Abstract
Cortinarius anaunianus is described as a new species within the Humolentes clade of the section Calochroi s. lato from alpine silver fir forests (Abies alba) in northeastern Italy (Val di Non, province of Trento). Phylogeny based on the combined nrDNA ITS and LSU, rpb1, rpb2 and the coded gaps of the ITS region supports the independence of C. anaunianus from the closest taxa and its sister position to C. humolens from which it differs by (i) more vivid olivaceous tinges on pileus and lamellae when young, (ii) pileus surface strongly turning ocher-brown with age and exposure (iii) growing in silver fir forests rather than in association with broadleaved trees. Photos of fresh basidiomes in field and a full description of its main macro- and micromorphological features are provided and compared to those of the morphologically most similar species.
References
<p>Alvarado, P., Moreno, G. & Manjón, J.L. (2012) Comparison between <em>Tuber gennadii</em> and <em>T. oligospermum</em> lineages reveals the existence of the new species <em>T. cistophilum</em> (Tuberaceae, Pezizales). <em>Mycologia</em> 104 (4): 894–910. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-254</p>
<p>Armada, F. (2018) <em>Quelques cortinaires calochroides et glaucopoides récoltés en France et en Espagne</em> 134: 55–86.</p>
<p>Bidaud, A., Carteret, X., Eyssartier, G., Moënne-Loccoz, P. & Reumaux, P. (2004) <em>Atlas des Cortinaires</em>. Pars XIV. Éd. Fédération mycologique Dauphiné-Savoie. F-Marlioz.</p>
<p>Borchsenius, F. (2009) FastGap 1.2. Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, Denmark. Available from: http://www.aubot.dk/FastGap_home.htm (accessed 21 September 2021)</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E. (1998) <em>Cortinarius</em> subgen. <em>Phlegmacium </em>sect. <em>Fulvi</em> chemotaxonomy versus morphological taxonomy <em>Journal des J.E.C</em>: 0.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1989) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica </em>I. Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1992) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica</em> II Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1998) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica</em> IV Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1989-2018) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica.</em> I–V. Cortinarius HB, Sweden.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Schmidt-Stohn, G. & Dima, B. (2019) <em>Cortinarius hildegardiae</em> and <em>C. mariekristinae</em> spp. nov., two new species in the phlegmacioid clade Humolentes (sect. <em>Calochroi</em> s. l.). <em>Sydowia </em>71: 0115–0127. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.sydowia71-2019-0115</p>
<p>Consiglio, G., Antonini, D. & Antonini, M. (2005) <em>Il Genere Cortinarius in Italia III.</em> Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Brescia.</p>
<p>Crous, P.W., Cowan, D.A., Maggs-Kölling, G., Yilmaz, N., Larsson, E., Angelini, C., Brandrud, T.E. Dearnaley, J.D.W., Dima, B., Dovana, F., Fechner, N., García, D., Gené, J., Halling, R.E., Houbraken, J., Leonard, P., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Noisripoom, W., Rea-Ireland, A.E., Ševčíková, H., Smyth, C.W., Vizzini, A., Adam, J.D., Adams, G.C., Alexandrova, A.V., Alizadeh, A., Álvarez, Duarte, E., Andjic, V., Antonín, V., Arenas, F., Assabgui, R., Ballarà, J., Banwell, A., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Bhatt, V.K., Bonito, G., Botha, W., Burgess, T.I., Caboň, M., Calvert, J., Carvalhais, L.C., Courtecuisse, R., Cullington, P., Davoodian, N., Decock, C.A., Dimitrov, R., Di Piazza, S., Drenth, A., Dumez, S., Eichmeier, A., Etayo, J., Fernández, I., Fiard, J.P., Fournier, J., Fuentes-Aponte, S., Ghanbary, M.A.T., Ghorbani, G., Giraldo, A., Glushakova, A.M., Gouliamova, D.E., Guarro, J., Halleen, F., Hampe, F., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Iturrieta-González, I., Jeppson, M., Kachalkin, A.V., Karimi, O., Khalid, A.N., Khonsanit, A., Kim, J.I., Kim, M. Kiran, K., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Kučera, V., Kušan, I., Langenhoven, S.D., Lebel, T., Lebeuf, R., Liimatainen, K., Linde, C., Lindner, D.L., Lombard, L., Mahamedi, A.E., Matočec, N., Maxwell, A., May, T.W., McTaggart, A.R., Meijer, M., Mešić, A., Mileto, A.J., Miller, A.N., Molia, A., Mongkolsamrit, S., Muñoz