Abstract
Eighty-one genus-group names are available in the arachnid Order Schizomida Petrunkevitch, 1945 by the end of 2025. All except one genus, i.e., 72 extant genera and eight extinct genera, are currently accepted. Seventy-four (91%) of the currently accepted genera were described since 1950. Schizomida includes 395 currently accepted species-group names (381 extant species and 14 extinct species) and a nomen dubium. Despite this descriptive activity, the suprageneric classification of Schizomida is poorly structured as phylogenetic relationships remain largely uninvestigated. Many recent genera are monotypic and narrowly delimited whereas several older genera appear to be paraphyletic. The systematics of African and Asian schizomids lags far behind that of Australian and New World schizomids.
References
- Adis, J. (1981) Comparative ecological studies of the terrestrial arthropod fauna in Central Amazonian inundation forests. Amazoniana, 7, 87–173.
- Adis, J., Reddell, J., Cokendolpher, J. & Morais, J.W. de (1999) Abundance and phenology of Schizomida (Arachnida) from a primary upland forest in central Amazonia. Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Arachnology and a Symposium on Spiders in Agroecosystems. Journal of Arachnology, 27 (1), 205–210.
- Adis, J.U., Cokendolpher, J.C., Reddell, J.R. & Rodrigues, J.M.G. (2001) Abundance and phenology of Schizomida (Arachnida) from a secondary upland forest in central Amazonia. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 108, 879–889. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80166
- Armas, L.F. de (1977) Dos nuevas especies de Schizomus Arachnida: Schizomida, de Cuba. Poeyana, 166, 1–8.
- Armas, L.F. de (2002) Dos géneros nuevos de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) de Cuba. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 5, 3–9.
- Armas, L.F. de (2011) Género nuevo de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) para Jamaica. Solenodon, 9, 12–19.
- Armas, L.F. de (2014) Two new genera of African whip scorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 23, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.23.2.01
- Armas, L.F. de & Colmenares, P. (2006) Nuevo género de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) del Zulia, Venezuela. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 39, 27–30.
- Armas, L.F. de & Delgado-Santa, L. (2012) Nuevo género de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes, Colombia. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 21, 139–143.
- Armas, L.F. de & Melic, A. (2015) Orden Schizomida. Revista IDE@-SEA, 21, 1–6. Available from: http://sea-entomologia.org/IDE@/revista_21.pdf.
- Armas, L.F. de & Moreno-González, J.A. (2021) Predators of the short-tailed whipscorpions (Schizomida): Are they so few? Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 38, 189–190.
- Armas, L.F. de & Rehfeldt, S. (2015) Stenochrus portoricensis, Zomus bagnallii and a new genus of schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from a greenhouse in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Arachnology Letters/Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 49, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.5431/aramit4906
- Armas, L.F. de & Teruel, R. (2002) Un género nuevo de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) de las Antilles Mayores. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 6, 45–52.
- Armas, L.F. de & Víquez, C. (2010) Nuevos Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) de America Central. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 30, 9–21.
- Bastawade, D.B. (2002) Two new species of schizomids from India with range extension for Schizomus tikaderi (Arachnida: Schizomida). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 99, 90–95.
- Bastawade, D.B. (2004) Revision of some species of family Schizomidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) on the basis of types deposited by F.H. Gravely (1911–1925) in the National Collection, ZSI, Kolkata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101, 211–220.
- Brach, V. (1976) Development of the whipscorpion Schizomus floridanus with notes on behavior and laboratory culture. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 74 (3), 97–100.
- Briggs, T.S. & Hom, K. (1966) A new schizomid whipscorpion from California with notes on the others (Uropygi: Schizomidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 42, 270–274.
- Brignoli, P.M. (1973) Note sulla morfologia dei genitali degli schizomidi e diagnosi preliminari di due nuove species del Messico (Arachnida, Schizomida). Fragmenta Entomologica, 9, 1–9.
- Camilo, G.R. & Cokendolpher, J.C. (1988) Schizomidae de Puerto Rico (Arachnida: Schizomida). Caribbean Journal of Science, 24, 52–59.
- Castillo‑Figueroa, D., Castillo‑Avila, C., Moreno‑González, J.A. & Posada, J.M. (2024) Habitat of two threatened short‑tailed whip‑scorpions (Arachnida: Schizomida) in the tropical Andes of northern South America. Journal of Insect Conservation, 28, 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-024-00565-4
- Chamberlin, R.V. (1922) Two new American arachnids of the order Pedipalpida. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 35, 11–12.
