods (M. J. Benton, ed.). Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Berg, D. 1966. Die Krokodile, insbesondere Asiatosuchus und aff. Sebecus? aus dem Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt/Hessen. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 52:1–105.
- Bravo, G. G., D. Pol, and D. A. García-López. 2021. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Paleocene of Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41(3):e1979020. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1979020
- Buckley, G. A., and C. A. Brochu. 1999. An enigmatic new crocodile from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar. Special Papers in Palaeontology 60:149–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1979020
- Buckley, G. A., C. A. Brochu, D. W. Krause, and D. Pol. 2000. A pugnosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405:941–944. https://doi.org/10.1038/35016061
- Buffetaut, E. 1989. A new ziphodont mesosuchian crocodile from the Eocene of Algeria. Palaeontographica 208:1–10.
- Cantino, P. D., and K. de Queiroz. 2020. International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429446320
- Carvalho, I. S., L. C. B. Ribeiro, and L. dS. Avila. 2004. Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. nov., a new crocodylomorph from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil. Gondwana Research 7(4):975–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)71079-0
- de Celis, A., I. Narváez, A. Arcucci, and F. Ortega. 2021. Lagerstätte effect drives notosuchian palaeodiversity (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia). Historical Biology 33(11):3031–3040. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1844682
- Clark, J. M. 1994. Patterns of evolution in Mesozoic Crocodyliformes. Pp. 84–97 in In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (N. C. Fraser, and H.-D. Sues, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Colbert, E. H. 1946. Sebecus, representative of a peculiar suborder of fossil Crocodilia from Patagonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 87:217–270.
- Company, J., X. Pereda-Suberbiola, J. I. Ruíz-Omeñaca, and A. D. Buscalioni. 2005. A new species of Doratodon (Crocodyliformes: Ziphosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2): 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0343:ANSODC]2.0.CO;2
- Darlim, G., F. C. Montefeltro, and M. C. Langer. 2021a. 3D skull modelling and description of a new baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous (Bauru Basin) of Brazil. Journal of Anatomy 239(3):622–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13442
- Darlim, G., I. S. Carvalho, S. A. S. Tavares, and M. C. Langer. 2021b. A new Pissarrachampsinae specimen from the Bauru Basin, Brazil, adds data to the understanding of the Baurusuchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia, Notosuchia) distribution in the Late Cretaceous of South America. Cretaceous Research 128:104969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104969
- Fernández Dumont, M. L., P. Bona, D. Pol, and S. Apesteguía. 2020. New anatomical information on Araripesuchus buitreraensis with implications for the systematics of Uruguaysuchidae (Crocodyliforms, Notosuchia). Cretaceous Research 113:104494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104494
- Gasparini, Z. 1971. Los Notosuchia del Cretácico de América del Sur como un nuevo Infraorden de los Mesosuchia (Crocodilia). Ameghiniana 8:83–103.
- Gasparini, Z. 1972. Los Sebecosuchia (Crocodilia) del Territorio Argentino. Consideraciones sobre su “status” taxonómico. Ameghiniana 9:23–34.
- Gasparini, Z. 1982. Una nueva familia de cocodrilos zifodontes cretácicos de América del Sur. Actas V Congreso Latinoamericano de Geología, Buenos Aires, 1981 4:317–329.
- Gasparini, Z., L. M. Chiappe, and M. Fernández. 1991. A new senonian peirosaurid (Crocodylomorpha) from Argentina and a synopsis of the South American Cretaceous crocodilians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11(3):316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1991.10011401
- Gasparini, Z., D. Pol, and L. A. Spalletti. 2006. An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia. Science 311:70–72. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120803
- Geroto, C. F. C., and R. J. Bertini. 2019. New material of Pepesuchus (Crocodyliformes; Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Bauru Group: implications about its phylogeny and the age of the Adamantina Formation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185:312–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly037
- Godoy, P. L., F. C. Montefeltro, M. A. Norell, and M. C. Langer. 2014. An additional baurusuchid from the Cretaceous of Brazil with evidence of interspecific predation among Crocodyliformes. PLoS ONE 9(5):e97138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097138
- Godoy, P. L., M. Bronzati, E. Eltink, J. C. A. Marsola, G. M. Cidade, M. C. Langer, and F. C. Montefeltro. 2016. Postcranial anatomy of Pissarrachampsa sera (Crocodyliformes, Baurusuchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil: Insights on lifestyle and phylogenetic significance. PeerJ 4:e2075. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2075
- Gomani, E. M. 1997. A crocodyliform from the Early Cretaceous dinosaur beds, northern Malawi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(2):280–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010975
- Iori, F. V., and I. S. Carvalho. 2011. Caipirasuchus paulistanus, a new sphagesaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Turonian–Santonian), Bauru Basin, Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(6):1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.602777
- Iori, F. V., T. S. Marinho, I. S. Carvalho, and A. C. A. Campos. 2011. Padrão Dentário dos Esfagessaurídeos (Crocodyliformes, Sphagesauridae). Pp. 583–592 in Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida, v. 4 (I. S. Carvalho, N. K. Srivastava, O. Strohschoen Jr., C. Cunha Lana Org.). Editora Interciência, Rio de Janeiro.