Cortés, J. Muñoz-Mohedano, C., Morte, A., Morozova, O.V., Mostert, L., Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Nagy, L.G., Navarro-Ródenas, A., Örstadius, L., Overton, B.E., Papp, V., Para, R., Peintner, U., Pham, T.H.G., Pordel, A., Pošta, A., Rodríguez, A., Romberg, M., Sandoval-Denis, M., Seifert, K.A., Semwal, K.C., Sewall, B.J., Shivas, R.G., Slovák, M., Smith, K., Spetik, M., Spies, C.F.J., Syme, K., Tasanathai, K., Thorn, R.G., Tkalčec, Z., Tomashevskaya, M.A., Torres-Garcia, D., Ullah, Z., Visagie, C.M., Voitk, A., Winton, L.M. & Groenewald, J.Z. (2020) Fungal Planet description sheets: 1112–1181. <em>Persoonia</em> 45: 251–409. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.10</p>
<p>Cubeta, M.A., Echandi, E., Abernethy, T. & Vilgalys, R. (1991) Characterization of anastomosis groups of binucleate <em>Rhizoctonia</em> species using restriction analysis of an amplified ribosomal RNA gene. <em>Phytopathology</em> 81: 1395–1400. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-81-1395</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods</em> 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Dima, B. & Albert, L. (2011) A <em>Cortinarius humolens</em> Magyarorszàgon-Mikol. Kozelm. <em>Clusiana</em> 50 (2): 141–148.</p>
<p>Eyssartier, G. (2011) <em>Cortinarius lavandulochlorus</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, un nouveau cortinaire proche de <em>C. olivellus</em> Rob. Henry. <em>Journal des J.E.C</em>. 13: 52–57.</p>
<p>Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. <em>Evolution</em> 39 (4): 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Matheny, P.B. & Hibbett, D.S. (2005) Lower level relationships in the mushroom genus <em>Cortinarius </em>(Basidiomycota, Agaricales): A comparison of rpb1, rpb2, and ITS phylogenies. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 37 (2): 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.016</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Brandrud, T.E. & Jeppesen, T.S. (2006) New species and combinations in <em>Cortinarius </em>subgenus <em>Phlegmacium</em> section <em>Calochroi</em>. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 97: 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.012</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S., Læssøe, T. & Kjøller, R. (2007) Molecular phylogenetics and delimitation of species in <em>Cortinarius</em> section <em>Calochroi</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in Europe. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>44 (1): 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.013</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S. & Dima, B. (2015) <em>Cortinarius koldingensis</em> a new species of <em>Cortinarius</em>, subgenus <em>Phlegmacium</em> related to <em>Cortinarius sulfurinus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14: 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1098-z</p>
<p>Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for Basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B. & Oberwinkler, F. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of European <em>Phlegmacium</em> species (<em>Cortinarius</em>, Agaricales). <em>Mycologia</em> 95: 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833025</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B. & Oberwinkler, F. (2005) A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus <em>Cortinarius</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 83 (11): 1457–1477. https://doi.org/10.1139/b05-107</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B., Ammirati, J.F. & Oberwinkler, F. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships in <em>Cortinarius</em>, section <em>Calochroi</em>, inferred from nuclear DNA sequences. <em>BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 9 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-1</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Spahn, P., Oertel, B., Ammirati, J. & Oberwinkler, F. (2011) Tracking the evolutionary history of <em>Cortinarius</em> species in section <em>Calochroi</em>, with transoceanic disjunct distributions<em>. BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 11 (1): 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-213</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Schön, M.E., Abarenkov, K., Riess, K., Liimatainen, K., Niskanen, T., Dima, B., Soop, K., Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S., Peintner, U., Kühnert-Finkernagel, R., Brandrud, T.E., Saar, G., Oertel, B. & Ammirati, J.F. (2016) Determining threshold values for barcoding fungi: lessons from <em>Cortinarius</em> (Basidiomycota), a highly diverse and widespread ectomycorrhizal genus. <em>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</em> 92 (4): fiw045. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw045</p>
<p>Garrido-Benavent, I., Ballarà, J. & Mahiques, R. (2015) New insights into subg. <em>Phlegmacium</em> sect. <em>Calochroi</em>: adding morphological and molecular data from Mediterranean representatives, with special regard to <em>Cortinarius prasinus</em>, <em>C. natalis</em> and <em>C. murellensis</em> species complexes. <em>Journal des J.E.C.</em> 17: 38–78.</p>
<p>Harrower, E., Ammirati, J.F., Cappuccino, A.A., Ceska, O., Kranabetter, K.M., Kroeger, P., SeaRa, L., Taylor, T. & Berbee, M.L. (2011) <em>Cortinarius</em> species diversity in British Columbia and molecular phylogenetic comparison with European specimen sequences. <em>Botany</em> 89: 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1139/b11-065</p>
<p>Henry, R. (1952) Les <em>Scauri</em>. <em>Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France</em> 67 (3): 225–322.</p>
<p>Henry, R (1992) Les cortinaires «<em>Scauri</em>» à lames jaunes (= Section <em>Fulvi</em> Moser et Horak p.p.). <em>Documents mycologiques</em> XXII (87): 17–41.</p>
<p>Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K., Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436</p>
<p>Kozlov, A.M., Darriba, D., Flouri, T., Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. (2019) RA × ML-NG: A fast, scalable, and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 35 (21): 4453–4455. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz305</p>
<p>Liimatainen, K., Niskanen, T., Dima, B., Kytövuori, I., Ammirati, J.F. & Frøslev, T.G. (2014) The largest type study of Agaricales species to date: bringing identification and nomenclature of <em>Phlegmacium</em> (<em>Cortinarius</em>) into the DNA era. <em>Persoonia</em> 33: 98–140. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158514X684681</p>
<p>Matheny, P.B., Liu, Y.J., Ammirati, J.F. & Hall, B.D. (2002) Using rpb1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (<em>Inocybe</em>, Agaricales). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89 (4): 688–698. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.4.688</p>
<p>Matheny, P.B., Wang, Z., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Lim, Y.W., Nilsson, R.H., Hughes, K.W., Hofstetter, V., Ammirati, J.F., Schoch, C.L., Langer, E., Langer, G., McLaughlin, D.J., Wilson, A.W., Frøslev, T., Ge, Z.W., Kerrigan, R.W., Slot, J.C., Yang, Z.L., Baroni, T.J., Fischer, M., Hosaka, K., Matsuura, K., Seidl, M.T., Vauras, J. & Hibbett, D.S. (2007) Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>43 (2): 430–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.024</p>
<p>Melot, J. (1990) Une classification du genre<em> Cortinarius</em> (Pers.) S. F. Gray. <em>Documents Mycologiques</em> 20 (80): 43–59.</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees <em>In:</em> <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010</em>, New Orleans, LA. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Moser, M. (1960) <em>Die Gattung Phlegmacium (Sleimköpfe) Die Pilze Mitteleuropas</em>, Band IV. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn, 441 pp.</p>
<p>Murray, M.G. & Thompson, W.F. (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 8 (19): 4321–4325. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321</p>
<p>Ortega, A., Suárez-Santiago, V.N. & Reyes, J.D. (2008) Morphological and ITS identification of <em>Cortinarius</em> species (section <em>Calochroi</em>) collected in Mediterranean <em>Quercus</em> woodlands. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 29: 73–88.</p>
