Palaeoentomology

The 4th Palaeontological Virtual Congress

Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The emergence of new applications and technological advances has opened new and wider pathways for people to ensure effective science communication. This has become more significant after more than two years of difficulties and restrictions due to the COVID-19 epidemiological crisis, in which online platforms gained great relevance and proved key to keep up the drive for science communication (Barral, 2020). Aware of this, the first edition of the Palaeontological Virtual Congress (PVC) was organised in December 2018 by a team of young researchers from different nationalities. The purpose of that new congress format was simply to disseminate worldwide the most recent scientific advances in palaeontology in a fast, easy, inexpensive and inclusive way.

**The second species of Sorellevania Engel, 2006 (Evanioidea: Evaniidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber**

CORENTIN JOUAULT — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The representatives of the superfamily Evanioidea are easily distinguishable from all other extant and extinct Hymenoptera because of their metasoma (sometimes rounded) articulated high on the propodeum and well above the metacoxae (e.g., Goulet & Huber, 1993). Recent phylogenetic studies on the superfamily Evanioidea have shown strong support for its monophyly and for the monophyly of the Evaniidae even when fossil taxa are included (e.g., Li et al., 2018; Parslow et al., 2020; Jouault et al., 2022). According to the most recent analysis, the superfamily arose during either the Upper Triassic or the Lower Jurassic. Still, its earliest species are recorded in the younger Middle Jurassic, and its crown-group representatives during the Lower Cretaceous (Jouault et al., 2022: fig. 8). The stem Evaniidae are estimated to arise during the Upper Jurassic while their crown group has a more recent origin, likely around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Extant evaniid wasps are common, nearly cosmopolitan, and moderately diversified (about 580 extant species in 21 genera) even if this diversity is underestimated (Deans, 2005; Mullins et al., 2012). Little is known about the biology of extant evaniids, but their larvae are considered predators of cockroach eggs in oothecae (Huben, 1995). The Evaniidae have a good fossil record with the oldest species known from the late Hauterivian, numerous species documented up to the Miocene, and an important diversity in Burmese amber (e.g., Rasnitsyn et al., 1998; Nel et al., 2002; Deans et al., 2004; Jennings et al., 2012; Shih et al., 2020). Nevertheless, their past diversity is still underestimated.

**New material of Paleopsychoda jarzembowskii Azar & Maksoud, 2022 from Bqaatouta amber outcrop, showing the importance of insect fossils in biostratigraphy**

TAMARA EL HOSSNY, MOUNIR MAALOUF, RAMY MAALOUF, DANY AZAR — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The family Psychodidae Newman, 1834 comprises about 3,000 living species of small hairy nematoceran flies (Azar & Maksoud, 2022). To date, seven psychodid subfamilies are recognized within this family, namely Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1921; extinct Datziinae Stebner, Solórzano Kraemer, Ibáñez-Bernal & Wagner, 2015; Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1937; Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840; Psychodinae Newman, 1834; Sycoracinae Rondani, 1856; and Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922 (Azar & Maksoud, 2022). Some authors consider the psychodid group to consist of two families, i.e., Psychodidae and Phlebotomidae (Williams, 1993; Azar et al., 1999). This taxonomic treatment is based only on the hematophagous and medically important aspects of the phlebotomines. Nevertheless it is unfounded, because the phylogenetic relationships between the psychodid subfamilies remain unresolved, even if there is a possible sister-group relationship between the Phlebotominae and Psychodinae (Curler & Moulton, 2012). We consider that recognising phlebotomines as a separate family would necessitate also giving separate familial rank to all the currently recognised subfamilies, which is not adopted here.

Identity of the insect larva described by Zippel et al. (2022) in the mid–Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Blasticotomidae = Xyelotomidae, syn. nov.)

ALEXANDR P. RASNITSYN, PATRICK MÜLLER — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The fossil in consideration, a small insect larva some 4 mm long, has been described, illustrated and left unnamed by Zippel et al. (2022) as a larva of the beetle family Mordellidae. The same year it was re-identified, unnamed as yet, as a sawfly larva of the family Pamphiliidae (Batelka & Engel, 2022). In our opinion, re-interpretation of the fossil by the latter authors was only partially correct. It demonstrates diagnostic characters of a sawfly larva, but the family attribution of the larva to Pamphiliidae is questionable: in our opinion it is most similar to larval Blasticotomidae (Tenthredinoidea).

