Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2022-05-05
Page range: 1-29
Abstract views: 55
PDF downloaded: 1

Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

UNESP – São Paulo State University, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (Plant Biology), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biodiversity, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
UFJF – Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
UNESP – São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biodiversity Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
checklist Espírito Santo floristic new records General

Abstract

The Atlantic Forest (AF) is globally known as a hotspot of biodiversity, with high levels of endemism and richness. However, within the AF, different localities may differ in their diversity values; in Southeastern Brazil, the mountainous region of Espírito Santo state is one of these highly biodiverse areas. Here, we present the first comprehensive checklist of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve (ARBR) vascular epiphytes, a national protected area in the mountainous region of the state. Based on field expeditions carried out between 2018 and 2020 and extant herbarium collections, we reported a total of 359 species, 110 genera, and 20 families. Epidendrum henschenii Barb.Rodr. and Thysanoglossa organensis Brade are new records to the state. The richness recorded here is outstanding for the AF and one of the highest recorded in the Neotropical Region. The climatic conditions in the ARBR may help us understand this high species-richness, as well as the long-term climatic stability perhaps since the Miocene. Besides, the heterogeneity of the mountain habitats, driven mainly by erosion of the highlands since the early Cenozoic, resulted in the actual mountain’s configuration of eastern Brazil, synchronously with most taxa diversification occurred in the Atlantic Forest. The present study demonstrated the importance of protected areas and pristine forests for the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and the importance of floristic studies to fill knowledge gaps in the Atlantic Forest, mainly in mountainous regions.

References

<p>Almeida, F.F.M. &amp; Carneiro, C.D.R. (1998) Origem e evolução da Serra do Mar. <em>Revista Brasileira de Geociências</em> 28 (2): 135–50. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.1998135150</p>
<p>Alvares, C.A., Stape, J.L., Sentelhas, P.C., Gonçalves, J.L.M. &amp; Sparovek, G. (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. <em>Meteorologische Zeitschrift</em> 22 (6): 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507</p>
<p>Antonelli, A., Kissling, W.D., Flantua, S.G.A., Bermúdez, M.A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A.N. &amp; Hoorn, C. (2018) Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. <em>Nature Geoscience</em> 11 (10): 718<em>–</em>725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0236-z</p>
<p>APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181 (1): 1<em>–</em>20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Barthlott, W., Mutke, J., Rafiqpoor, D., Kier, G. &amp; Kreft, H. (2005) Global centers of vascular plant diversity. <em>Nova Acta Leopoldina</em> 92 (342): 61<em>–</em>83.</p>
<p>Benavides, A.M., Duque, A.J., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Vasco, G.A. &amp; Callejas, R. (2005) A first quantitative census of vascular epiphytes in rain forests of Colombian Amazonia. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 14: 739<em>–</em>758.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-3920-9</p>
<p>BFG. The Brazil Flora Group (2018) Brazilian Flora 2020: Innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). <em>Rodriguesia</em> 69: 1513<em>–</em>1527. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869402</p>
<p>BFG. The Brazil Flora Group (2022) Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network. <em>Taxon</em> 71 (1): 178–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12640</p>