- Iori, F. V., T. S. Marinho, I. S. Carvalho, and A. C. A. Campos. 2013. Taxonomic reappraisal of the sphagesaurid crocodyliform Sphagesaurus montealtensis from the Late Cretaceous Adamantina Formation of São Paulo State, Brazil. Zootaxa 3686(2):183–200. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.2.4
- Iori, F. V., T. S. Marinho, I. S. Carvalho, and L. A. S. Frare. 2018. Cranial morphology of Morrinhosuchus luziae (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Bauru Basin, Brazil. Cretaceous Research 86:41e52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.02.010
- Kellner, A. W. A., A. E. P. Pinheiro, and D. A. Campos. 2014. A new sebecid from the Paleogene of Brazil and the crocodyliform radiation after the K–Pg boundary. PLoS ONE 9:e81386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081386
- Kuhn, O. 1968. Die vorzeitlichen Krokodile. Ocben Krailling, München.
- Larsson, H. C. E., and H.-D. Sues. 2007. Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149:533–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00271.x
- Leardi, J. M., and D. Pol. 2009. The first crocodyliform from the Chubut Group (Chubut Province, Argentina) and its phylogenetic position within basal Mesoeucrocodylia. Cretaceous Research 30:1376–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.08.002
- Leardi, J. M., D. Pol, F. E. Novas, and M. Suárez Riglos. 2015. The postcranial anatomy of Yacarerani boliviensis and the phylogenetic significance of the notosuchian postcranial skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35:e995187. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.995187
- Leardi, J. M., D. Pol, and Z. Gasparini. 2018. New Patagonian baurusuchids (Crocodylormorpha; Notosuchia) from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Upper Cretaceous; Neuquén, Argentina): New evidences of the early sebecosuchian diversification in Gondwana. Comptes Rendus Paleovol 17:504–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2018.02.002
- Lio, G., F. L. Agnolín, R. Juarez Valeri, L. Filippi, and D. Rosales. 2016. A new peirosaurid (Crocodyliformes) from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Coniacian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Historical Biology 28:835–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2015.1043999
- Maganuco, S., C. Dal Sasso, and G. Pasini. 2006. A new large predatory archosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Madagascar. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano 147(1):19.
- Marinho, T. S., and I. S. Carvalho. 2009. An armadillo-like sphagesaurid crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of South American Sciences 27:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2008.11.005
- Marinho, T. S., F. V. Iori, I. S. Carvalho, and F. M. Vasconcellos. 2013. Gondwanasuchus scabrosus gen. et sp. nov., a new terrestrial predatory crocodyliform (Mesoeucrocodylia: Baurusuchidae) from the Late Cretaceous Bauru Basin of Brazil. Cretaceous Research 44:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2008.11.005
- Marinho, T. S., A. G. Martinelli, G. Basilici, M. V. T. Soares, A. Marconato, L. C. B. Ribeiro, and F. V. Iori. 2022. First Upper Cretaceous notosuchians (Crocodyliformes) from the Uberaba Formation (Bauru Group), southeastern Brazil: Enhancing crocodyliform diversity. Cretaceous Research 129:105000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105000.
- Martin, J. E., and F. de Broin. 2016. A miniature notosuchian with multicuspid teeth from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6):e1211534. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1211534
- Martin, J. E., Y. Pochat-Cottilloux, Y. Laurent, V. Perrier, E. Robert, and P.-O. Antoine. 2023. Anatomy and phylogeny of an exceptionally large sebecid (Crocodylomorpha) from the middle Eocene of southern France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 42:e2193828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828
- Martinelli, A. G. 2003. New cranial remains of the bizarre notosuchid Comahuesuchus brachybuccalis (Archosauria, Crocodyliformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Río Negro Province (Argentina). Ameghiniana 40:559–572.