<p>Peintner, U, Bougher, N.L, Castellano, M.A, Moncalvo, J.M, Moser, M.M, Trappe, J.M. & Vilgalys, R. (2001) Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to <em>Cortinarius</em> (Cortinariaceae). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 88 (12): 2168–2179. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558378</p>
<p>Peintner, U., Moncalvo, J.M. & Vilgalys, R. (2004) Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in <em>Cortinarius</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 96 (5): 1042–1058. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832904</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Schmidt-Stohn, G., Brandrud, T.E. & Dima, B. (2017) Interessante Cortinarius-Funde der Journées européennes du Cortinaire 2016 in Borgsjö, Schweden. <em>Journal des J.E.C.</em> 19: 28–52.</p>
<p>Simmons, M.P., Ochoterena, H. & Carr, T.G. (2001) Incorporation, relative homoplasy, and effect of gap characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 50 (3): 454–462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106351501300318049</p>
<p>Soop, K., Dima, B., Cooper, J.A., Duckchul, P. & Oertel, B. (2019) A phylogenetic approach to a global supraspecific taxonomy of <em>Cortinarius</em> (Agaricales) with an emphasis on the southern mycota. <em>Persoonia</em> 42: 261–290. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.10</p>
<p>Stiller, J.W. & Hall, B.D. (1997) The origin of red algae: Implications for plastid evolution. <em>PNAS</em> 94 (9): 4520–4525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4520</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. USA: New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (last Accessed 24 February 2021)</p>
<p>Trendel, J.M. (2020) Trois Cortinaires du clade Humolentes (section <em>Calochroi</em> s.l.) présents dans les forêts de feuillus du Nord de l’Alsace. <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de Strasbourg</em> 119: 13–23.</p>
<p>Trimaille, G., Bidaud, A. & Valade, F. (2019) Quelques cortinaires rares récoltés lors de la session FMBDS à Évian-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie) en septembre 2017. <em>Bulletin mycologique et botanique Dauphiné-Savoie </em>233: 5–21.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically ampliWed ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172 (8): 4238–4246. https:// 10.1128 / jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Vizzini, A., Clericuzio, M., Boccardo, F. & Ercole, E. (2012) A new <em>Cortinarius </em>of section <em>Calochroi</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) from Mediterranean <em>Quercus </em>woodlands (Italy). <em>Mycologia</em> 104 (6): 1502–1509. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-072</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em>. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Armada, F. (2018) <em>Quelques cortinaires calochroides et glaucopoides récoltés en France et en Espagne</em> 134: 55–86.</p>
<p>Bidaud, A., Carteret, X., Eyssartier, G., Moënne-Loccoz, P. & Reumaux, P. (2004) <em>Atlas des Cortinaires</em>. Pars XIV. Éd. Fédération mycologique Dauphiné-Savoie. F-Marlioz.</p>
<p>Borchsenius, F. (2009) FastGap 1.2. Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, Denmark. Available from: http://www.aubot.dk/FastGap_home.htm (accessed 21 September 2021)</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E. (1998) <em>Cortinarius</em> subgen. <em>Phlegmacium </em>sect. <em>Fulvi</em> chemotaxonomy versus morphological taxonomy <em>Journal des J.E.C</em>: 0.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1989) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica </em>I. Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1992) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica</em> II Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1998) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica</em> IV Cortinarius HB, Matfors.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Lindström, H., Marklund, H., Melot, J. & Muskos, S. (1989-2018) <em>Cortinarius Flora Photographica.</em> I–V. Cortinarius HB, Sweden.</p>
<p>Brandrud, T.E., Schmidt-Stohn, G. & Dima, B. (2019) <em>Cortinarius hildegardiae</em> and <em>C. mariekristinae</em> spp. nov., two new species in the phlegmacioid clade Humolentes (sect. <em>Calochroi</em> s. l.). <em>Sydowia </em>71: 0115–0127. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.sydowia71-2019-0115</p>
