Abstract
The nomenclatural type of Triticum durum is discussed. The name is lectotypified using a specimen collected in the North of Africa and preserved at Herb. P.
References
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<p>Bowden, W.M. (1959) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the wheats, barleys, and ryes and their wild relatives. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany </em>37 (4): 657–684. https://doi.org/10.1139/b59-053</p>
<p>Brickell, C.D., Alexander, C., Cubey, J.J., David, J.C., Hoffman, M.H.A., Leslie, A.C., Malécot, V. & Jin, X. (eds.) (2016) <em>International code of nomenclature for cultivated plants</em>. 9th ed. International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, Belgium, 190 pp.</p>
<p>Cosson, E.S.-C. (1849) <em>Notes sur quelques Plantes de France Critiques</em>. Librairie de Victor Masson, Place de l’École-de-Médecine 1, Paris, 184 pp.</p>
<p>Desfontaines, R.L. (1798) <em>Flora atlantica, sive historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro tunetano et algeriensi crescunt</em>, vol. 1. Typis C. Panckoucke, Parisiis [Paris], 444 pp. + 117 tab. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.323</p>
<p>Dorofeev, V.F., Filatenko, A.A., Migushova, E.F., Udachin, R.A. & Jakubtsiner, M.M. (1979) Wheat. <em>In</em>: Dorofeev, V.F. & Korovina, O.N. (eds.) <em>Flora of Cultivated Plants</em>, vol. 1. Kolos, Leningrad, 346 pp. [in Russian]</p>
<p>Feldman, M. & Kislev, M.E. (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. <em>Israel Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 55 (3–4): 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.55.3-4.207</p>
<p>Gandilyan, P.A. (1980) Opredelitel Pshenitz, Aegilopsov, Rzji, Jatchmenja [Key to wheat, <em>Aegilops</em>, Rye and Barley]. Acad. Sci. Armenian SSR, Erevan, 190 pp. (in Russian).</p>
<p>Golovnina, K.A., Glushkov, S.A., Blinov, A.G., Mayorov, V.I., Adkison, L.R. & Goncharov, N.P. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of the genus <em>Triticum</em> L. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution </em>264 (3–4): 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0478-x</p>
<p>Golovnina, K.A., Kondratenko, E.Ya., Blinov, A.G. & Goncharov, N.P. (2009) Phylogeny of the A genome of wild and cultivated wheat species. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>45 (11): 1360–1367. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795409110106</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2002) <em>Comparative genetics of wheats and their related species</em>. Siberian University Press, Novosibirsk, 252 pp. [in Russian with English Summary]</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2005) Comparative-genetic analysis—a base for wheat taxonomy revision. <em>Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding</em> 41 (Special Issue): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.17221/6132-CJGPB</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2011) Genus <em>Triticum</em> L. taxonomy: the present and the future. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 295: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0480-9</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. & Gaidalenok, R.F. (2005) Localization of genes controlling spherical grain and compact ear in <em>Triticum antiquorum</em> Heer ex Udacz. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>41 (11): 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11177-005-0227-1</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Golovnina, K.A., Glushkov, S., Kilian, B., Blinov, A. & Shumny, V.K. (2008) Evolutionary history of wheats—the main cereal of mankind. <em>In</em>: Dobretsov, N., Kolchanov, N., Rozanov, A. & Zavarzin, G. (eds.) <em>Biosphere Origin and Evolution</em>, Part IV. Springer, Berlin, pp. 407–419.</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Golovnina, K.A. & Kondratenko, E.Ya. (2009) Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of natural and artificial wheat species. <em>Breeding Science</em> 59 (5): 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.59.492</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Kondratenko, E.J., Bannikova, S.V., Konovalov, A.A. & Golovnina, K.A. (2007) Comparative genetic analysis of diploid naked wheat <em>Triticum sinskajae</em> and its progenitor accession of <em>T. monococcum</em>. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>43 (11): 1248–1256. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795407110075</p>
