Abstract
Trichoptera emergences were cumulatively collected from two rivers in central Palawan over 11 months by use of specially modified emergence traps. The quantitative samples were identified at species level. Fifty morphospecies, of which fifteen have been recently newly described, are recognized. The highest species diversity was found in pristine headwater streams. Leptoceridae were most speciose with eleven Oecetis spp., four Leptocerus spp., two Adicella spp., and one species each of Tagalopsyche, Triaenodes, and Triplectides. Highest abundances were observed for Ecnomus cabayugani (Ecnomidae), Dipseudopsis digitata, and Hyalopsyche winkleri (Dipseudopsidae) which contributed alone 34% of the annual emergence. A mid-stream site where mayflies were mainly absent had the highest Trichoptera emergence, brackish water sites the lowest. Many species in Palawan (44% of the taxa) were recorded at a single locality, suggesting that they are stenoecious and that the real number of species on the island might be distinctly higher. This is the first study ever covering quantitative and species-level Trichoptera emergence data for a longitudinal river course.
References
Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. (2006) Wallace’s Line revisited: Has vicariance or dispersal shaped the distribution of Malesian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 455–468.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00686.x
Brehm, J. & Meijering, M.P.M. (1996) Fließgewässerkunde. 2nd ed. Quelle & Meyer, Wiesbaden, 302 pp.
Dalman, J.W. (1819) Några nya insecta-genera beskrifna. Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 40, 117–127.
de Moor, F.C. & Ivanov, V.D. (2008) Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 393–407.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9113-2
Faridah-Hanum, I., Rawat, G.S., Yahara, T., Abi-Said, M., Corlett, R.T., Courchamp, F., Dai, R., Freitag, H., Haryoko, T., Hewitt, C.L., Hussain, T., Kadoya, T., Maheswaran, G., Miyashita, T., Mohan Kumar, B., Mohapatra, A., Nakashizuka, T., Piggott, J.J., Raghunathan, C., Rawal, R., Sheppard, A., Shirayama, Y., Son, Y., Takamura, N., Thwin, S., Yamakita, T., Febria, C.M. & Niamir, A. (2018) Chapter 3: Status, trends and future dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystems underpinning nature’s contributions to people. In: Karki, M., Senaratna Sellamuttu, S., Okayasu, S. & Suzuki, W. (Eds.), The IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Asia and the Pacific. IPBES Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem services, Bonn, pp. 220–336.
Flint, O.S. Jr. (1991) Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XLV: The taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichopterta of Antioquia, Columbia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 520, 1–113.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.520
Flint, O.S. Jr. & Masteller, E.C. (1993) Emergence composition and phenology of Trichoptera from a tropical rainforest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66, 140–150.
Freitag, H. (2004a) Adaptations of an emergence trap for use in tropical streams. International Revue of Hydrobiology, 89, 363–374.
https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200310709
Freitag, H. (2004b) Composition and longitudinal patterns of aquatic insect emergence in small rivers of Palawan Island, the Philippines. International Revue of Hydrobiology, 89, 375–391.
https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200310710
Freitag, H. (2005) Aquatic insect emergence collections of rivers in the St. Paul National Park, Palawan, Philippines and methodological implications for ecological and biodiversity studies. Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 2 (2), 66–78.
Freitag, H., Jäch, M.A. & Wewalka, G. (2016) Diversity of aquatic and riparian Coleoptera of the Philippines: Checklist, state of knowledge, priorities for future research and conservation. Aquatic Insects, 37, 177–213.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2016.1210814
Hallmann, C.A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., Siepel, H., Hofland, N., Schwan, H., Stenmans, W., Müller, A., Sumser, H., Hörren, T., Goulson, D. & de Kroon, H. (2017) More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE, 12 (10), e0185809.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809
Huxley, T.H. (1868) On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1868, 296–319.
Maestri, S., Cosentino, E., Paterno, M., Freitag, H., Garces, J., Marcolungo, L., Alfano, M., Njunjić, I., Schilthuizen, M., Slik, F., Menegon, M., Rossato, M. & Delledonne, M. (2019) A rapid and accurate MinION-based workflow for tracking species biodiversity in the field. Genes, 10, 468.
https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10060468
Malicky, H. (2009) Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) von der Insel Sibuyan (Philippinen). Entomologica Austriaca, 16, 9–18.
Malicky, H. (2010) Atlas of Southeast Asian Trichoptera. Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, XXX+346 pp.
Malicky, H. (2017) A new Cheumatopsyche species (Hydropsychidae) from Luzon (Philippines). Braueria (Lunz am See), 44, 4.
Mey, W. (1990) Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der Gattung Hydropsyche Pictet von den Philippinen (Trichoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, N. F., 37, 413–424.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810370418
Mey, W. (1995) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Köcherfliegenfauna der Philippinen, I (Trichoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, N. F., 42, 191–209.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810420116
Mey, W. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the caddisfly fauna of the Philippines, III (Insecta: Trichoptera) Entomofauna, 19, 1–31.
Mey, W. (2001) Australasian distributions in Trichoptera (Insecta)─a frequent pattern or a rare case? In: Metcalve, I., Smith, J.M.B., Morwood, M. & Davidson, I. (Eds.), Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. Balkema Publishers, Lisse, pp. 255–268.
Mey, W. (2002) Contribution to the caddisfly fauna of the Philippines, IV: Further new species of the genus Hydropsyche Pictet. In: Mey, W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Trichoptera, Potsdam, Germany 2000, Nova Supplementa Entomologica, 15, 167–172.
Mey, W. & Freitag, H. (2013) Trichoptera of Mindoro, the Philippines I. New species and records from the Baroc River Catchment, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro (Insecta, Trichoptera). Esperiana, 18, 259–269.
Mey, W. & Freitag, H. (2019) New caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from emergence traps at streams in central Palawan, Philippines. Aquatic Insects, 40, 1–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2019.1617423
Morse, J.C., Frandsen, P.B., Graf, W. & Thomas, J.A. (2019) Diversity and ecosystem services of Trichoptera. In: Morse, J.C. & Adler, P.H. (Eds.), Diversity and Ecosystem Services of Aquatic Insects. Insects, 10, 125.
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050125
Pictet, F.J. (1834) Recherches pour servir à l’histoire et l’anatomie des Phryganides. A. Cherbuliez, Geneva.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8547
Sathiamurthy, E. & Voris, H.K. (2006) Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University Supplement, 2, 1–43.
Statzner, B. (1976) Die Köcherfliegen-Emergenz (Trichoptera, Insecta) aus dem zentralafrikanischen Bergbach Kalengo. Archiv für Hydrobiologie., 78, 102–137.
Stephens, J.F. (1829) A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects: Being an Attempt to Arrange all the Hitherto Discovered Indigenous Insects in Accordance with their Natural Affinities. Containing also the References to every English Writer on Entomology, and to the Principal Foreign Authors. With all the Published British Genera to the Present Time. Part 1. Insecta Mandibulata. Baldwin and Cradock, London.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8987
Tanida, K. & Takemon, Y. (1993) Trichoptera emergence from streams in Kyoto, central Japan. In: Otto, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, pp. 239–249.
Uy, C.J. & Bae, Y.J. (2017) Two new species of Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Philippines. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 33, 33–36.
https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2017.33.1.051
Wallengren, H.D.J. (1891) Skandinaviens Neuroptera. Andra afdelningen. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien Handlingar, 24, 1–173.
Wells, A. & Mey, W. (2002) Microcaddisflies of the Philippines (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 49, 113–136.