<p>Consiglio, G., Antonini, D. & Antonini, M. (2005) <em>Il Genere Cortinarius in Italia III.</em> Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Brescia.</p>
<p>Crous, P.W., Cowan, D.A., Maggs-Kölling, G., Yilmaz, N., Larsson, E., Angelini, C., Brandrud, T.E. Dearnaley, J.D.W., Dima, B., Dovana, F., Fechner, N., García, D., Gené, J., Halling, R.E., Houbraken, J., Leonard, P., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Noisripoom, W., Rea-Ireland, A.E., Ševčíková, H., Smyth, C.W., Vizzini, A., Adam, J.D., Adams, G.C., Alexandrova, A.V., Alizadeh, A., Álvarez, Duarte, E., Andjic, V., Antonín, V., Arenas, F., Assabgui, R., Ballarà, J., Banwell, A., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Bhatt, V.K., Bonito, G., Botha, W., Burgess, T.I., Caboň, M., Calvert, J., Carvalhais, L.C., Courtecuisse, R., Cullington, P., Davoodian, N., Decock, C.A., Dimitrov, R., Di Piazza, S., Drenth, A., Dumez, S., Eichmeier, A., Etayo, J., Fernández, I., Fiard, J.P., Fournier, J., Fuentes-Aponte, S., Ghanbary, M.A.T., Ghorbani, G., Giraldo, A., Glushakova, A.M., Gouliamova, D.E., Guarro, J., Halleen, F., Hampe, F., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Iturrieta-González, I., Jeppson, M., Kachalkin, A.V., Karimi, O., Khalid, A.N., Khonsanit, A., Kim, J.I., Kim, M. Kiran, K., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Kučera, V., Kušan, I., Langenhoven, S.D., Lebel, T., Lebeuf, R., Liimatainen, K., Linde, C., Lindner, D.L., Lombard, L., Mahamedi, A.E., Matočec, N., Maxwell, A., May, T.W., McTaggart, A.R., Meijer, M., Mešić, A., Mileto, A.J., Miller, A.N., Molia, A., Mongkolsamrit, S., Muñoz Cortés, J. Muñoz-Mohedano, C., Morte, A., Morozova, O.V., Mostert, L., Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Nagy, L.G., Navarro-Ródenas, A., Örstadius, L., Overton, B.E., Papp, V., Para, R., Peintner, U., Pham, T.H.G., Pordel, A., Pošta, A., Rodríguez, A., Romberg, M., Sandoval-Denis, M., Seifert, K.A., Semwal, K.C., Sewall, B.J., Shivas, R.G., Slovák, M., Smith, K., Spetik, M., Spies, C.F.J., Syme, K., Tasanathai, K., Thorn, R.G., Tkalčec, Z., Tomashevskaya, M.A., Torres-Garcia, D., Ullah, Z., Visagie, C.M., Voitk, A., Winton, L.M. & Groenewald, J.Z. (2020) Fungal Planet description sheets: 1112–1181. <em>Persoonia</em> 45: 251–409. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.10</p>
<p>Cubeta, M.A., Echandi, E., Abernethy, T. & Vilgalys, R. (1991) Characterization of anastomosis groups of binucleate <em>Rhizoctonia</em> species using restriction analysis of an amplified ribosomal RNA gene. <em>Phytopathology</em> 81: 1395–1400. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-81-1395</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods</em> 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Dima, B. & Albert, L. (2011) A <em>Cortinarius humolens</em> Magyarorszàgon-Mikol. Kozelm. <em>Clusiana</em> 50 (2): 141–148.</p>
<p>Eyssartier, G. (2011) <em>Cortinarius lavandulochlorus</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, un nouveau cortinaire proche de <em>C. olivellus</em> Rob. Henry. <em>Journal des J.E.C</em>. 13: 52–57.</p>
<p>Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. <em>Evolution</em> 39 (4): 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Matheny, P.B. & Hibbett, D.S. (2005) Lower level relationships in the mushroom genus <em>Cortinarius </em>(Basidiomycota, Agaricales): A comparison of rpb1, rpb2, and ITS phylogenies. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 37 (2): 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.016</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Brandrud, T.E. & Jeppesen, T.S. (2006) New species and combinations in <em>Cortinarius </em>subgenus <em>Phlegmacium</em> section <em>Calochroi</em>. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 97: 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.012</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S., Læssøe, T. & Kjøller, R. (2007) Molecular phylogenetics and delimitation of species in <em>Cortinarius</em> section <em>Calochroi</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in Europe. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>44 (1): 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.013</p>
