Abstract
Prosopanche cocuccii is described as a new species from Southern Brazil. It resembles P. bonacinae due to the trigonous rhizome and by the general size of the flower organs. Nevertheless, P. cocuccii is distinguished by the main floral morphological characteristics used to differentiate species. In addition, the new species presents some rare characters for the genus, such as a highly branched rhizome and flowers usually grouped in fascicles. We provide a description, illustrations, field photographs, morphological details under the stereomicroscope, and comments on habitat, ecology, distribution, and conservation of the new species, as well as an updated key for the genus Prosopanche. In addition, we identified that P. cocuccii produces a large number of rhizomes and fruits for each single host specimen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which resulted in a decrease in height and growth of its only known host plant.
References
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<p>Barkman, T.J., McNeal, J.R., Lim, S-H., Coat, G., Croom, H.B., Young, N.D. & dePamphilis, C.W. (2007) Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. <em>BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 7: 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-248</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1875) Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 30 (3): 415.</p>
<p>Brown, R. (1845) Description of the female flower and fruit of <em>Rafflesia arnoldi </em>with remarks on its affinities; and an illustration of the structure of <em>Hydnora africana</em>. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London </em>19: 221–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00365.x</p>
<p>Browne, P. (1756) <em>The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts</em>. London, p. 279.</p>
<p>Cocucci, A.E. (1965) Estudios en el género <em>Prosopanche </em>(Hydnoraceae), revisión taxonómica. <em>Kurtziana</em> 2: 53–74.</p>
<p>Cocucci, A.E. & Cocucci, A.A. (1996) <em>Prosopanche</em> (Hydnoraceae): somatic and reproductive structures, biology, systematics, phylogeny and potentialities as a parasitic weed. <em>In</em>: Moreno, M., Cubero, J., Berner, D., Joel, D., Musselman, L. & Parker, C. (Eds.) <em>Advances in parasitic plant research: Sixth international parasitic weed symposium</em>. Junta de Andalucia, Dirección General de Investigación Agraria, Córdoba, pp. 179–193.</p>
<p>De Bary, H.A. (1868) <em>Prosopanche burmeisteri</em>, eine neue Hydnoree aus Süd-Amerika. <em>Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle</em> 10: 241–269.</p>
<p>De Candolle, A.P. (1836) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em>. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, p. 415.</p>
<p>Equipe de Desenvolvimento QGIS (2019) Sistema de Informação Geográfica QGIS. Fundação Geoespacial de Código Aberto. Available from: http://qgis.org (accessed 29 September 2021)</p>
<p>Flora do Brasil (2020) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Funez, L.A., Ribeiro-Nardes, W., Kossmann, T., Peroni, N. & Drechsler-Santos, E.R. (2019) <em>Prosopanche demogorgoni</em>: a new species of <em>Prosopanche</em> (Aristolochiaceae: Hydnoroideae) from southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 422 (1): 93-100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.422.1.6</p>
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<p>Gómez, P.L.D. & Gómez-Laurito, J. (1981) A new species of <em>Prosopanche </em>(Hydnoraceae) from Costa Rica. <em>Phytologia</em> 49: 53–55.</p>
<p>Harms, H.A.T. (1935) Hydnoraceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Harms, H.A.T. (Eds.) <em>Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, </em>ed. 2. 16b. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 282–295.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A. (1830) <em>The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage</em>. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 28.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A. (1835) <em>Companion to the Botanical Magazine</em>. p. 208.</p>
<p>IUCN (2020) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Jost, M., Samain, M.S., Marques, I., Graham, S.W. & Wanke, S. (2021) Discordant phylogenomic placement of Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae within Piperales using data from all three genomes. <em>Frontiers in Plant Science</em> 12: 642598.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.L. (1789) <em>Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M. DCC. LXXIV</em>. Apud viduam Herissant typographum, Paris, 498 pp.</p>
<p>Lima, M.P. & Lima, H.C. (1984) <em>Parapiptadenia</em> Brenan (Leg. Mim.) - Estudo taxonômico das espécies brasileiras. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 36 (60): 23–30.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum...</em> (v. 1). Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum...</em> (v. 2). Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, pp. 560–1200.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda</em> (v. 2). Imprensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, p. 975.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1767) <em>Systema Naturae</em>. (ed. 12) 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, pp. 282.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1782) <em>Supplementum Plantarum 307</em>. Orphanotrophe, Brunswig, p. 307.</p>
<p>Machado, R.F. & Queiroz, L.P. (2012) A new species of <em>Prosopanche</em> (Hydnoraceae) from northeastern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 75: 58–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.75.1.5</p>
<p>Martel, C., Fernandez-Hilario, R., Tello, J.A., Arteaga, J.E. & Gerlach, G. (2018) <em>Prosopanche panguanensis</em> (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from central Peru. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 364 (3): 241–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.3.3</p>