- Martinelli, A. G., J. J. W. Sertich, A. C. Garrido, and A. M. Praderio. 2012. A new peirosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina: implications for specimens referred to Peirosaurus torminni Price (Crocodyliformes: Peirosauridae). Cretaceous Research 37:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.017
- Martinelli, A. G., T. S. Marinho, F. V. Iori, and L. C. B. Ribeiro. 2018. The first Caipirasuchus (Mesoeucrocodylia, Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Minas Gerais, Brazil: new insights on sphagesaurid anatomy and taxonomy. PeerJ 6:e5594. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5594
- Martins, K. C., M. V. Lopes Queiroz, J. V. Ruiz, M. C. Langer, and F. C. Montefeltro. 2023. A new Baurusuchidae (Notosuchia, Crocodyliformes) from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), with a revised phylogenetic analysis of Baurusuchia. Cretaceous Research 153:105680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105680.
- Meunier, L. M. V., and H. C. Larsson. 2018. Trematochampsa taqueti as a nomen dubium and the crocodyliform diversity of the Upper Cretaceous in Beceten Formation of Niger. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182(3):659–680. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx061
- Molnar, R. 1978. The crocodile from Tea Tree Cave and ziphodont crocodiles in Australia. Journal of Sydney Speleological Society 22(1):3–10.
- Montefeltro, F. C., H. C. Larsson, and M. C. Langer. 2011. A new baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogeny of Baurusuchidae. PLoS One 6:e21916. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021916
- Montefeltro, F. C., H. C. Larsson, M. A. G. de França, and M. C. Langer. 2013. A new neosuchian with Asian affinities from the Jurassic of northwestern Brazil. Naturwissenschaften 100:835–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1083-9
- Nascimento, P. M., and H. Zaher. 2010. A new species of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, with the first complete postcranial skeleton described for the family Baurusuchidae. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 50:323–361. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010002100001
- Nicholl, C. S. C., E. S. E. Hunt, D. Ouarhache, and P. D. Mannion. 2021. A second peirosaurid crocodyliform from the Mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco and the diversity of Gondwanan notosuchians outside South America. Royal Society Open Science 8:211254. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211254
- O’Connor, P. M., J. J. Sertich, N. J. Stevens, E. M. Roberts, M. D. Gottfried, T. L. Hieronymus, and J. Temba. 2010. The evolution of mammal-like crocodyliforms in the Cretaceous Period of Gondwana. Nature 466:748–751. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09061
- Ortega, F., Z. Gasparini, A. D. Buscalioni, and J. O. Calvo. 2000. A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:57–76. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0057:ANSOAC]2.0.CO;2
- Pinheiro, A. E. P., P. V. L. G. C. Pereira, R. G. de Souza, A. S. Brum, R. T. Lopes, A. S. Machado, L. P. Bergqvist, and F. M. Simbras. 2018. Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform “Goniopholis” paulistanus Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials. PLoS ONE 13:e0199984. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199984
- Pinheiro, A. E. P., L. G. de Souza, K. L. N. Bandeira, A. S. Brum, P. V. L. G. C. Pereira, L. O. R. de Castro, R. R. C. Ramos, and F. M. Simbras. 2021. The first notosuchian crocodyliform from the Araçatuba Formation (Bauru Group, Paraná Basin), and diversification of sphagesaurians. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 93:e20201591. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202120201591
- Pinheiro, A. E. P., P. V. L. G. C. Pereira, F. M. Vasconcellos, A. S. Brum, L. G. de Souza, F. R. Costa, L. O. R. de Castro, K. F. da Silva, and K. L. N. Bandeira. 2023. New Itasuchidae (Sebecia, Ziphosuchia) remains and the radiation of an elusive Mesoeucrocodylia clade. Historical Biology 35:2280–2305. https://doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2139179
- Pol, D. 2003. New remains of Sphagesaurus huenei (Crocodylomorpha: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(4): 817–831. https://doi.org/10.1671/A1015-7
- Pol, D., S. Ji, J. M. Clark, and L. M. Chiappe. 2004. Basal crocodyliforms from the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group (Xinjiang, China), and the phylogenetic position of Edentosuchus. Cretaceous Research 25:603–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.002
- Pol, D. 2005. Postcranial remains of Notosuchus terrestris (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes) from the upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 42(1):21–38.