<p>Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S. & Dima, B. (2015) <em>Cortinarius koldingensis</em> a new species of <em>Cortinarius</em>, subgenus <em>Phlegmacium</em> related to <em>Cortinarius sulfurinus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14: 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1098-z</p>
<p>Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for Basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B. & Oberwinkler, F. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of European <em>Phlegmacium</em> species (<em>Cortinarius</em>, Agaricales). <em>Mycologia</em> 95: 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833025</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B. & Oberwinkler, F. (2005) A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus <em>Cortinarius</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 83 (11): 1457–1477. https://doi.org/10.1139/b05-107</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Weiß, M., Oertel, B., Ammirati, J.F. & Oberwinkler, F. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships in <em>Cortinarius</em>, section <em>Calochroi</em>, inferred from nuclear DNA sequences. <em>BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 9 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-1</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Spahn, P., Oertel, B., Ammirati, J. & Oberwinkler, F. (2011) Tracking the evolutionary history of <em>Cortinarius</em> species in section <em>Calochroi</em>, with transoceanic disjunct distributions<em>. BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 11 (1): 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-213</p>
<p>Garnica, S., Schön, M.E., Abarenkov, K., Riess, K., Liimatainen, K., Niskanen, T., Dima, B., Soop, K., Frøslev, T.G., Jeppesen, T.S., Peintner, U., Kühnert-Finkernagel, R., Brandrud, T.E., Saar, G., Oertel, B. & Ammirati, J.F. (2016) Determining threshold values for barcoding fungi: lessons from <em>Cortinarius</em> (Basidiomycota), a highly diverse and widespread ectomycorrhizal genus. <em>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</em> 92 (4): fiw045. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw045</p>
<p>Garrido-Benavent, I., Ballarà, J. & Mahiques, R. (2015) New insights into subg. <em>Phlegmacium</em> sect. <em>Calochroi</em>: adding morphological and molecular data from Mediterranean representatives, with special regard to <em>Cortinarius prasinus</em>, <em>C. natalis</em> and <em>C. murellensis</em> species complexes. <em>Journal des J.E.C.</em> 17: 38–78.</p>
<p>Harrower, E., Ammirati, J.F., Cappuccino, A.A., Ceska, O., Kranabetter, K.M., Kroeger, P., SeaRa, L., Taylor, T. & Berbee, M.L. (2011) <em>Cortinarius</em> species diversity in British Columbia and molecular phylogenetic comparison with European specimen sequences. <em>Botany</em> 89: 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1139/b11-065</p>
<p>Henry, R. (1952) Les <em>Scauri</em>. <em>Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France</em> 67 (3): 225–322.</p>
<p>Henry, R (1992) Les cortinaires «<em>Scauri</em>» à lames jaunes (= Section <em>Fulvi</em> Moser et Horak p.p.). <em>Documents mycologiques</em> XXII (87): 17–41.</p>
<p>Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K., Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436</p>
<p>Kozlov, A.M., Darriba, D., Flouri, T., Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. (2019) RA × ML-NG: A fast, scalable, and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 35 (21): 4453–4455. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz305</p>
<p>Liimatainen, K., Niskanen, T., Dima, B., Kytövuori, I., Ammirati, J.F. & Frøslev, T.G. (2014) The largest type study of Agaricales species to date: bringing identification and nomenclature of <em>Phlegmacium</em> (<em>Cortinarius</em>) into the DNA era. <em>Persoonia</em> 33: 98–140. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158514X684681</p>
<p>Matheny, P.B., Liu, Y.J., Ammirati, J.F. & Hall, B.D. (2002) Using rpb1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (<em>Inocybe</em>, Agaricales). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89 (4): 688–698. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.4.688</p>
