Abstract
Trichoderma is an important genus of family Hypocreaceae, which contain nearly 375 known species. In current study, a new species Trichoderma dumbbelliforme collected from virgin forest soil of Nagaland and confirmed based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Morphologically, T. dumbbelliforme sp. nov. distinguished from other species of Trichoderma by producing nodules on sterile part of the conidiophores and pyriform to dumbbell shaped conidia with the size of 4.0–6.0×2.5–3.0µm and having two big guttulae at each end. Furthermore, the fungus was confirmed by molecular characterization using Translation elongation factor 1-α (tef-1) gene sequencing. The phylogenetic relationship was established for generated sequence and many related ex-type sequences downloaded from NCBI GenBank by maximum-parsimony analysis. Tef-1 sequence data clarified the phylogenetic affinity to clade-1 of Trichoderma as per new authoritative guide line on molecular identification of Trichoderma. Phylogenetically, this new species of Trichoderma closely related to T. crassum, T. spirale, T. sulawesense, T. longisporum, T. virens, T. gelatinosum and T. gliocladium species. Therefore, the morphological comparisons were done with closely related species viz., T. crassum and T. spirale which lead to the conclusion that the collected taxon is new to science.
References
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<p>Bissett, J., Gams, W., Jaklitsch, W. & Samuels, G.J. (2015) Accepted <em>Trichoderma</em> names in the year 2015. <em>IMA Fungus</em> 6 (2): 263–95. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.02</p>
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<p>Choi, I. & Nisbett, R.E. (1998) Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and the actor-observer bias. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</em> 24: 949–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298249003</p>
<p>Danielson, R.M. & Davey, C.B. (1973) The abundance of <em>Trichoderma propagules</em> and the distribution of species in forest soils. <em>Soil Biology and Biochemistry</em> 5: 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(73)90038-2</p>
<p>Druzhinina, I., Koptchinski, A., Komon, M., Bissett, J., Szakacs, G. & Kubicek, C.P. (2005) An oligonucleotide barcode for species identification in <em>Trichoderma</em> and <em>Hypocrea</em>. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 42: 813–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.007</p>
<p>Druzhinina, I.S., Komon´-Zelazowska, M., Ismaiel, A., Jaklitsch, W., Mullaw, T., Samuels, G.J. & Kubicek, C.P. (2012) Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation in the section Longibrachiatum of <em>Trichoderma</em>. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 49 (5): 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2012.02.004</p>
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<p>Jaklitsch, W.M., Samuels, G., Ismaiel, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2013) Disentangling the <em>Trichoderma viridescens</em> complex. <em>Persoonia</em> 31 (1): 112–146. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X672234</p>
<p>Kiffer, E. & Morelet, E. (2000) The Deuteromycetes Mitosporic Fungi Classification and Generic Keys. <em>Science Publications Inc</em>., USA, 1152. https://doi.10.1201/9781482294194</p>
<p>Klein, D. & Eveleigh, D.E. (1998) Ecology of <em>Trichoderma</em>.<em> In: </em>Kubicek CP, Harman GE, editors. <em>Trichoderma</em>and <em>Gliocladium</em>. Vol. 1. <em>Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics</em>. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482295320</p>
<p>Nagamani, A., Mahoharachary, C. & Agrawal, D. (2002) Monographic contribution on <em>Trichoderma pers</em>. ex Fr., <em>Today and Tomorrow publications</em>, New Delhi. pp.49.</p>
<p>Novakova, A., Kubátová, A., Valinová, Š., Hubka, V. & Kolařík, M. (2015) <em>Trichoderma fassatiae</em>, a new species from the section <em>Pachybasium</em> isolated from soil in the Czech Republic. <em>Czech Mycology</em> 67 (2): 227–231. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.67205</p>
<p>Ospina-Giraldo, M., Royse, D., Thon, M., Chen, X. & Romaine, C. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> causing mushroom green mold in Europe and North America to other species of <em>Trichoderma</em> from world-wide sources. <em>Mycologia </em>90 (1): 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1998.12026881</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1794) Disposita methodical fungorum. <em>Römer’sNeues Mag Bot</em>. 1, 81–128.</p>
<p>Prameeladevi, T., Prabhakaran, N., Kamil, D., Pandey, P. & Borah, J.L. (2012) Characterization of Indian native isolates of <em>Trichoderma spp</em>. and assessment of their bio-control efficiency against plant pathogens. <em>African Journal of Biotechnology</em> 1185: 15150–15160. https://doi:10.5897/AJB12.2007</p>
<p>Ridgway, R. (1912) Colorstandards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C. 44 pp. 53. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.144788</p>