<p>Blum, C.T., Roderjan, C.V. &amp; Galvão, F. (2011a) Composição florística e distribuição altitudinal de epífitas vasculares da Floresta Ombrófila Densa na Serra da Prata, Morretes, Paraná, Brasil. <em>Biota Neotropica</em> 11 (4): 141<em>–</em>159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400015</p>
<p>Blum, C.T., Roderjan, C.V. &amp; Galvão, F. (2011b) O clima e sua influência na distribuição da floresta ombrófila densa na Serra Da Prata, Morretes, Paraná. <em>Floresta</em> 41 (3): 589<em>–</em>598. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v41i3.24052</p>
<p>Brasil (2014) Portaria Ministério do Meio Ambiente nº 443, de 17 de dezembro de 2014.</p>
<p>Brown, K.S. &amp; Freitas, A.V.L. (2000) Atlantic Forest butterflies: indicators for landscape conservation. <em>Biotropica</em> 32: 934<em>–</em>956. https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0934:AFBIFL]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Bussmann, R.W. (2001) Epiphyte diversity in a tropical Andean Forest – Reserva Biológica San Francisco, Zamora–Chinchipe, Ecuador. <em>Ecotropica</em> 7: 43<em>–</em>59.</p>
<p>Campos-Rocha, A., Semir, J., Peixoto, M. &amp; Dutilh, J.H.A. (2019) <em>Griffinia meerowiana</em>, a remarkable new species of Amaryllidaceae from Espírito Santo state, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 344 (3): 228<em>–</em>238. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.3.3</p>
<p>Cardelús, C.L., Colwell, R.K. &amp; Watkins, J.E. (2006) Vascular epiphyte distribution patterns. Explaining the mid‐elevation richness peak. <em>Journal of Ecology</em> 94: 144<em>–</em>156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01052.x</p>
<p>Carvalho-Silva, M., Guimarães, E.F. &amp; Sarnaglia Junior, V.B. (2019) Two new species of <em>Peperomia</em> Ruiz &amp; Pavon (Piperaceae) from southeastern Brazil and four new synonymies. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 422 (3): 225<em>–</em>232. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.422.3.2</p>
<p>Chiron, G.R. &amp; Bolsanello, R.X. (2015) <em>Orchidées du Brésil - As Orquídeas da Serra do Castelo (Espírito Santo - Brasil)</em>. 1ed. Tropicalia, Voreppe.</p>
<p>Colwell, R.K., Rahbek, C. &amp; Gotelli, N.J. (2004) The mid domain effect and species richness patterns: what have we learned so far? <em>American Naturalist</em> 163: E1<em>–</em>E23. https://doi.org/10.1086/382056</p>
<p>Couto, D.R., Dias, H.M., Pereira, M.C.A., Fraga, C.N. &amp; Pezzopane, J.E.M. (2016a) Vascular epiphytes on <em>Pseudobombax</em> (Malvaceae) in rocky outcrops (inselbergs) in Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest: basis for conservation of a threatened ecosystem. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 67 (3): 583<em>–</em>601. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201667304</p>
<p>Couto, D.R., Fontana, A.P., Kollmann, L.J.C., Manhães, V.C., Francisco, T.M. &amp; Cunha, G.M. (2016b) Vascular epiphytes in seasonal semideciduous forest in the state of Espírito Santo and the similarity with other seasonal forests in Eastern Brazil. <em>Acta Scientiarum Biological Science</em> 38 (2): 1<em>–</em>10.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v38i2.31320</p>
<p>Couto, D.R., Francisco, T.M., Manhães, V.C., Dias, H.M. &amp; Pereira, M.C.A. (2017) Floristic composition of a Neotropical inselberg from Espírito Santo state, Brazil: an important area for conservation. <em>Check List</em> 13 (1): 2043. https://doi.org/10.15560/13.1.2043</p>
<p>CRIA. <em>Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental</em> (2018) Available from: http://www.cria.org.br. (accessed 1 March 2018)</p>
<p>Ding, Y., Liu, G., Zang, R., Zhang, J., Lu, X. &amp; Huang, J. (2016) Distribution of vascular epiphytes along a tropical elevational gradient: disentangling abiotic and biotic determinants. <em>Scientific Reports</em> 6: 19706.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19706</p>
<p>Dutra, V.F., Alves-Araújo, A. &amp; Carrijo, T.T. (2015) Angiosperm Checklist of Espírito Santo: using electronic tools to improve the knowledge of an Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 66 (4): 1145<em>–</em>1152. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566414</p>