Archemezira nuoxichenae gen. et sp. nov. from Burmese amber (Heteroptera, Aradidae)

ERNST HEISS, HUA-RONG CHEN — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The mid-Cretaceous amber deposits of Kachin State in Northern Myanmar have yielded to date a plethora of biological inclusions (Ross, 2019, 2021, 2022). Among them, the heteropteran flat bug family Aradidae is represented by ten genera and 13 species: Aradoleptus Heiss, 2016 (one sp.); Archeaneurus Heiss, 2019 (one sp.); Archearadus Heiss & Grimaldi, 2001 (two sp.); Archecalisius Heiss, 2019 (one sp.); Calisiomorpha Heiss 2016 (one sp.); Cretopiesma Grimaldi & Engel, 2008 (four sp.); Ellenbergeria Heiss, 2016 (one sp.); Kachinocoris Heiss, 2012 (one sp.); Myanmezira Heiss & Poinar, 2012 (one sp.); Pachytylaradus Heiss, 2022 (one sp.) (Heiss & Grimaldi, 2001; Grimaldi & Engel, 2008; Heiss, 2012, 2016, 2019a, b, 2022; Heiss & Poinar, 2012; Azar et al., 2020).

Supplement to the Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography, 2022

ANDREW J. ROSS — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

This is a supplement to the Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography covering taxa described or recorded during 2022, plus a couple of earlier records that were missed previously. Up to the end of 2022, 2,524 species have been recorded from Kachin amber, of which 350 were named in 2022; ten species have been recorded from older Hkamti amber, of which two were named in 2022 (one species known from both Hkamti and Kachin amber). Another 17 species were named in 2022 though it is uncertain whether they are in Kachin or Hkamti amber. In total 368 species were named from Cretaceous amber from Myanmar in 2022.

Cretanabis kerzhneri gen. et sp. nov., the oldest nabine genus and species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nabidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber

JUNGGON KIM, MARCOS ROCA-CUSACHS, THAI HONG PHAM PHAM, SUNGHOON JUNG — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

The oldest Nabinae fossil, Cretanabis kerzhneri gen. et sp. nov., is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber based on a well-preserved specimen. The morphology of the nymph fossil is presented with diagnosis and description. The comparison with the nymphs of groups within Nabinae and the usefulness of nymphal morphology are discussed.

Improved modelling of compositional heterogeneity reconciles phylogenomic conflicts among lacewings

CHEN-YANG CAI, ERIK TIHELKA, XING-YUE LIU, MICHAEL S. ENGEL — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

Exponential growth of large-scale data for Neuropterida, an iconic group of insects used in behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary studies, has greatly changed our understanding of the origin and evolution of lacewings and their allies. Recent phylogenomic studies of Neuropterida based on mitogenomes, anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) data, and transcriptomes have yielded a well-resolved and largely congruent phylogeny. Some interfamilial relationships of lacewings, however, remain inconsistent among different phylogenomic studies. Here we re-analysed the genome-scale AHE and transcriptomic data for Neuropterida under the better fitting site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR+G model and recovered a strongly supported and congruent tree for the deeper phylogeny of Neuroptera. Integrating the smaller but more broadly sampled AHE and the larger but less-sampled transcriptomic data, we present a holistic phylogeny of Neuropterida from which to explore patterns of evolution across the clade. Our re-analyses of the largest available datasets of Neuropterida highlight the significance of modelling across-site compositional heterogeneity and model comparison in large-scale phylogenomic studies of insects.

The earliest Pupipara (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea): A new genus and species from the lower Eocene of the Green River Formation

ANDRÉ NEL, ROMAIN GARROUSTE, MICHAEL S. ENGEL — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

Eornithoica grimaldii gen. et sp. nov., the currently earliest Pupipara, is described from the lower Eocene of the Green River Formation. The previously oldest representative of this clade was from the Oligocene. The new fossil has some plesiomorphic character states, suggesting a ‘basal’ position in the clade. Its age, around 52 Ma, suggests that these epizooic ectoparasitic flies originated during the Paleocene or even the latest Cretaceous, prior to the first bats, if the latter. As is the case for several early diverging hippoboscids that feed on birds, E. grimaldii possibly victimized birds or terrestrial mammals. This study is a further example of the quantity of new information that can be obtained by the examination of fossil insects under UV light.

Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea)

QIANG XUAN, CHEN-YANG CAI, DI-YING HUANG — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +1300

Nine new scorpion specimens belonging to the extinct family Palaeoburmesebuthidae are documented from mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber from northern Myanmar. More accurate morphological details, including lateral ocelli, dentition of chela finger, leg tarsal armature, trichobothrial pattern, and subaculear tuberance, are provided. Based on new morphological evidence, the diagnostic characters for Betaburmesebuthus are revised, and Spinoburmesebuthus is suggested as a junior synonym of Betaburmesebuthus syn. nov. Additionally, two new species of Betaburmesebuthus, B. villosus sp. nov. and B. fuscus sp. nov., are described from Burmese amber.