<p>Massoni, J., Forest, F. & Sauquet, H. (2014) Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early diverging clade of angiosperms. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 70: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.010</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Markhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H., Turland, N.J. (eds.) (2006) <em>International code of botanical nomenclature</em>. Regnum<br>Vegetabile 146. Gantner, Ruggell, 568 pp.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary: forth edition. </em>John & Francis Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary: eighth edition</em>.<em> Foeniculum no. 1.</em>. John & Francis Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Naumann, J., Salomo, K., Der, J.P., Wafula, E.K., Bolin, J.F., Maass, E., Frenzke, L., Samain, M.S., Neinhuis, C., dePamphilis, C.W. & Wanke, S. (2013) Single-copy nuclear genes place haustorial Hydnoraceae within Piperales and reveal a Cretaceous origin of multiple parasitic angiosperm lineages. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8 (11): e79204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079204</p>
<p>Nickrent, D.L., Blarer, A., Qiu, Y., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. & Zanis, M. (2002) Molecular data place Hydnoraceae with Aristolochiaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89: 1809–1817. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.11.1809</p>
<p>Ortega, C.G. (1798) <em>Novarum, aut rariorum plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. : descriptionum decades, cum nonnullarum iconibus</em>. Typographia Ibarriana, Madrid, pp. 1797–1800.</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1807) <em>Synopsis Plantarum</em> vol. 2. Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Paris, p. 425.</p>
<p>Pittier, H.F. (1927) <em>Arboles y arbustos del orden de las leguminosas</em>... Tip. Americana, Caracas, p. 56.</p>
<p>Ruiz, H. & Pavón, J.A. (1794) <em>Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus</em>... Madrid, p. 22.</p>
<p>Saint-Hilaire, A.F. (1822) <em>Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle</em>. Vol. 9. p. 351.</p>
<p>Seemann, B.C. (1853) <em>The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald. </em>Lovell Reeve, London, p. 117.</p>
<p>Spegazzini, C.L. (1898) Une nouvelle espèce de <em>Prosopanche.</em> <em>Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires</em> 1: 19–22.</p>
<p>Sprengel, C.P. (1826) <em>Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta</em>. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Göttingae, p. 851.</p>
<p>Thellung, A. (1912) <em>La flore adventice de Montpellier</em>. Cherbourg, p. 452.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1775) Beskrifning på en ganska besynnerlig och obekant svamp, <em>Hydnora africana</em>. <em>Kongalia Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar</em> 36: 69–75.</p>
<p>Tropicos.org. (2021) Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org. (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159, Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Walpers, W.G. (1842) <em>Repertorium Botanices Systematicae</em>. V. 1 (4). Sumtribus Frederici Hofmeister, Leipzig, p. 679.</p>
<p>Aiton, W. (1789) <em>Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue</em> . . . (ed. 1). George Nicol., London, p. 246.</p>
<p>APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Baillon, H. (1886) <em>Histoire des plantes</em> 9 (1). Hachette & Cie., Paris, pp. 1–80.</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1884) <em>In: </em>Martius, C.F. <em>Flora Brasiliensis</em>, vol. 6 F., Fleischer, Monach-Leipzig, pp. 276.</p>
<p>Barkman, T.J., McNeal, J.R., Lim, S-H., Coat, G., Croom, H.B., Young, N.D. & dePamphilis, C.W. (2007) Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. <em>BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 7: 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-248</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1875) Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 30 (3): 415.</p>
<p>Brown, R. (1845) Description of the female flower and fruit of <em>Rafflesia arnoldi </em>with remarks on its affinities; and an illustration of the structure of <em>Hydnora africana</em>. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London </em>19: 221–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00365.x</p>
<p>Browne, P. (1756) <em>The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts</em>. London, p. 279.</p>
<p>Cocucci, A.E. (1965) Estudios en el género <em>Prosopanche </em>(Hydnoraceae), revisión taxonómica. <em>Kurtziana</em> 2: 53–74.</p>
<p>Cocucci, A.E. & Cocucci, A.A. (1996) <em>Prosopanche</em> (Hydnoraceae): somatic and reproductive structures, biology, systematics, phylogeny and potentialities as a parasitic weed. <em>In</em>: Moreno, M., Cubero, J., Berner, D., Joel, D., Musselman, L. & Parker, C. (Eds.) <em>Advances in parasitic plant research: Sixth international parasitic weed symposium</em>. Junta de Andalucia, Dirección General de Investigación Agraria, Córdoba, pp. 179–193.</p>
<p>De Bary, H.A. (1868) <em>Prosopanche burmeisteri</em>, eine neue Hydnoree aus Süd-Amerika. <em>Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle</em> 10: 241–269.</p>
<p>De Candolle, A.P. (1836) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em>. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, p. 415.</p>
<p>Equipe de Desenvolvimento QGIS (2019) Sistema de Informação Geográfica QGIS. Fundação Geoespacial de Código Aberto. Available from: http://qgis.org (accessed 29 September 2021)</p>
<p>Flora do Brasil (2020) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Funez, L.A., Ribeiro-Nardes, W., Kossmann, T., Peroni, N. & Drechsler-Santos, E.R. (2019) <em>Prosopanche demogorgoni</em>: a new species of <em>Prosopanche</em> (Aristolochiaceae: Hydnoroideae) from southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 422 (1): 93-100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.422.1.6</p>