<p>Rifai, M.A. (1969) A revision of the genus <em>Trichoderma</em>. <em>Mycological Papers</em> 116: 1–56.</p>
<p>Rogers, S.O. &Bendich, A.J. (1994) Extraction of total cellular DNA from plants, algae and fungi.<em> In: </em>Gelvin SB, Schilperoort RA (eds.) <em>Plant molecular biology manual</em>. Kluwer Academic, Boston, pp D1: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0511-8_12</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Dodd, S.L., Gams, W., Castlebury, L.A. & Petrini, O. (2002) <em>Trichoderma</em> species associated with the green mold epidemic of commercially grown <em>Agaricusbisporus</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 94 (1): 146–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2003.11833257</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Dodd, S.L., Lu, B.S., Petrini, O., Schroers, H.J. & Druzhinina, I.S. (2006) The <em>Trichoderma koningii</em> aggregate species. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 56: 67–133. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2006.56.03</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., Temesgen, B.M., Szakacs, G., Irina, S.D., Christian, P.K. & Walter, M.J. (2012) The <em>Longibrachiatum</em> Clade of <em>Trichoderma</em>: a revision with new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 55: 77–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0152-2</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., Mulaw, T.B., Szakacs, G., Druzhinina, I.S., Kubicek, C.P., Jaklitsch, W.M. & Samuels, G.J. (1996) <em>Trichoderma</em>: A review of biology and systematics of the genus. <em>Mycologycal Research</em> 100: 923–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80043-8</p>
<p>Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 10 (3): 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology & Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Taylor, J.W., Jacobson, D.J., Kroken, S., Kasuga, T., Geiser, D.M., Hibbett, D.S. & Fisher, M.C. (2000) Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 31 (1): 21–32. https://doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228</p>
<p>Thakur, A.K. & Norris, R.V. (1928) A biochemical study of some soil-fungi with special reference to ammonia production. <em>Journal of the Indian Institute of Science</em> 11A: 141–147.</p>
<p>Bisset, J. (1991a) A revision of the genus <em>Trichoderma </em>II. Infrageneric classification. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 69: 2357–2372. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-297</p>
<p>Bisset, J. (1991b) A revision of the genus <em>Trichoderma</em> III.sect. <em>pachybasium</em>. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 69: 2373–2417. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-298</p>
<p>Bisset, J. (1991c) A revision of genus <em>Trichoderma</em> IV. Additional notes on section Longibrachiatum. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 69: 2418–2420. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-299</p>
<p>Bisset, J. (1992) <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em>. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 70: 639–641. https://doi.org/10.1139/b92-082</p>
<p>Bissett, J., Gams, W., Jaklitsch, W. & Samuels, G.J. (2015) Accepted <em>Trichoderma</em> names in the year 2015. <em>IMA Fungus</em> 6 (2): 263–95. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.02</p>
<p>Cai, F. & Druzhinina, I.S. (2020) In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of <em>Trichoderma</em>. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4</p>
<p>Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. <em>Mycologia</em> 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061051</p>
<p>Chaverri, P., Castlebury, L.A., Samuels, G.J. & Geiser, D.M. (2003) Multilocus phylogenetic structure within the <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>/<em>Hypocrealixii</em> complex. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 27 (2): 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00400-1</p>
<p>Chaverri, P., Fabiano, B.R., Walter, J., Romina, G., Thomas, D. & Gary, J.S. (2015) Systematics of the <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains. <em>Mycologia</em> 107 (3): 558–590. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-147</p>
<p>Choi, I. & Nisbett, R.E. (1998) Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and the actor-observer bias. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</em> 24: 949–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298249003</p>
<p>Danielson, R.M. & Davey, C.B. (1973) The abundance of <em>Trichoderma propagules</em> and the distribution of species in forest soils. <em>Soil Biology and Biochemistry</em> 5: 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(73)90038-2</p>
<p>Druzhinina, I., Koptchinski, A., Komon, M., Bissett, J., Szakacs, G. & Kubicek, C.P. (2005) An oligonucleotide barcode for species identification in <em>Trichoderma</em> and <em>Hypocrea</em>. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 42: 813–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.007</p>