- Clouse, R.M., Branstetter, M.G., Buenavente, P., Crowley, L.M., Czekanski-Moir, J., General, D.E.M., Giribet, G., Harvey, M.S., Janies, D.A., Mohagan, A.B., Mohagan, D.P., Sharma, P.P. & Wheeler, W.C. (2017) First global molecular phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of two arachnid orders (Schizomida and Uropygi) supports a tropical Pangean origin and mid-Cretaceous diversification. Journal of Biogeography, 44 (11), 2660–2672. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13076
- Coddington, J.A., Giribet, G., Harvey, M.S., Prendini, L. & Walter, D.E. (2004) Arachnida. In: Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. (Eds), Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195172348.003.0019
- Cokendolpher, J.C. & Reddell, J.R. (2000) New and rare Schizomida (Arachnida: Hubbardiidae) from South America. Amazoniana, 16, 187–212.
- Cokendolpher, J.C. & Sites, R.W. (1988) A new species of eyed Schizomus (Schizomida: Schizomidae) from Java. Acta Arachnologica, 36, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.36.79
- Cokendolpher, J.C. & Tsurusaki, N. (1994) Schizomida (Arachnida) of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Natural History Research, Special Issue, 1, 195–198.
- Cokendolpher, J.C., Sissom, W.D. & Bastawade, D.B. (1988) A new Schizomus from the Indian state of Maharashtra, with additional comments on eyed schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomidae). Insecta Mundi, 2, 90–96.
- Colmenares, P.A., Moreno-González, J.A., Villarreal, O., & Prendini, L. (2025) New genus and species of short-tailed whipscorpion (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from the Venezuelan Amazon. Zootaxa, 5563 (1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5563.1.9
- Cook, O.F. (1899) Hubbardia, a new genus of Pedipalpi. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 4, 249–261.
- Cope, E.D. (1886) An analytical table of the genera of snakes. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 23 (124), 479–499.
- De Francesco Magnussen, I., Müller, S.P., Hammel, J.U., Kotthoff, U. & Harms, D. (2022) Diversity of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida) revealed by new fossil genera and species from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with implications for a Gondwanan origin of the Burma Terrane. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196 (2), 792–844. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac034
- Dumitresco, M. (1973) Deux espèces nouvelles du genre Schizomus (Schizomida), trouvées à Cuba. In: Orghidan, T., Núñez Jiménez, A., Botosaneanu, L., Decou, V., Negrea, St. & Viña Bayés, N. (Eds), Résultats des Expéditions Biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines à Cuba, 1. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucaresti, pp. 279–292
- Dumitresco, M. (1977) Autres nouvelles espèces du genre Schizomus des grottes de Cuba. In: Orghidan, T., Núñez Jiménez, A., Decou, V., Negrea, St. & Bayés, N.V. (Eds), Résultats des Expéditions Biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines à Cuba, 2. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucaresti, pp. 147–158
- Dunlop, J.A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. (2023) A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In: World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (last accessed: 26 Nov. 2025).
- Flórez, D.E. & Cepeda, J. (2007) Esquizómidos. In: Amat-García, G., Andrade, C.G. & Amat-García, E. (Eds), Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados terrestres de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Conservación Internacional Colombia, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Crédito Territorial, Bogotá, pp. 68–71
- Garwood, R.J. & Dunlop, J.A. (2014) Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders. PeerJ, 2, e641. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.641
- Giribet, G. & Moreno-González, J.A. (2021) Notes on brooding in the arachnid order Schizomida. Journal of Arachnology, 49 (3), 410–414. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-091
- González-Sponga, M.A. (1997) Aracnidos de Venezuela. Un nuevo genero y dos nuevas especies de Schizomidae y redescripcion de Schizomus simoni Hansen y Sorensen, 1905 del Sistema Montañoso de la Costa (Schizomida). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 17 (2), 1–10.
- Gravely, F.H. (1911) Notes on Pedipalpi in the collection of the Indian Museum. I. New Pedipalpi from Calcutta. Records of the Indian Museum, 6, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v6/i1/1911/163717
- Gravely, F.H. (1912) Notes on Pedipalpi in the collection of the Indian Museum. IV. New Oriental Tartarides. Records of the Indian Museum, 7, 107–110. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v7/i2/1915/163095
- Gravely, F.H. (1915) Notes on the habits of Indian insects, myriapods and arachnids. Records of the Indian Museum, 11, 483–539, pls. XXII–XXV. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v11/i6/1915/163052
- Hansen, H.J. & Sörensen, W. (1905) The Tartarides, a tribe of the order Pedipalpi. Arkiv för Zoologi, 2 (8), 1–78.