<p>Giacomelli, E. (1906) Observaciones e investigaciones sobre la <em>Prosopanche burmeisteri</em> de Bary. <em>Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina</em> 61: 5–22.</p>
<p>Gómez, P.L.D. & Gómez-Laurito, J. (1981) A new species of <em>Prosopanche </em>(Hydnoraceae) from Costa Rica. <em>Phytologia</em> 49: 53–55.</p>
<p>Harms, H.A.T. (1935) Hydnoraceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Harms, H.A.T. (Eds.) <em>Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, </em>ed. 2. 16b. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 282–295.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A. (1830) <em>The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage</em>. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 28.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A. (1835) <em>Companion to the Botanical Magazine</em>. p. 208.</p>
<p>IUCN (2020) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Jost, M., Samain, M.S., Marques, I., Graham, S.W. & Wanke, S. (2021) Discordant phylogenomic placement of Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae within Piperales using data from all three genomes. <em>Frontiers in Plant Science</em> 12: 642598.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.L. (1789) <em>Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M. DCC. LXXIV</em>. Apud viduam Herissant typographum, Paris, 498 pp.</p>
<p>Lima, M.P. & Lima, H.C. (1984) <em>Parapiptadenia</em> Brenan (Leg. Mim.) - Estudo taxonômico das espécies brasileiras. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 36 (60): 23–30.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum...</em> (v. 1). Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum...</em> (v. 2). Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, pp. 560–1200.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda</em> (v. 2). Imprensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, p. 975.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1767) <em>Systema Naturae</em>. (ed. 12) 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Uppsala, pp. 282.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1782) <em>Supplementum Plantarum 307</em>. Orphanotrophe, Brunswig, p. 307.</p>
<p>Machado, R.F. & Queiroz, L.P. (2012) A new species of <em>Prosopanche</em> (Hydnoraceae) from northeastern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 75: 58–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.75.1.5</p>
<p>Martel, C., Fernandez-Hilario, R., Tello, J.A., Arteaga, J.E. & Gerlach, G. (2018) <em>Prosopanche panguanensis</em> (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from central Peru. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 364 (3): 241–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.3.3</p>
<p>Massoni, J., Forest, F. & Sauquet, H. (2014) Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early diverging clade of angiosperms. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 70: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.010</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Markhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H., Turland, N.J. (eds.) (2006) <em>International code of botanical nomenclature</em>. Regnum<br>Vegetabile 146. Gantner, Ruggell, 568 pp.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary: forth edition. </em>John & Francis Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary: eighth edition</em>.<em> Foeniculum no. 1.</em>. John & Francis Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Naumann, J., Salomo, K., Der, J.P., Wafula, E.K., Bolin, J.F., Maass, E., Frenzke, L., Samain, M.S., Neinhuis, C., dePamphilis, C.W. & Wanke, S. (2013) Single-copy nuclear genes place haustorial Hydnoraceae within Piperales and reveal a Cretaceous origin of multiple parasitic angiosperm lineages. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8 (11): e79204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079204</p>
<p>Nickrent, D.L., Blarer, A., Qiu, Y., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. & Zanis, M. (2002) Molecular data place Hydnoraceae with Aristolochiaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89: 1809–1817. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.11.1809</p>
<p>Ortega, C.G. (1798) <em>Novarum, aut rariorum plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. : descriptionum decades, cum nonnullarum iconibus</em>. Typographia Ibarriana, Madrid, pp. 1797–1800.</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1807) <em>Synopsis Plantarum</em> vol. 2. Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Paris, p. 425.</p>
<p>Pittier, H.F. (1927) <em>Arboles y arbustos del orden de las leguminosas</em>... Tip. Americana, Caracas, p. 56.</p>
<p>Ruiz, H. & Pavón, J.A. (1794) <em>Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus</em>... Madrid, p. 22.</p>
<p>Saint-Hilaire, A.F. (1822) <em>Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle</em>. Vol. 9. p. 351.</p>
<p>Seemann, B.C. (1853) <em>The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald. </em>Lovell Reeve, London, p. 117.</p>
<p>Spegazzini, C.L. (1898) Une nouvelle espèce de <em>Prosopanche.</em> <em>Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires</em> 1: 19–22.</p>
<p>Sprengel, C.P. (1826) <em>Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta</em>. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Göttingae, p. 851.</p>
<p>Thellung, A. (1912) <em>La flore adventice de Montpellier</em>. Cherbourg, p. 452.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1775) Beskrifning på en ganska besynnerlig och obekant svamp, <em>Hydnora africana</em>. <em>Kongalia Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar</em> 36: 69–75.</p>
<p>Tropicos.org. (2021) Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org. (accessed 8 March 2021)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159, Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Walpers, W.G. (1842) <em>Repertorium Botanices Systematicae</em>. V. 1 (4). Sumtribus Frederici Hofmeister, Leipzig, p. 679.</p>