<p>Ferreira, R.B., Mônico, A.T., da Silva, E.T., Lirio, F.C.F., Zocca, C., Mageski, M.M., Tonini, J.F.R., Beard, K.H., Duca, C. &amp; Silva-Soares, T. (2019) Amphibians of Santa Teresa, Brazil: the hotspot further evaluated. <em>ZooKeys</em> 857: 139<em>–</em>162.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.857.30302</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. &amp; Pirani, J.R. (2009) Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 47 (5): 477<em>–</em>496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P., Pirani, J.R., Heiden, G. &amp; Antonelli, A. (2016) Biogeografia da Flora da América do Sul. <em>In:</em> Carvalho, C.J.B. &amp; Almeida, E.A.B. (Ed.) <em>Biogeografia da América do Sul: análise de tempo, espaço e forma</em>. 2ed. Roca, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 215–226.</p>
<p>Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. (2020) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/&nbsp; (accessed 11 March 2022)</p>
<p>Flores, T.B., Sobral, M., Valdemarin, K.S. &amp; Souza, V.C. (2019) <em>Myrciaria alta</em> (Myrtaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 414 (4): 187<em>–</em>193. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.414.4.5</p>
<p>Fontoura, T., Sylvestre, L.S., Vaz, M.A.S. &amp; Vieira, C.M. (1997) Epífitas vasculares, hemiepífitas e hemiparasitas da Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima. <em>In:</em> Lima, H.C. &amp; Guedes-Bruni, R.R. (Ed.) <em>Serra de Macaé de Cima: diversidade florística e conservação em Mata Atlântica</em>. Editora do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 89–102.</p>
<p>Fraga, C.N., Formigoni, M.H. &amp; Chaves, F.G. (2019) <em>Fauna e flora ameaçadas de extinção no estado do Espírito Santo</em>. 1 ed. Dante, Rio de Janeiro.</p>
<p>Freitas, J. &amp; Assis, A.M. (2013) Estrutura do componente epífito vascular em trecho de floresta atlântica na região serrana do Espírito Santo. <em>Revista Árvore</em> 37 (5): 815<em>–</em>823. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622013000500004</p>
<p>Freitas, L., Salino, A., Menini Neto, L., Almeida, T.E., Mortara, S.E., Stehmann, J.R., Amorim, A.M., Guimarães, E.F., Coelho, M.N., Zanin, A. &amp; Forzza, R.C. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of vascular epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest reveals outstanding endemic rates. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 58: 65<em>–</em>79. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.5643</p>
<p>Furtado, S.G. &amp; Menini Neto, L. (2018) Diversity high up: a cloud forest of the Serra da Mantiqueira as a vascular epiphyte hotspot. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 69: 263<em>–</em>279. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869201</p>
<p>Garbin, M.L., Saiter, F.Z., Carrijo, T.T. &amp; Peixoto, A.L. (2017) Breve histórico e classificação da vegetação capixaba. <em>Rodriguesia</em> 68: 1883<em>–</em>1894. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768521</p>
<p>Gentry, A.H. &amp; Dodson, C.H. (1987a) Diversity and biogeography of Neotropical vascular epiphytes. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 74: 205<em>–</em>233.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.2307/2399395</p>
<p>Gentry, A.H. &amp; Dodson, C.H. (1987b) Contribution of non-trees to species richness of tropical rain forest. <em>Biotropica</em> 19: 149<em>–</em>156. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388737</p>
<p>Giulietti, A.M., Rapini, A., Andrade, M.J.J., Queiroz, L.P. &amp; Silva, J.M.C. (Ed.) (2009). <em>Plantas Raras do Brasil</em>. 1. ed. Conservação Internacional, Belo Horizonte.</p>
<p>Givnish, T.J., Barfuss, M.H.J., Van Ee, B., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P.A., Jabaily, R.S., Crayn, D.M., Smith, J.A.C., Winter, K., Brown, G.K., Evans, T.M., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P.E. &amp; Sytsma, K.J. (2014) Adaptive radiation, correlated and contingent evolution, and net species diversification in Bromeliaceae. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 71: 55<em>–</em>78.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.10.010</p>
