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Type: Article
Published: 2022-10-28
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Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário, São Paulo, SP 01061-970, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil
Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário, São Paulo, SP 01061-970, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
Crotoneae flora Southern Brazil Southern Cone taxonomy Eudicots

Abstract

Croton is a megadiverse pantropical genus with about 1200 species. The genus can be easily recognized by a set of characters that include indumentum of stellate or lepidote trichomes, colored or clear latex, leaves often with nectary glands, and terminal inflorescences. We focus on the State of Paraná in southern Brazil, where we identified a gap in knowledge of Croton. This study was based on fieldwork and herbarium surveys that allowed us to document all Croton species occurring in the state. We recognize 41 species for the state and provide an identification key, taxonomic notes, and distribution maps for all species. We also include photographs and carry out lectotypifications when necessary. We expect this work will contribute to a better understanding of Croton diversity and distribution in southern Brazil.

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