- Harvey, M.S. (1988) A new troglobitic schizomid from Cape Range, Western Australia (Chelicerata: Schizomida). Records of the Western Australian Museum, 14, 15–20.
- Harvey, M.S. (1992) The Schizomida (Chelicerata) of Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6, 77–129. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9920077
- Harvey, M.S. (2000a) A review of the Australian schizomid genus Notozomus (Hubbardiidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 46, 161–174.
- Harvey, M.S. (2000b) Brignolizomus and Attenuizomus, new schizomid genera from Australia (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, Supplemento, 78, 329–338.
- Harvey, M.S. (2001) The Schizomida (Arachnida) of the Seychelle Islands. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 15, 681–693. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT01006
- Harvey, M.S. (2002) Short-range endemism amongst the Australian fauna: Some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics, 16 (4), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02009
- Harvey, M.S. (2003) Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 400 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643090071
- Harvey, M.S. (2006) The schizomid fauna (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia. Fauna of Arabia, 21, 167–177.
- Harvey, M.S. (2013) Schizomids of the World, version 1.0. Western Australian Museum, Perth. Available from: http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/schizomids (last accessed: 26 Nov. 2025)
- Harvey, M.S., Rix, M.G., Framenau, V.W., Hamilton, Z.R., Johnson, M.S., Teale, R.J., Humphreys, G. & Humphreys, W.F. (2011) Protecting the innocent: Studying short-range endemic taxa enhances conservation outcomes. Invertebrate Systematics, 25 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11011
- Hilton, W.A. (1916) The central nervous system and simple reactions of a rare whip scorpion. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Pomona College, 8 (2), 73–79.
- Hirst, S. (1913) Second report on the Arachnida – The scorpions, Pedipalpi and supplementary notes on the Opiliones and pseudoscorpions. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., vol. 5(2). Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 16 (2), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1914.tb00122.x
- Humphreys, W.F., Adams, M. & Vine, B. (1989) The biology of Schizomus vinei (Chelicerata: Schizomida) in the caves of Cape Range, Western Australia. Journal of Zoology, London, 217 (2), 177–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02481.x
- Jackson, A.R. (1908) On some rare arachnids captured during 1907. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, N. S., 3, 49–78.
- Kallal, R.J., Miranda, G.S. de, Garcia, E.L. & Wood, H. (2022) Patterns in schizomid flagellum shape from elliptical Fourier analysis. Scientific Reports, 12, 3896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07823-y
- Kishida, K. (1930) [On the occurrence of the genus Trithyreus in Bonin Islands]. Lansania, 2 (12), 17–19. [in Japanese]
- Kraepelin, K. (1899) Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In: Dahl, F. (ed.), Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 8. R. Friedländer und Sohn Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–xviii, 1–265. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2028
- Kraus, O. (1957) Schizomidae aus Kolumbien (Arach., Pedipalpi – Schizopeltidia). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 38, 245–250.
- Kraus, O. & Beck, L (1967) Taxonomie und Biologie von Trithyreus brasiliensis n. sp. (Arach.: Pedipalpi: Schizopeltidia). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 48, 401–405.
- Kulkarni, M.L. (2012) Description of a new genus of Indian short-tailed whip-scorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) with notes on the taxonomy of the Indian fauna. Taprobanica, 4, 65–68. https://doi.org/10.4038/tapro.v4i2.5057
- Lamothe-Argumedo, R. & Pineda-López, R. (1990) Dos generos y especies nuevos de tremátodos (Cryptogonimidae) parasitos de peces de agua dulce de Tabasco, México. Universidad y Ciencia, 7, 5–13.
- Lawrence, R.F. (1958) Whipscorpions (Uropygi) from Angola, the Belgian Congo and Mossambique. Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, Publiçacões Culturais, 40, 69–79.
- Lawrence, R.F. (1969) The Uropygi (Arachnida: Schizomida) of the Ethiopian region. Journal of Natural History, 3, 217–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936900770201
- McLean, C.J., Garwood, R.J. & Brassey, C.A. (2018) Sexual dimorphism in the arachnid orders. PeerJ, 6, e5751. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5751
- Millot, J. (1949) Ordre des Uropyges. In: Grassé, P.-P. (ed.), Traité de zoologie, anatomie, systématique, biologie, 6. Masson et Cie, Paris, pp. 533–562.