<p>GRIN (2022) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> L. subsp. <em>durum</em> (Desf.) van Slageren. Available at: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=40577 (last accessed 13 January 2022)</p>
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<p>Kimber, G. & Sears, E.R. (1987) Evolution in the genus <em>Triticum</em> and the origin of cultivated wheat. <em>In</em>: Heyne, E.G. (ed.) <em>Wheat and wheat improvement</em>, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 154–164.</p>
<p>Konovalov, F.A., Goncharov, N.P., Goryunova, S., Shaturova, A., Proshlyakova, T. & Kudryavtsev, A. (2010) Molecular markers based on LTR retrotransposons BARE-1/Wis2–1A and Jeli uncover different strata of evolutionary relationships in diploid wheat. <em>Molecular Genetics and Genomics </em>283 (6): 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-010-0539-2</p>
<p>Kuo, P.C. (1987) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> var. <em>durum</em>. <em>In</em>: Kuo, P.C. (ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em>, vol. 9 (3). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 48.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, vol. 1. Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 1–560. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Löve, A. (1984) Conspectus of the <em>Triticeae</em>. <em>Feddes Repertorium </em>95 (7–8): 425–521.</p>
<p>Luo, M.C., Yang, Z.L., You, F.M., Kawahara, T., Waines, J.G. & Dvorak, J. (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. <em>Theoretical and Applied Genetics </em>114 (6): 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0474-0</p>
<p>Lyapunova, O.A. (2017) Intraspecific classification of durum wheat: New botanical varieties and forms. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research</em> 7 (7): 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059717070048</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1966) Species relationship in <em>Triticum</em>. <em>Hereditas </em>(suppl. 2): 237–276.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1968) Relationship in the <em>Triticinae</em>. <em>In</em>: Findlay, K.W. & Shepherd, K.W. (eds.) <em>Proceedings of the 3rd International Wheat Genetics Symposium</em>, <em>Canberra</em>. Australian Academy of Sciences, Sydney, pp. 39–50.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1977) Sec. <em>Diccocoidea</em> Flaksb. of wheat, its phylogeny, diversification and subdivision. <em>In</em>: <em>Proceedings of the symposium on extended availability of Wheat Genetics Resources</em>, 16–20 May. Germplasm Laboratory, Bari, pp. 5–46.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1988) A plant breeder’s perspective on taxonomy of cultivated plants. <em>Biologisches Zentralblatt</em> 107: 369– 379.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1989) Genus <em>Triticum</em> and its systematics. <em>In</em>: Shumny, V.K. (ed.) <em>Vavilov’s legacy in modern biology</em>. Nauka Publishers, Moscow, pp. 170–185 (in Russian).</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (2005) Wheat: its concept. Evolution and taxonomy. <em>In</em>: Royo, C., Nachit, M., Di Fonzo, N., Araus, J.L., Pfeiffer, W.H. & Slafer, G.A. (eds.) <em>Durum wheat breeding. Current approaches and future strategies,</em> vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 3–61.</p>
<p>Moragues, M., Moralejo, M., Sorrells, M.E. & Royo, C. (2007) Dispersal of durum wheat [<em>Triticum</em> <em>turgidum </em>L. ssp. <em>Turgidum </em>convar. <em>Durum </em>(Desf.) MacKey] landraces across the Mediterranean basin assessed by AFLPs and microsatellites. <em>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</em> 54 (5): 1133–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9005-8</p>
<p>Morris, R. & Sears, E.R. (1967) The cytogenetics of wheat and its relatives. <em>In</em>: Ouissenberry, K.S. & Reitz, L.P. (eds.) <em>Wheat and wheat improvement</em>. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 19–87.</p>
<p>Morrison, L.A. (2007) <em>Triticum</em> L. <em>In</em>: Barkworth, M.E., Capels, K.M., Long, S., Anderton, L.K. & Piep, M.B. (eds.) <em>Flora of North America, north of Mexico</em>. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp. 268–277.</p>
<p>POWO (2022) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> subsp. <em>durum</em> (Desf.) Husn. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77188896-1 (last accessed 13 January 2022).</p>
