Abstract
There are four species of Artemisia known in Ethiopia, namely A. schimperi (endemic), A. abyssinica, A. afra and A. absinthium (syn. A. rehan). All these species occurred naturally except A. absinthium, which usually grows in private gardens. The main objective of this study was to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny to determine phylogenetic positions of Ethiopian Artemisia species using the external and internal transcribed spacers (ETS, ITS). A total of 57 sequences (nine new and 48 retrieved from GenBank) were used in maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. The Ethiopian Artemisia species were recovered in three clades corresponding to subgenera (Artemisia, Absinthium and Pacifica). The sequences of Ethiopian A. absinthium (previously known as A. rehan) grouped with A. judaica and are distantly related to the European A. absinthium. Artemisia abyssinica and A. schimperi have affinities to A. subg. Pacifica with adaptations to a relatively cool and dry subalpine tropical climate.
References
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<p>Abegaz, B. & Yohannes, P.G. (1982) Constituents of the essential oil of <em>Artemisia rehan</em>. <em>Phytochemistry</em> 21: 1791–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(82)85065-6</p>
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<p>Basta, A., Tzakou, O., Couladis, M. & Pavlovic, M. (2007) Chemical Composition of <em>A. absinthium</em> L<em>. </em>from Greece. <em>Journal of Essential Oil Research</em> 19: 316–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699291</p>
<p>Bremer, K. & Humphries, C.J. (1993) Generic Monograph of the Asteraceae-Anthemideae. <em>Bulletin of Natural History Museum of London (Botany series)</em> 23: 71–177.</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) “jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing”. <em>Nature Methods</em> 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput, <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 32 (5): 1792–1797. https://dio.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340</p>
<p>El-Moslimany, A.P. (1990) Ecological significance of common non arboreal pollen: examples from dry lands of the Middle East. <em>Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</em> 64: 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90150-H</p>
<p>Francisco-Ortega, J., Barber, J.C., Santos-Guerra, A., Febles-Hernandez, R. & Jansen, R.K. (2001) Origin and evolution of the endemic genera of Gonosperminae (<em>Asteracea</em>e: <em>Anthemideae</em>) from the Canary Islands: evidence from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 88 (1): 161–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657136</p>
<p>Garcia, S., Garnatje, T., Hidalgo, O., McArthur, E.D., Siljak-Yakovlev, S. & Vallès, J. (2007) Extensive ribosomal DNA (18S5.8S-26S and 5S) co-localization in the North American endemic sagebrushes (subgenus <em>Tridentatae</em>, <em>Artemisia</em>, <em>Asteraceae</em>) revealed by FISH. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 267: 79–92.</p>
<p>Garcia, S., Macarthur, E.D, Pellicer, J., Sanderson, S.C., Vallès, J. & Garnatje, T. (2011) A molecular phylogenetic approach to Western North America endemic <em>Artemisia</em> and allies (<em>Asteraceae</em>): Untangling the sagebrushes. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 98: 638–653. https://dio.org.10.3732/ajb.1000386</p>
<p>Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J., Kallersjö, M., Oxelmann, B., Ramirez, M. & Suzumik, C. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. <em>Cladistics</em> 19: 324–332. https://dio.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.tb00376.x</p>
<p>Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S. & Nixon, K.C. (2008) TNT a free program of phylogenetic analysis. <em>Cladistics</em> 24: 774–786. https://dio.org/10.1111/j.2008.00217.x</p>
<p>Guindon, S., Dufayared, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML3.0. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 59: 307–321.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows95/98//NT. <em>Nucleic acids symposium series </em>41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Hayat, M.Q., Ashraf, M., Khan, M.A., Yasmin, G., Shaheen, N. & Jabeen, S. (2009a) Diversity of foliar trichomes and their systematic implications in the genus <em>Artemisia</em> (<em>Asteraceae</em>). <em>International Journal of Agriculture and Biology</em> 11: 542–546.</p>
<p>Hayat, M.Q., Khan, M.A., Ashraf, M. & Jabeen, S. (2009b) Ethnobotany of the genus <em>Artemisia</em> L. (<em>Asteraceae</em>) in Pakistan. <em>Ethnobotany Research and Applications</em> 7: 147–162.</p>
<p>Hobbs, C.R. & Baldwin, B.G. (2013) Asian origin and upslope migration of Hawaiian <em>Artemisia </em>(Compositae-Anthemideae). <em>Jornal of Biogeography</em> 40 (3): 442–454. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.062</p>
<p>Hussain, A., Potter, D., Kim, S., Muhammad, Q., Hayat, M.Q. & Bokhari, S.A.I. (2019) Molecular phylogeny of <em>Artemisia </em>(Asteraceae-Anthemideae) with emphasis on undescribed taxa from Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) based on nrDNA (<em>ITS</em> and <em>ETS</em>) and cpDNA (<em>psbA-trnH</em>) sequences. <em>Plant Ecology and Evolution</em> 152 (3): 507–520. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1583</p>
<p>Kornkven, A.B., Watson, L.E. & Estes, J.R. (1999) A molecular phylogeny of <em>Artemisia </em>section <em>Tridentatae </em>(Asteraceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. <em>Systematic Botany </em>24 (1): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419387</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</p>
<p>Lachenmeier, D.W. (2010) Wormwood (<em>Artemisia absinthium</em> L.) A curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties? <em>Journal of Ethnopharmacology </em>131: 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.062</p>
<p>Ling, Y.R. (1994) The genera <em>Artemisia </em>L. and <em>Seriphidium </em>(Bess.) Poljak. in the world. <em>Compositae Newsletter</em> 25: 39–45.</p>
<p>Magdy, M.Y., Ahmed, A.M. & Yasair, S.S. (2015) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of <em>Artemisia abyssinica</em> Extracts and DNA Degradation Effects. <em>Asian Journal of Biochemistry</em> 10 (1): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2015.31.41</p>
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