<p>Givnish, T.J., Spalink, D., Ames, M., Lyon, S.P., Hunter, S.J., Zuluaga, A., Iles, W.J.D., Clements, M.A., Arroyo, M.T.K., Leebens-Mack, J., Endara, L., Kriebel, R., Neubig, K.M., Whitten, W.M., Williams, N.H. &amp; Cameron, K.M. (2015) Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society</em> B282: 20151553.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1553</p>
<p>Guarnier, J.C., Dutra, V.F., Valadares, R.T., Silva, H.L., Freitas, V.C. &amp; Mota, R.H. (2022) Angiosperm checklist and conservation of one the richest restingas in southeastern Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 73: e02432020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202273027</p>
<p>INCAPER. <em>Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural</em> (2020) Available from: https://meteorologia.incaper.es.gov.br/mapas-de-chuva-normal-climatologica-album (accessed 3 May 2020)</p>
<p>Index Herbariorum. (2020) [continuously updated] <em>Index herbariorum</em>: A worldwide index of 3,100 herbaria and 12,000 associated staff where a total of 390 million botanical specimens are permanently housed. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Available from: http:// sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 28 February 2020)</p>
<p>Ingram, S.W., Ferrel-Ingram, K. &amp; Nadkarni, N.M. (1996) Floristic composition of vascular epiphytes in a neotropical cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. <em>Selbyana</em> 17: 88<em>–</em>103.</p>
<p>IPEMA. Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata Atlântica (2005) <em>Conservação da Mata Atlântica no Espírito Santo: cobertura florestal e unidades de conservação.</em> IPEMA, Conservação Internacional, Vitória.</p>
<p>Kersten, R.A. &amp; Kunyioshi, Y.S. (2006) Epífitos vasculares na bacia do alto Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil – Composição florística. <em>Estudos Biologia</em> 28 (64): 55<em>–</em>71. https://doi.org/10.7213/reb.v28i64.22733</p>
<p>Kersten, R.A. (2010) Epífitas vasculares - Histórico, participação taxonômica e aspectos relevantes, com ênfase na Mata Atlântica. <em>Hoehnea</em> 37 (1): 9<em>–</em>38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062010000100001</p>
<p>Kessler, M., Jimenez, I. &amp; Krömer, T. (2008) Diversity and endemism of six plant groups in the Cordillera Mosetenes, Cochabamba, Bolívia. <em>Revista Boliviana de Ecología y Conservación Ambiental </em>23: 15<em>–</em>25.</p>
<p>Kluge, J., Kessler, M. &amp; Dunn, R.R. (2006) What drives elevational patterns of diversity? A test of geometric constraints, climate and species pool effects for pteridophytes on an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography</em> 15: 358<em>–</em>371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00223.x</p>
<p>Körner, C. (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. <em>Trends in ecology &amp; evolution </em>22 (11): 569<em>–</em>574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006</p>
<p>Kreft, H., Koster, N., Kuper, W., Nieder, J. &amp; Barthlott, W. (2004) Diversity and Biogeography of vascular epiphytes in western Amazônia, Yasuni, Ecuador. <em>Journal of Biogeography </em>31: 1463<em>–</em>1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01083.x</p>
<p>Kreft, H. &amp; Jetz, W. (2007) Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. <em>PNAS</em> 104 (14): 5925<em>–</em>5930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608361104</p>
<p>Krömer, T. (2003) <em>Diversität und Ökologie der vaskulären Epiphyten in primären und sekundären Bergwäldern Boliviens.</em> Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen.</p>
<p>Krömer, T., Jimenez, I. &amp; Kessler, M. (2008) Diversity and vertical distribution patterns of vascular epiphytes in the Cordillera Mosetenes, Cochabamba, Bolivia. <em>Revista Boliviana de Ecología y Conservación Ambiental</em> (26): 27<em>–</em>38.</p>
<p>Küper, W., Kreft, H., Nieder, J., Köster, N. &amp; Barthlott, W. (2004) Large-scale diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes in Neotropical montane rain forests. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 31: 1477<em>–</em>1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01093.x</p>
