Abstract
Genetic sequencing (with mtCOI) was used to associate larvae with two new Vietnamese caddisfly (Trichoptera) species from Bach Mã National Park, Hydromanicus calyx n. sp. (Hydropsychidae) and Drepanocentron dentatum n. sp. (Xiphocentronidae). Adult Drepanocentron dentatum n. sp. is distinguishable by the toothy dorsal margin of the male inferior appendages; the most similar species, D. vercaius, has teeth on the ventral, but not the dorsal margins of the inferior appendages. The larva of D. dentatum is fully described herein, the first larva to be described in the genus Drepanocentron; it can be separated from the other two known xiphocentronid larvae (Xiphocentron messapus and Cnodocentron yavapai) by the smooth, thin mesal margin of each mandible. Adult Hydromanicus calyx n. sp. is distinguishable by the cupped apices of the male harpagones; this character is absent in morphologically similar species (H. nieuwenhuisi, H. abiud, and H. serubabel). The larva of H. calyx is morphologically most similar to that of H. inferior, but can be distinguished by the presence of faint muscle scars interrupting the lateral margins of the stridulatory areas on the venter of the head.
References
Banks, N. (1931) XVIII.—Some neuropteroid insects from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 16, 377–409.
Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen J., Snyder, B.D. & Stribling, J.B. (1999) Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish. Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/20004OQK.PDF?Dockey=20004OQK.PDF]
Blahnik, R.J. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2004) Collection and curation of Trichoptera with an emphasis on pinned material. Nectopsyche: Neotropical Trichoptera Newsletter, 1, 8–20.
Blahnik, R.J., Holzenthal, R.W. & Prather, A. (2007) The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In: Bueno-Soria, J., Barba-Alvarez, R. & Armitage, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Trichoptera, June 18–22, 2006. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 9–14.
Brauer, F. (1865) Zweiter bericht über die auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Neuroptera. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologischen-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 415–422.
Brauer F. (1870) Über Xiphocentron, eine neue Hydropsychidengattung. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein, 20, 66.
Caterino, M.S. & Tishechkin, A.K. (2006) DNA identification and morphological description of the first confirmed larvae of Hetaeriinae (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Systematic Entomology, 31, 405–418.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00338.x
Chantaramongkol, P. & Malicky, H. (1995) Drei neue asiatische Hydromanicus (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift mit Insektenboerse, 105 (5), 92–96.
de Moor, F.C. & Ivanov, V.D. (2008) Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 393–407.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9113-2
Edwards, S.W. (1961) The immature stages of Xiphocentron mexico (Trichoptera). The Texas Journal of Science, 13 (1), 51–56.
Eldredge, N. & Cracraft, J. (1980) Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process. Method and Theory in Comparative Biology. Columbia University Press, New York.
Genco, M.S. (2018) Description and Diagnosis of Associated Larvae and Adults of Vietnamese and South Carolina Caddisflies (Trichoptera). Master’s Thesis. Clemson University, 99 pp.
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2839
Genco, M.S. & Morse, J.C. (2017) Pupae of North American Glossosomatidae (Trichoptera). Freshwater Science, 36 (4), 816–822.
https://doi.org/10.1086/694336
Geraci, C.J., Zhou, X., Morse, J.C. & Kjer, K.M. (2010) Defining the genus Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) based on DNA and morphological evidence. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29 (3), 918–933.
https://doi.org/10.1899/09-031.1
Hanh, P.T.M., Sthiannopkao, S., Kim, K.-w., Ba, D.T. & Hung, N.Q. (2010) Anthropogenic influence on surface water quality of the Nhue and Day sub-river systems in Vietnam. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32 (3), 227–236.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9279-9
Holzenthal, R.W. (2008) Digital illustration of insects. American Entomologist, 54 (4), 218–221.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/54.4.218
Holzenthal, R.W. (2015) Adobe Illustrator: A tutorial for trichopterologists. Workshop presented at the 15th International Symposium on Trichoptera, Rutgers, New Jersey, 27 pp.
Huelsenbeck, J.P. (1995) The robustness of two phylogenetic methods: Four-taxon simulations reveal a slight superiority of maximum likelihood over neighbor joining. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12 (5), 843–849.
Ivanov, V.D. (1990) Structure and evolution of setose warts of caddisflies. Latvijas Entomologs, 33, 96–110. [in Russian]
Kjer, K.M., Thomas, J.A., Zhou, X., Frandsen, P.B., Prendini, E. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2016) Progress on the phylogeny of caddisflies (Trichoptera). Zoosymposia, 10, 248–256.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.23
Lenat, D.R. (1993) A biotic index for the southeastern United States: Derivation and list of tolerance values, with criteria for assigning water-quality ratings. North American Benthological Society, 12 (3), 279–290.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1467463
Lenat, D.R. & Penrose, D.L. (1996) History of the EPT taxa richness metric. Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society, 13 (2), 305–307.
Li, Y., Tian, L. & Dudgeon, D. (1990) Notes on six new species of Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera). Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 13, 37–42.
Maddison, D.R. & Maddison, W.P. (2015) Zephyr: A Mesquite package for interacting with external phylogeny inference programs. Version 1.1. Available from: http://zephyr.mesquiteproject.org/ (accessed 21 September 2018)
Malicky, H. & Chantaramongkol, P. (1992) Neue Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) aus Thailand und Angrenzenden Ländern. Braueria, 19, 13–23.