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<p>Brickell, C.D., Alexander, C., Cubey, J.J., David, J.C., Hoffman, M.H.A., Leslie, A.C., Malécot, V. & Jin, X. (eds.) (2016) <em>International code of nomenclature for cultivated plants</em>. 9th ed. International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, Belgium, 190 pp.</p>
<p>Cosson, E.S.-C. (1849) <em>Notes sur quelques Plantes de France Critiques</em>. Librairie de Victor Masson, Place de l’École-de-Médecine 1, Paris, 184 pp.</p>
<p>Desfontaines, R.L. (1798) <em>Flora atlantica, sive historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro tunetano et algeriensi crescunt</em>, vol. 1. Typis C. Panckoucke, Parisiis [Paris], 444 pp. + 117 tab. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.323</p>
<p>Dorofeev, V.F., Filatenko, A.A., Migushova, E.F., Udachin, R.A. & Jakubtsiner, M.M. (1979) Wheat. <em>In</em>: Dorofeev, V.F. & Korovina, O.N. (eds.) <em>Flora of Cultivated Plants</em>, vol. 1. Kolos, Leningrad, 346 pp. [in Russian]</p>
<p>Feldman, M. & Kislev, M.E. (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. <em>Israel Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 55 (3–4): 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.55.3-4.207</p>
<p>Gandilyan, P.A. (1980) Opredelitel Pshenitz, Aegilopsov, Rzji, Jatchmenja [Key to wheat, <em>Aegilops</em>, Rye and Barley]. Acad. Sci. Armenian SSR, Erevan, 190 pp. (in Russian).</p>
<p>Golovnina, K.A., Glushkov, S.A., Blinov, A.G., Mayorov, V.I., Adkison, L.R. & Goncharov, N.P. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of the genus <em>Triticum</em> L. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution </em>264 (3–4): 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0478-x</p>
<p>Golovnina, K.A., Kondratenko, E.Ya., Blinov, A.G. & Goncharov, N.P. (2009) Phylogeny of the A genome of wild and cultivated wheat species. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>45 (11): 1360–1367. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795409110106</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2002) <em>Comparative genetics of wheats and their related species</em>. Siberian University Press, Novosibirsk, 252 pp. [in Russian with English Summary]</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2005) Comparative-genetic analysis—a base for wheat taxonomy revision. <em>Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding</em> 41 (Special Issue): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.17221/6132-CJGPB</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. (2011) Genus <em>Triticum</em> L. taxonomy: the present and the future. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 295: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0480-9</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P. & Gaidalenok, R.F. (2005) Localization of genes controlling spherical grain and compact ear in <em>Triticum antiquorum</em> Heer ex Udacz. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>41 (11): 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11177-005-0227-1</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Golovnina, K.A., Glushkov, S., Kilian, B., Blinov, A. & Shumny, V.K. (2008) Evolutionary history of wheats—the main cereal of mankind. <em>In</em>: Dobretsov, N., Kolchanov, N., Rozanov, A. & Zavarzin, G. (eds.) <em>Biosphere Origin and Evolution</em>, Part IV. Springer, Berlin, pp. 407–419.</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Golovnina, K.A. & Kondratenko, E.Ya. (2009) Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of natural and artificial wheat species. <em>Breeding Science</em> 59 (5): 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.59.492</p>
<p>Goncharov, N.P., Kondratenko, E.J., Bannikova, S.V., Konovalov, A.A. & Golovnina, K.A. (2007) Comparative genetic analysis of diploid naked wheat <em>Triticum sinskajae</em> and its progenitor accession of <em>T. monococcum</em>. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics </em>43 (11): 1248–1256. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795407110075</p>
<p>GRIN (2022) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> L. subsp. <em>durum</em> (Desf.) van Slageren. Available at: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=40577 (last accessed 13 January 2022)</p>
<p>Humphries, C.J. (1980) <em>Triticum</em> L. 202-203. <em>In</em>: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S. & Webb, B.A. (eds.) <em>Flora Europaea,</em> Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 202–203.</p>