<p>Leitman, P., Amorim, A., Menini Neto, L. &amp; Forzza, R.C. (2014) Epiphytic angiosperms in a mountain forest in southern Bahia, Brazil. <em>Biota Neotropica</em> 14 (2): 1<em>–</em>12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032014001013</p>
<p>Lima, R.A., Souza, V.C., Siqueira, M.F. &amp; ter Steege, H. (2020) Defining endemism levels for biodiversity conservation: tree species in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. <em>Biological Conservation</em> 252: 108825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108825</p>
<p>Marcusso, G.M., Kamimura, V.A., Borgiani, R., Menini Neto, L. &amp; Lombardi, J.A. (2022a) Phytogeographic meta-analysis of the vascular epiphytes in the Neotropical Region. <em>The Botanical Review</em>.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-021-09270-2</p>
<p>Marcusso, G.M., Menini Neto, L. &amp; Lombardi, J.A. (2022b) Plants in the clouds: vascular epiphytes of Pedra Azul, a mountain top in Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 73: e02322020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202273025</p>
<p>Martinelli, G. &amp; Moraes, M.A. (Ed.) (2013) <em>Livro vermelho da flora do Brasil</em>, vol. 1. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.</p>
<p>Martínez-Meléndez, N., Pérez-Farrera, M. &amp; Martínez-Camilo, R. (2009) The Vascular Epiphyte Flora of El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, México. <em>Rhodora</em> 111: 503<em>–</em>535. https://doi.org/10.3119/08-20.1</p>
<p>Menini Neto, L., Furtado, S.G., Zappi, D.C., Oliveira-Filho, A.T. &amp; Forzza, R.C. (2016) Biogeography of epiphytic Angiosperms in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, a world biodiversity hotspot. <em>Brazilian Journal of Botany</em> 39: 261<em>–</em>273.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-015-0238-7</p>
<p>Moreno, N.C., Amarilla, L.D., Las Peñas, M.L. &amp; Bernardello, G. (2015) Molecular cytogenetic insights into the evolution of the epiphytic genus <em>Lepismium</em> (Cactaceae) and related genera. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 177: 263<em>–</em>277. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12242</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G.A.B. &amp; Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853<em>–</em>858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Nascimento, F.H. &amp; Vale, C.C. (2019) Efeito orográfico em um transecto entre Fundão e Santa Teresa no estado do Espírito Santo no ano hidrológico 2015/2016. <em>Revista Geografares </em>29: 71<em>–</em>90. https://doi.org/10.7147/GEO29.24805</p>
<p>Neves, D.M., Dexter, K.G., Baker, T., Souza, F.C., Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Queiroz, L.P., Lima, H.C., Simon, M.F., Lewis, G.P., Segovia, R.A., Arroyo, L., Reynel, C., Marcelo-Peña, J.L., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Villarroel, D., Parada, G.A., Daza, A., Linares-Palomino, R., Ferreira, L.V., Salomão, R.P., Siqueira, G.S., Nascimento, M.T., Fraga, C.N. &amp; Pennington, R.T. (2020) Evolutionary diversity in tropical tree communities peaks at intermediate precipitation. <em>Scientific Reports</em> 10: 1188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55621-w</p>
<p>Obermuller, F.A., Freitas, L., Daly, D.C. &amp; Silveira, M. (2014) Patterns of diversity and gaps in vascular (hemi-)epiphyte flora of Southwestern Amazonia. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 166 (4): 259<em>–</em>272. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.166.4.2</p>
<p>Passamani, M., Mendes, S.L. &amp; Chiarello, A.G. (2000) Non-volant mammals of the Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia and adjacents areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. <em>Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão</em> 11/12: 201<em>–</em>214.</p>
<p>Pena, N.T. &amp; Alves-Araújo, A. (2017) Angiosperms from rocky outcrops of Pedra do Elefante, Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo, Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 68 (5): 1895<em>–</em>1905. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768522</p>