<p>Matheny, P.B., Wang, Z., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Lim, Y.W., Nilsson, R.H., Hughes, K.W., Hofstetter, V., Ammirati, J.F., Schoch, C.L., Langer, E., Langer, G., McLaughlin, D.J., Wilson, A.W., Frøslev, T., Ge, Z.W., Kerrigan, R.W., Slot, J.C., Yang, Z.L., Baroni, T.J., Fischer, M., Hosaka, K., Matsuura, K., Seidl, M.T., Vauras, J. & Hibbett, D.S. (2007) Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>43 (2): 430–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.024</p>
<p>Melot, J. (1990) Une classification du genre<em> Cortinarius</em> (Pers.) S. F. Gray. <em>Documents Mycologiques</em> 20 (80): 43–59.</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees <em>In:</em> <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010</em>, New Orleans, LA. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Moser, M. (1960) <em>Die Gattung Phlegmacium (Sleimköpfe) Die Pilze Mitteleuropas</em>, Band IV. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn, 441 pp.</p>
<p>Murray, M.G. & Thompson, W.F. (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 8 (19): 4321–4325. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321</p>
<p>Ortega, A., Suárez-Santiago, V.N. & Reyes, J.D. (2008) Morphological and ITS identification of <em>Cortinarius</em> species (section <em>Calochroi</em>) collected in Mediterranean <em>Quercus</em> woodlands. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 29: 73–88.</p>
<p>Peintner, U, Bougher, N.L, Castellano, M.A, Moncalvo, J.M, Moser, M.M, Trappe, J.M. & Vilgalys, R. (2001) Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to <em>Cortinarius</em> (Cortinariaceae). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 88 (12): 2168–2179. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558378</p>
<p>Peintner, U., Moncalvo, J.M. & Vilgalys, R. (2004) Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in <em>Cortinarius</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 96 (5): 1042–1058. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832904</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Schmidt-Stohn, G., Brandrud, T.E. & Dima, B. (2017) Interessante Cortinarius-Funde der Journées européennes du Cortinaire 2016 in Borgsjö, Schweden. <em>Journal des J.E.C.</em> 19: 28–52.</p>
<p>Simmons, M.P., Ochoterena, H. & Carr, T.G. (2001) Incorporation, relative homoplasy, and effect of gap characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 50 (3): 454–462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106351501300318049</p>
<p>Soop, K., Dima, B., Cooper, J.A., Duckchul, P. & Oertel, B. (2019) A phylogenetic approach to a global supraspecific taxonomy of <em>Cortinarius</em> (Agaricales) with an emphasis on the southern mycota. <em>Persoonia</em> 42: 261–290. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.10</p>
<p>Stiller, J.W. & Hall, B.D. (1997) The origin of red algae: Implications for plastid evolution. <em>PNAS</em> 94 (9): 4520–4525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4520</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. USA: New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (last Accessed 24 February 2021)</p>
<p>Trendel, J.M. (2020) Trois Cortinaires du clade Humolentes (section <em>Calochroi</em> s.l.) présents dans les forêts de feuillus du Nord de l’Alsace. <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de Strasbourg</em> 119: 13–23.</p>
<p>Trimaille, G., Bidaud, A. & Valade, F. (2019) Quelques cortinaires rares récoltés lors de la session FMBDS à Évian-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie) en septembre 2017. <em>Bulletin mycologique et botanique Dauphiné-Savoie </em>233: 5–21.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically ampliWed ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172 (8): 4238–4246. https:// 10.1128 / jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Vizzini, A., Clericuzio, M., Boccardo, F. & Ercole, E. (2012) A new <em>Cortinarius </em>of section <em>Calochroi</em> (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) from Mediterranean <em>Quercus </em>woodlands (Italy). <em>Mycologia</em> 104 (6): 1502–1509. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-072</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em>. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>