<p>Druzhinina, I.S., Komon´-Zelazowska, M., Ismaiel, A., Jaklitsch, W., Mullaw, T., Samuels, G.J. & Kubicek, C.P. (2012) Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation in the section Longibrachiatum of <em>Trichoderma</em>. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 49 (5): 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2012.02.004</p>
<p>Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I. & Lorito, M. (2004) <em>Trichoderma</em> species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. <em>Nature Reviews Microbiology</em> 2 (1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro797</p>
<p>Jaklitsch, W.M., Samuels, G., Ismaiel, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2013) Disentangling the <em>Trichoderma viridescens</em> complex. <em>Persoonia</em> 31 (1): 112–146. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X672234</p>
<p>Kiffer, E. & Morelet, E. (2000) The Deuteromycetes Mitosporic Fungi Classification and Generic Keys. <em>Science Publications Inc</em>., USA, 1152. https://doi.10.1201/9781482294194</p>
<p>Klein, D. & Eveleigh, D.E. (1998) Ecology of <em>Trichoderma</em>.<em> In: </em>Kubicek CP, Harman GE, editors. <em>Trichoderma</em>and <em>Gliocladium</em>. Vol. 1. <em>Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics</em>. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482295320</p>
<p>Nagamani, A., Mahoharachary, C. & Agrawal, D. (2002) Monographic contribution on <em>Trichoderma pers</em>. ex Fr., <em>Today and Tomorrow publications</em>, New Delhi. pp.49.</p>
<p>Novakova, A., Kubátová, A., Valinová, Š., Hubka, V. & Kolařík, M. (2015) <em>Trichoderma fassatiae</em>, a new species from the section <em>Pachybasium</em> isolated from soil in the Czech Republic. <em>Czech Mycology</em> 67 (2): 227–231. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.67205</p>
<p>Ospina-Giraldo, M., Royse, D., Thon, M., Chen, X. & Romaine, C. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> causing mushroom green mold in Europe and North America to other species of <em>Trichoderma</em> from world-wide sources. <em>Mycologia </em>90 (1): 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1998.12026881</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1794) Disposita methodical fungorum. <em>Römer’sNeues Mag Bot</em>. 1, 81–128.</p>
<p>Prameeladevi, T., Prabhakaran, N., Kamil, D., Pandey, P. & Borah, J.L. (2012) Characterization of Indian native isolates of <em>Trichoderma spp</em>. and assessment of their bio-control efficiency against plant pathogens. <em>African Journal of Biotechnology</em> 1185: 15150–15160. https://doi:10.5897/AJB12.2007</p>
<p>Ridgway, R. (1912) Colorstandards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C. 44 pp. 53. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.144788</p>
<p>Rifai, M.A. (1969) A revision of the genus <em>Trichoderma</em>. <em>Mycological Papers</em> 116: 1–56.</p>
<p>Rogers, S.O. &Bendich, A.J. (1994) Extraction of total cellular DNA from plants, algae and fungi.<em> In: </em>Gelvin SB, Schilperoort RA (eds.) <em>Plant molecular biology manual</em>. Kluwer Academic, Boston, pp D1: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0511-8_12</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Dodd, S.L., Gams, W., Castlebury, L.A. & Petrini, O. (2002) <em>Trichoderma</em> species associated with the green mold epidemic of commercially grown <em>Agaricusbisporus</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 94 (1): 146–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2003.11833257</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Dodd, S.L., Lu, B.S., Petrini, O., Schroers, H.J. & Druzhinina, I.S. (2006) The <em>Trichoderma koningii</em> aggregate species. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 56: 67–133. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2006.56.03</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., Temesgen, B.M., Szakacs, G., Irina, S.D., Christian, P.K. & Walter, M.J. (2012) The <em>Longibrachiatum</em> Clade of <em>Trichoderma</em>: a revision with new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 55: 77–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0152-2</p>
<p>Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., Mulaw, T.B., Szakacs, G., Druzhinina, I.S., Kubicek, C.P., Jaklitsch, W.M. & Samuels, G.J. (1996) <em>Trichoderma</em>: A review of biology and systematics of the genus. <em>Mycologycal Research</em> 100: 923–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80043-8</p>
<p>Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 10 (3): 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology & Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Taylor, J.W., Jacobson, D.J., Kroken, S., Kasuga, T., Geiser, D.M., Hibbett, D.S. & Fisher, M.C. (2000) Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 31 (1): 21–32. https://doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228</p>
<p>Thakur, A.K. & Norris, R.V. (1928) A biochemical study of some soil-fungi with special reference to ammonia production. <em>Journal of the Indian Institute of Science</em> 11A: 141–147.</p>