Malicky, H. & Chantaramongkol, P. (1993) Neue Trichopteren aus Thailand. Teil 1: Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyiidae, Arctopsychidae, Hydropsychidae. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 25 (1), 433–487.
Malicky, H. & Chantaramongkol, P. (1996) Neue Köcherfliegen aus Thailand (Trichoptera). Entomologische Berichte Luzern, 36, 119–128.
Malicky, H. (2010) Atlas of Southeast Asian Trichoptera. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Milne, M.J. (1938) The “metamorphotype method” in Trichoptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 46, 435–437.
Morse, J.C. (2004) Insecta: Trichoptera. In: Yule, C.M. & Sen, Y.H. (Eds.), Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region. Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Morse, J.C. (2017) Chapter 8—Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects. In: Foottit, R.G. & Adler, P.H. (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity Science and Society. Volume 1, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Oxford, 875 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch8
Morse, J.C. (2018) Trichoptera World Checklist. Available from: http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/departments/esps/database/trichopt/ (accessed 21 September 2018)
Morse, J.C., Yang, L-f. & Tian, L-x. (Eds.) (1994) Aquatic Insects of China Useful for Monitoring Water Quality. Hohai University Press, Nanjing.
Morse, J.C., Bae, Y.J., Munkhjargal, G., Sangpradub, N., Tanida, K., Vshivkova, T.S., Wang, B-x., Yang, L-f. & Yule, C.M. (2007) Freshwater biomonitoring with macroinvertebrates in East Asia. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5 (1), 33–42.
https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[33:FBWMIE]2.0.CO;2
Morse, J.C., Holzenthal, R.W. & Yadamsuren, O. (2017) Chapter 4–Trichoptera. In: Morse, J.C., McCafferty, W.P., Stark, B.P., & Jacobus, L.M. (Eds.), Larvae of the Southeastern USA Mayfly, Stonefly, and Caddisfly Species. PSA Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
Mosely, M. E. (1948) Trichoptera. Expedition to South-West Arabia 1937–8. British Museum (Natural History), 1, 67–86.
Moulton, S.R. II & Stewart, K.W. (1997) A new species and first record of the caddisfly genus Cnodocentron Schmid (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) north of Mexico. In: Holzenthal, R.W. & Flint, O.S. Jr. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 343–347.
Oláh, J. & Johanson, K.A. (2008a) Generic review of Hydropsychinae, with description of Schmidopsyche, new genus, 3 new genus clusters, 8 new species groups, 4 new species clades, 12 new species clusters and 62 new species from the Oriental and Afrotropical regions (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Zootaxa, 1802, 1–248.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1802.1.1
Oláh, J. & Johanson, K.A. (2008b) Reasoning an appendicular and functional caddisfly genital terminology. Braueria, 35, 29–40.
Pictet, F.J. (1834) Recherches pour servir à l’histoire et l’anatomie des Phryganides. A. Cherbuliez, Geneva.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8547
Prommi, T., Permkam, S. & Malicky, H. (2006) Description of Hydatomanicus klanklini Malicky & Chantaromongkol and H. adonis Malicky & Chantaramongkol (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southern Thailand. Braueria, 33, 31–36.
Prommi, T.O. & Permkam, S. (2015) Larvae of Hydromanicus (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa, 3914 (4), 467–482.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3914.4.6
Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7 (3), 355–364.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x
Resh, V.H. & Unzicker, J.D. (1975) Water quality monitoring and aquatic organisms: The importance of species identification. Water Pollution Control Federation, 47 (1), 9–19.
Ross, H.H. (1949) Xiphocentronidae, a new family of Trichoptera. Entomological News, 60 (1), 1–7.
Schmid, F. (1982) La famille des xiphocentronides (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia). Memoires de la Société Entomologique du Canada, 121 (36), 1–126.
Sievers, F, Wilm, A., Dineen, D.G., Gibson, T.J., Karplus, K., Li, W., Lopez, R., McWilliam, H., Remmert, M., Söding, J., Thompson, J.D. & Higgins, D.G. (2011) Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega. Molecular Systems Biology, 7, 539.
https://doi.org/10.1038/msb.2011.75
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Phylogenetics, 30 (9), 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tian, L-x., Li, Y-w., Yang, L-f. & Sun, C-h. (1993) Trichoptera from Hengduan Mountains. In: Chen, S-x. (Ed.), Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, (“1992”) pp. 867–892.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Ulmer, G. (1906) Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Trichopteren. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 28, 1–116.
Ulmer, G. (1913) Über einige von Edw. Jacobson auf Java gesammelte Trichopteren, Zweiter Beitrag. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 35, 78–101.
Ulmer, G. (1951) Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln. Teil I. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 19, 1–528.
Wiggins, G.B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2nd edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.
https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442623606
Zhou, X. (2007) The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera): Delimiting species boundaries using morphology and DNA sequences. PhD Dissertation. New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Zhou, X., Kjer, K.M. & Morse, J.C. (2007) Associating larvae and adults of Chinese Hydropsychidae caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) using DNA sequences. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26 (4), 719–742.