- Monjaraz-Ruedas, R. (2012) A new species of the schizomid genus Stenochrus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Mexico. Zootaxa, 3334, 63–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3334.1.5
- Monjaraz-Ruedas, R. & Francke, O.F. (2017) A new genus of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Mexico, with notes on its systematics. Systematics and Biodiversity, 15, 399–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2016.1271057
- Monjaraz-Ruedas, R., Francke, O.F. & Prendini, L. (2020) Integrative systematics untangles the evolutionary history of Stenochrus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), a neglected junkyard genus of North American short-tailed whipscorpions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 458–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa039
- Monjaraz-Ruedas, R., Francke, O.F., and Prendini, L. (2022) World travelers: Parthenogenesis and ecological tolerance enable multiple colonization events by the widespread short-tailed whipscorpion, Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity, 6 (1), 7; 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab032
- Monjaraz-Ruedas, R., Prendini, L. & Francke, O.F. (2019) Systematics of the short-tailed whipscorpion genus Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with descriptions of six new genera and five new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 435, 1–91. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.435.1.1
- Moreno-González, J.A. & Villarreal Manzanilla, O. (2012) A new genus of Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) from the Colombian Andes, with some taxonomic comments. Zootaxa, 3560, 61–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3560.1.4
- Müller, S.P., Dunlop, J.A., Kotthoff, U., Hammel, J.U. & Harms, D. (2019) The oldest short-tailed whipscorpion (Schizomida): A new genus and species from the Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research, 106, 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104227
- Oliveira, M.P.A. & Ferreira, R.L. (2014) Aspects of the behavior and activity rhythms of Rowlandius potiguar (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). PLoS ONE, 9, e91913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091913
- Petrunkevitch, A. (1945) Calcitro fisheri. A new fossil arachnid. American Journal of Science, 243, 320–329 (erratum: p. 466). https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.243.6.320
- Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1872) On a new family and genus and two new species of Thelyphonidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4), 10 (60), 409–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937208696729
- Pierce, W.D. (1950) Fossil arthropods from onyx marble. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 49, 101–104.
- Pierce, W.D. (1951) Fossil arthropods from onyx-marble. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 50, 34–49.
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Andrade, R. & Moreno-González, J.A. (2016) Two new cave-dwelling genera of short-tailed whip-scorpions from Brazil (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 33, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150195
- Prendini, L. (2011) Order Schizomida Petrunkevitch, 1945. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148, 156. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.30
- Ratzeburg, J.T.C. (1852) Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten in forstlicher und entomologischer Beziehung. Ein Anhang zur Abbildung und Beschreibung der Forstinsecten, III, 1–272, 3 pls. Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin.
- Reddell, J.R. & Cokendolpher, J.C. (1984) A new species of troglobitic Schizomus (Arachnida: Schizomida) from Ecuador. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 6, 172–177.
- Reddell, J.R. & Cokendolpher, J.C. (1991) Redescription of Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) and diagnoses of Hubbardia Cook, Stenochrus Chamberlin, and Sotanostenochrus new genus, with description of a new species of Hubbardia from California (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Pearce Sellards Series, 47, 1–24.
- Reddell, J.R. & Cokendolpher, J.C. (1995) Catalogue, bibliography, and generic revision of the order Schizomida (Arachnida). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs, 4, 1–170.
- Rowland, J.M. (1971a) New species of schizomids (Arachnida, Schizomida) from Mexican caves. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 4, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142950
- Rowland, J.M. (1971b) Agastochizomus lucifer, a new genus and species of cavernicole schizomid (Arachnida, Schizomida) from Mexico. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 4, 13–17.
- Rowland, J.M. (1973a) A new genus and several new species of Mexican schizomids (Schizomida: Arachnida). Occasional Papers of the Museum, Texas Tech University 11, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142922
- Rowland, J.M. (1973b) Three new Schizomida of the genus Schizomus from Mexican caves (Arachnida). Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 5, 135–140.
- Rowland, J.M. (1973c) Revision of the Schizomida (Arachnida). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 80, 195–204.
- Rowland, J.M. (1975) A partial revision of Schizomida (Arachnida), with descriptions of new species, genus, and family. Occasional Papers of the Museum, Texas Tech University, 31, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.143064
- Rowland, J.M. & Reddell, J.R. (1979a) The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. I. Protoschizomidae and dumitrescoae group (Schizomidae: Schizomus). Journal of Arachnology, 6 (3), 161–196.
- Rowland, J.M. & Reddell, J.R. (1979b) The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. II. simonis and brasiliensis groups (Schizomidae: Schizomus). Journal of Arachnology, 7 (2), 89–119.