<p>Pereira, L.C., Chautems, A. &amp; Menini Neto, L. (2021) Biogeography and Conservation of Gesneriaceae in the Serra da Mantiqueira, Southeastern Region of Brazil. <em>Brazilian Journal of Botany</em> 44: 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-020-00671-y</p>
<p>Perret, M., Chautems, A., Araujo, A.O. &amp; Salamin, N. (2013) Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 171: 61<em>–</em>79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01303.x</p>
<p>Perret, M., Chautems, A. &amp; Spichiger, R. (2006) Dispersal-vicariance analyses in the tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): a clue to understanding biogeographical history of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 93: 340<em>–</em>358. https://doi.org/10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[340:DAITTS]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Perrigo, A., Hoorn, C. &amp; Antonelli, A. (2020) Why mountains matter for biodiversity. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 47: 315–325.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13731</p>
<p>PPG I (2016) The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 54 (6): 563<em>–</em>603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229</p>
<p>Prado, D.E. &amp; Gibbs, P.E. (1993) Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 80: 902<em>–</em>927. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399937</p>
<p>Prance, G.T. (1982) <em>Forest refuges: evidence from woody angiosperms</em>. Biological diversification in the tropics. Columbia University Press, New York.</p>
<p>REFLORA (2020) <em>Herbário Virtual</em>. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ (accessed 20 March 2020)</p>
<p>Ribeiro, A.C. (2006) Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin. <em>Neotropical Ichthyology</em> 4: 225<em>–</em>246. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252006000200009</p>
<p>Ribeiro, M.C., Metzger, J.P., Martensen, A.C., Ponzoni, F.J. &amp; Hirota, M.M. (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. <em>Biological Conservation</em> 142: 1141<em>–</em>1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021</p>
<p>Rolim, S.G., Magnago, L.F.S., Saiter, F.Z., Amorim, A.M. &amp; Abreu, K.M.P. (2016a) São as florestas do norte do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia as mais ricas em espécies arbóreas no domínio da Floresta Atlântica? <em>In:</em> Rolim, S.G., Menezes, L.F.T., Srbek- Araujo, A.C. (Ed.) <em>Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: Diversidade e Endemismos na Reserva Natural Vale</em>. pp. 91–100.</p>
<p>Rolim, S.G., Sylvestre, L., Franken, E.P. &amp; Coelho, M.A.N. (2016b) Epífitas vasculares nas fisionomias vegetais da Reserva Natural Vale, Espírito Santo. <em>In:</em> Rolim, S.G., Menezes, L.F.T. &amp; Srbek-Araujo, A.C. (Ed.) <em>Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: Diversidade e Endemismos na Reserva Natural Vale</em>. pp. 269–281.</p>
<p>Saiter, F.Z. &amp; Thomaz, L.D. (2014) Revisão da lista de espécies arbóreas do inventário de Thomaz &amp; Monteiro (1997) na Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia: o mais importante estudo fitossociológico em florestas montanas do Espírito Santo. <em>Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão </em>34: 101<em>–</em>128.</p>
<p>Saiter, F.Z., Rolim, S.G., Jordy Filho, S. &amp; Oliveira-Filho, A.T. (2017) Uma revisão sobre a controversa classificação fisionômica da Floresta de Linhares, norte do Espírito Santo. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 68: 1895<em>–</em>1907. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768529</p>
<p>Saiter, F.Z., Oza, E.F., Santos, M.M., Andrade, S.F.S., Locatelli, M.V., Tonini, V.B. &amp; Vieira, G.D.S. (2020) Redescobrindo a floresta decídua no Espírito Santo: o caso de São João de Petrópolis, Santa Teresa. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 71: e02472018. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202071137</p>