- Pol, D., and S. Apesteguía. 2005. New Araripesuchus remains from the Early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490:1–38. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2005)490[0001:NARFTE]2.0.CO;2
- Pol, D., and J. E. Powell. 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Río Loro Formation (Paleocene) of north-western Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163:S7–S36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00714.x
- Pol, D., J. M. Leardi, A. Lecuona, and M. Krause. 2012. Postcranial anatomy of Sebecus icaeorhinus (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(2):328–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.646833.
- Pol, D., P. M. Nascimento, A. B. Carvalho, C. Riccomini, R. A. Pires-Domingues, and H. Zaher. 2014. A new notosuchian from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogeny of advanced notosuchians. PLoS ONE 9(4):e93105. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093105
- Pol, D., and J. M. Leardi. 2015. Diversity patterns of Notosuchia (Crocodyliformes; Mesoeucrocodylia) during the Cretaceous of Gondwana. Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina (PE-APA) 15(1):172–186. https://doi.org/10.5710/PEAPA.10.06.2015.108
- Price, L. I. 1955. Novos crocodilideos dos Arenitos da Série Bauru, Cretáceo do estado de Minas Gerais. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 27:487–498.
- Price, L. I. 1959. Sôbre um crocodilídeo Notossúquio do Cretácico Brasileiro. Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral, Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, Boletim 188:7–55.
- Rabi, M., and N. Sebök. 2015. A revised Eurogondwana model: Late Cretaceous notosuchian crocodyliforms and other vertebrate taxa suggest the retention of episodic faunal links between Europe and Gondwana during most of the Cretaceous. Gondwana Research 28(3): 1197–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.09.015
- Ruiz, J. V., M. Bronzati, G. S. Ferreira, K. C. Martins, M. V. Queiroz, M. C. Langer, and F. Montefeltro. 2021. A new species of Caipirasuchus (Notosuchia, Sphagesauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil and the evolutionary history of Sphagesauria. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19:265–287. https://doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1888815
- Rusconi, C. 1933. Sobre reptiles cretaceous del Uruguay (Uruguaysuchus aznarezi, n. g. n. sp.) y sus relaciones con los notosúquidos de Patagonia. Boletín Instituto de Geología y Perforaciones (Montevideo, Uruguay) 19:1–64.
- Sellés, A. G., A. Blanco, B. Vila, J. Marmi, F. J. López-Soriano, S. Llácer, J. Frigola, M. Canals, and A. Galobart. 2020. A small Cretaceous crocodyliform in a dinosaur nesting ground and the origin of sebecids. Scientific Reports 10:15293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71975-y
- Sereno, P. C., H. C. E. Larsson, C. A. Sidor, and B. Gado. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science 294:1516–1519. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066521
- Sereno, P. C. 2005. The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 54(4):595–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351591007453
- Sereno, P. C., C. A. Sidor, H. C. E. Larsson, and B. Gado. 2003. A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:477–482. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0477:ANNFTE]2.0.CO;2
- Sereno, P. C., and H. C. E. Larsson. 2009. Cretaceous crocodyliforms from the Sahara. ZooKeys 28:1–143. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.28.325
- Sertich, J. J. W., and P. M. O’Connor. 2014. A new crocodyliform from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:576–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.819808
- Simpson, G. G. 1937. New reptiles from the Eocene of South America. American Museum Novitates 927:1–3.
- Soto, M., D. Pol, and D. Perea. 2011. A new specimen of Uruguaysuchus aznarezi (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Uruguay and its phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163:S173–S198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00717.x
- Steel, R. 1973. Crocodylia. Pp. 1–116 in Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 16 (O. Kuhn, ed.). G. Fischer, Stuttgart and Portland.
- Turner, A. H., and J. O. Calvo. 2005. A new sebecosuchian crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0087:ANSCFT]2.0.CO;2
- Turner, A. H. 2006. Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18:255–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960500516112
- Turner, A. H., and J. J. W. Sertich. 2010. Phylogenetic history of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(s1):177–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.532348.
- Walker, A. D. 1968. Protosuchus, Proterochampsa, and the origin of phytosaurs and crocodiles. Geological Magazine 105:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800046434
- Young, M. T., E. W. Wilberg, M. M. Johnson, Y. Herrera, M. B. Andrade, A. Brignon, S. Sachs, P. Abel, D. Foffa, M. S. Fernández, P. Vignaud, T. Cowgill, and S. L. Brusatte. 2024. The history, systematics, and nomenclature of Thalattosuchia (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200(2):547–617. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165