- Rowland, J.M. & Reddell, J.R. (1981) The order Schizomida (Arachnida) in the New World. IV. goodnightorum and briggsi groups (Schizomidae: Schizomus). Journal of Arachnology, 9 (1), 19–46.
- Ruiz, G.R.S. & Valente, R.M. (2017) First description of the male genitalia in a short-tailed whipscorpion (Arachnida: Schizomida), description of the female, and comments on pygidial glands and cuticular ultrastructure of Surazomus algodoal Ruiz & Valente, 2017. PLoS ONE, 18 (8), e0289370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289370
- Shultz, J.W. (1990) Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics, 6 (1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00523.x
- Shultz, J.W. (2007) A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 150 (2), 221–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
- Sissom, W.D. (1980) The eyed schizomids, with a description of a new species from Sumatra (Schizomida: Schizomidae). Journal of Arachnology, 8 (2), 187–192.
- Sturm, H. (1958) Indirekte Spermatophorenübertragung bei dem Geisselskorpion Trithyreus sturmi Kraus (Schizomidae, Pedipalpi). Naturwissenschaften, 45, 142–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00641015
- Sturm, H. (1973) Zur Ethologie von Trithyreus sturmi Kraus (Arachnida, Pedipalpi, Schizopeltidia). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 33, 113–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1973.tb02085.x
- Teruel, R. (2003) Adiciones a la fauna Cubana de esquizómidos, con la descripción de un nuevo género y nueve especies nuevas de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 7, 39–69.
- Teruel, R. (2007) Esquizómidos troglomorfos de Cuba, con las descripciones de dos géneros y una especie nuevos (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae: Hubbardiinae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 40, 39–53.
- Teruel, R. (2017) A new genus of micro-whipscorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from western Cuba. Arthropoda Selecta, 26, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.26.1.06
- Teruel, R. (2018) Two new genera and a new species of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida) from Isla de Pinos, Cuba. Ecologica Montenegrina, 19, 33–49. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.19.4
- Teruel, R. & Armas, L.F. de (2002) Un género nuevo de Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) del occidente de Cuba. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 6, 91–94.
- Teruel, R. & Rodríguez-Cabrera, T.M. (2021) Un género y una especie nuevos de Hubbardiinae Cook, 1899 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) de Cuba, con dos reubicaciones genéricas. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 39, 29–43.
- Thorell, T. (1883) Descrizione di alcuni aracnidi inferiori dell’Arcipelago Malese. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 18, 21–69.
- Thorell, T. (1888) Pedipalpi e scorpioni dell’Arcipelago Malese conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 26, 327–428.
- Thorell, T. (1889) Aracnidi artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2), 7, 521–729. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10400
- Villarreal Manzanilla, O., Giupponi, A.P. de L. & Tourinho, A.L. (2008) New Venezuelan genus of Hubardiidae [sic] (Arachnida: Schizomida). Zootaxa, 1860, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1860.1.5
- Vine, B., Knott, B. & Humphreys, W.F. (1988) Observations on the environment and biology of Schizomus vinei (Chelicerata: Schizomida) from Cape Range, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 14, 21–34.
- Uhen, M.D., Allen, B., Behboudi, N., Clapham, M.E., Dunne, E., Hendy, A., Holroyd, P.A., Hopkins, M., Mannion, P., Novack-Gottshall, P., Pimiento, C. & Wagner, P. (2023) Paleobiology Database User Guide Version 1.0. PaleoBios, 40 (11), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.5070/P9401160531
- Wagler, J. (1832) Neue Sippen un Gattungen de Säugethiere und Vögel. Isis von Oken, 25 (11), 1218–1235.
- Werner, F. (1934) Scorpiones, Pedipalpi. In: Bronn, H.G. (ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. 5: Arthropoda. IV: Arachnoidea, 5(IV)(8)(1–2). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Leipzig, pp. 1–316.
- Weygoldt, P. (1975) Die indirekte Spermatophorenübertragung bei Arachniden. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 67, 308–313.
- Weygoldt, P. (1990) Arthropoda-Chelicerata: Sperm transfer. In: Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (Eds), Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol. 4(B). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India, pp, 77–119
- Weygoldt, P. & Paulus, H.F. (1979) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata. II. Cladogramme und die Entfaltung der Chelicerata. Zeitschrift für die Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionforschung, 17, 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00699.x
- World Schizomida Catalog (2025) Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: https://wac.nmbe.ch/order/schizomida/5 (last accessed: 23 Dec. 2025).