<p>Scaramuzza, C.A.M., Simões, L.L., Rodrigues, S.T., Accacio, G.M., Hercowitz, M., Rosa, M.R., Goulart, W., Pinagé, E.R. &amp; Soares, M.S. (2011) <em>Visão da Biodiversidade da Ecorregião Serra do Mar: domínio biogeográfico Mata Atlântica</em>. WWF-Brasil, Brasília.</p>
<p>Silva, E.T., Peixoto, M.A.A., Leite, F.S.F., Feio, R.N. &amp; Garcia, P.C.A. (2018) Anuran distribution in a highly diverse region of the Atlantic Forest: the Mantiqueira mountain range in southeastern Brazil. <em>Herpetologica</em> 74: 294<em>–</em>305. https://doi.org/10.1655/0018-0831.294</p>
<p>Staggemeier, V.G., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Forest, F. &amp; Lucas, E. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis in <em>Myrcia</em> section <em>Aulomyrcia</em> and inferences on plant diversity in the Atlantic rainforest. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 115: 747<em>–</em>61. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv005</p>
<p>Stehmann, J.R., Forzza, R.C., Salino, A., Sobral, M., Costa, D.P. &amp; Kamino, L.H.Y. (2009) <em>Plantas da Floresta Atlântica</em>. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.</p>
<p>Simon, J.E. (2000) Composição da avifauna da Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, Santa Teresa - ES. <em>Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão</em> 11/12: 149<em>–</em>170.</p>
<p>Souza, W.O., Machado, J.O., Tognella, M.P.P. &amp; Alves-Araújo, A. (2016) Checklist de Angiospermas do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 67 (3): 571<em>–</em>581. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201667303</p>
<p>Trad, R.J., Bittrich, V. &amp; Amaral, M.C.E. (2020) Hardly a Surprise: Six New <em>Kielmeyera</em> Species (Calophyllaceae) from Brazilian Southeast Atlantic Forest. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 45 (1): 102<em>–</em>121. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364420X15801369352360</p>
<p>Vibrans, A.C., Bonnet, A., Caglioni, E., Gasper, A.L. &amp; Lingner, D.V. (Ed.) (2013) <em>Epífitos Vasculares da Floresta Ombrófila Densa</em>. 1. ed. Blumenau: Edfurb. 336 pp.</p>
<p>Werneck, M.S., Sobral, M.E.G., Rocha, C.T.V., Landau, E.C. &amp; Stehmann, J.R. (2011) Distribution and Endemism of Angiosperms in the Atlantic Forest. <em>Natureza &amp; Conservação</em> 9 (2): 188<em>–</em>193.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2011.024</p>
<p>Wester, S., Mendieta-Leiva, G., Nauheimer, L., Wanek, W., Kreft, H. &amp; Zotz, G. (2011) Physiological diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes at Río Changuinola, Panama. <em>Flora</em> 206: 66<em>–</em>79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2010.01.011</p>
<p>Wolf, J.H.D. &amp; Flamenco-S, A. (2003) Patterns in species richness and distribution of vascular epiphytes in Chiapas, Mexico. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 30: 1689<em>–</em>1707. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00902.x</p>
<p>Zanella, F.C.V. (2011) Evolução da Biota da Diagonal de Formações Abertas Secas da América do Sul. <em>In:</em> Carvalho, C.B. &amp; Almeida, E. (Ed.) <em>Biogeografia da América do Sul: padrões e processos</em>, v 1. Roca, São Paulo, pp. 198–220.</p>
<p>Zorzanelli, J.P.F., Dias, H.M., Silva, A.G. &amp; Kunz, S.H. (2017) Vascular plant diversity in a Brazilian hotspot: floristic knowledge gaps and tools for conservation. <em>Brazilian Journal of Botany</em> 40: 819<em>–</em>827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0386-z</p>
<p>Zotz, G. &amp; Hietz, P. (2001) The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open questions. <em>Journal of Experimental Botany</em> 52: 2067<em>–</em>2078. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2067</p>
<p>Zotz, G. (2013) The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes <em>-</em> a critical update. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 171: 453<em>–</em>481. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12010</p>
<p>Zotz, G. (2016)<em> Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes</em>. Fascinating Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0</p>