<p>Husnot, P.-T. (1899) <em>Graminées. Descriptions, figures et usages des graminées spontanées et cultivées de France, Belgique, îles Britanniques, Suisse</em>. À Cahan, par Athis (Orne), 92 pp.</p>
<p>Kimber, G. & Sears, E.R. (1987) Evolution in the genus <em>Triticum</em> and the origin of cultivated wheat. <em>In</em>: Heyne, E.G. (ed.) <em>Wheat and wheat improvement</em>, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 154–164.</p>
<p>Konovalov, F.A., Goncharov, N.P., Goryunova, S., Shaturova, A., Proshlyakova, T. & Kudryavtsev, A. (2010) Molecular markers based on LTR retrotransposons BARE-1/Wis2–1A and Jeli uncover different strata of evolutionary relationships in diploid wheat. <em>Molecular Genetics and Genomics </em>283 (6): 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-010-0539-2</p>
<p>Kuo, P.C. (1987) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> var. <em>durum</em>. <em>In</em>: Kuo, P.C. (ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em>, vol. 9 (3). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 48.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, vol. 1. Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 1–560. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Löve, A. (1984) Conspectus of the <em>Triticeae</em>. <em>Feddes Repertorium </em>95 (7–8): 425–521.</p>
<p>Luo, M.C., Yang, Z.L., You, F.M., Kawahara, T., Waines, J.G. & Dvorak, J. (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. <em>Theoretical and Applied Genetics </em>114 (6): 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0474-0</p>
<p>Lyapunova, O.A. (2017) Intraspecific classification of durum wheat: New botanical varieties and forms. <em>Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research</em> 7 (7): 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059717070048</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1966) Species relationship in <em>Triticum</em>. <em>Hereditas </em>(suppl. 2): 237–276.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1968) Relationship in the <em>Triticinae</em>. <em>In</em>: Findlay, K.W. & Shepherd, K.W. (eds.) <em>Proceedings of the 3rd International Wheat Genetics Symposium</em>, <em>Canberra</em>. Australian Academy of Sciences, Sydney, pp. 39–50.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1977) Sec. <em>Diccocoidea</em> Flaksb. of wheat, its phylogeny, diversification and subdivision. <em>In</em>: <em>Proceedings of the symposium on extended availability of Wheat Genetics Resources</em>, 16–20 May. Germplasm Laboratory, Bari, pp. 5–46.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1988) A plant breeder’s perspective on taxonomy of cultivated plants. <em>Biologisches Zentralblatt</em> 107: 369– 379.</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (1989) Genus <em>Triticum</em> and its systematics. <em>In</em>: Shumny, V.K. (ed.) <em>Vavilov’s legacy in modern biology</em>. Nauka Publishers, Moscow, pp. 170–185 (in Russian).</p>
<p>Mackey, J. (2005) Wheat: its concept. Evolution and taxonomy. <em>In</em>: Royo, C., Nachit, M., Di Fonzo, N., Araus, J.L., Pfeiffer, W.H. & Slafer, G.A. (eds.) <em>Durum wheat breeding. Current approaches and future strategies,</em> vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 3–61.</p>
<p>Moragues, M., Moralejo, M., Sorrells, M.E. & Royo, C. (2007) Dispersal of durum wheat [<em>Triticum</em> <em>turgidum </em>L. ssp. <em>Turgidum </em>convar. <em>Durum </em>(Desf.) MacKey] landraces across the Mediterranean basin assessed by AFLPs and microsatellites. <em>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</em> 54 (5): 1133–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9005-8</p>
<p>Morris, R. & Sears, E.R. (1967) The cytogenetics of wheat and its relatives. <em>In</em>: Ouissenberry, K.S. & Reitz, L.P. (eds.) <em>Wheat and wheat improvement</em>. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 19–87.</p>
<p>Morrison, L.A. (2007) <em>Triticum</em> L. <em>In</em>: Barkworth, M.E., Capels, K.M., Long, S., Anderton, L.K. & Piep, M.B. (eds.) <em>Flora of North America, north of Mexico</em>. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp. 268–277.</p>
<p>POWO (2022) <em>Triticum turgidum</em> subsp. <em>durum</em> (Desf.) Husn. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77188896-1 (last accessed 13 January 2022).</p>
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