Abstract
We carry them in our skin pores through our entire life, from birth to death. We offer them shelter and in return, they tidy-up our pores. We go on with our busy day life and they sleep. They wake up when we go to sleep and while we are deeply dreaming, they move around, visit other pores and mates, and reproduce. Despite being our ‘very own’ life companions, until recently, we knew very little about their struggle.
References
Amitay-Laish, I., Solomon-Cohen, E., Feuerman, H., Didkovsky, E., Davidovici, B., Leshem, Y.A., Pavlovsky, L., Reiter, O., Mimouni, D., Hodak, E. & Segal, R. (2022) Facial demodicosis in the immunosuppressed state: A retrospective case series from a tertiary referral center. International Journal of Dermatology, 61, 1245–1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16162
Baghad, B., El Fatoiki, F.Z., Benhsaien, I., Bousfiha, A.A., Puel, A., Migaud, M., Chiheb, S. & Ailal, F. (2021) Pediatric demodicosis associated with gain-of-function variant in STAT1 presenting as rosacea-type rash. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 41, 698–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-020-00942-z
Bakacak, Z., Kaplanoglu, M., Bakacak, M. & Çelik, T. (2020) Demodex folliculorum mite infestation in gynecological cancers: A case control study. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 41, 583–586. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.ejgo.2020.04.3687
Casas, C., Paul, C., Lahfa, M., Livideanu, B., Lejeune, O., Alvarez-Georges, S., Saint-Martory, C., Degouy, A., Mengeaud, V., Ginisty, H., Durbise, E., Schmitt, A.M. & Redoules, D. (2012) Quantification of Demodex folliculorum by PCR in rosacea and its relationship to skin innate immune activation. Experimental Dermatology, 21, 906–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12030
Dursun, A.T., Bayramgürler, D; Demirsoy, E.O., Aktürk, A.S., Kiran, R. & Sayman, N. (2022) Could there be an association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and demodex infestation? Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15005
El Bassiouni, S.O., Ahmed, J.A.A., Younis, A.I., Ismail, M.A., Saadawi, A.N. & Bassiouni, S.O. (2005) A study on Demodex folliculorum mite density and immune response in patients with facial dermatoses. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 35, 899–910.
Forton, F.M.N. & De Maertelaer, V. (2021) Which factors influence Demodex proliferation? A retrospective pilot study highlighting a possible role of subtle immune variations and sebaceous gland status. Journal of Dermatology, 48, 1210–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15910
Foley, R., Kelly, P., Gatault, S. & Powell, F. (2021) Demodex: A skin resident in man and his best friend. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 35, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16461
Grigoryan, O.M., Moskvina, T.V., Sklyar, L.F., Galkina, I.V., Beniova, S.N. & Shchelkanov, M.Y. (2018) [Demodecosis in HIV-infected patients]. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, 2018, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.33092/mp2018.3.50-57
Karabay, E.A. & Çerman, A.A. (2020) Demodex folliculorum infestations in common facial dermatoses: Acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 95, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2019.08.023
Kokaçya, M., Kaya, Ö., Çöpoðlu, Ü. & Elmacioðlu, S. (2016) Prevalence of Demodex spp among alcohol-dependent patients. Cukurova Medical Journal, 41, 259–263. https://doi.org/10.17826/cutf.203543
Martinot, M., Korganow, A.S., Wald, M., Second, J., Birckel, E., Mahe, A., Souply, L., Mohseni-Zadeh, M., Droy, L., Tarabeux, J., Okada, S., Migoud, M., Puel, A. & Guffroy, A. (2021) Case report: a new gain-of-function mutation of STAT1 identified in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and rosacea-like demodicosis: an emerging association. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, e760019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.760019
Molho-Pessach, V., Meltser, A., Kamshov, A., Ramot, Y. & Zlotogorski, A. (2020) STAT1 gain-of-function and chronic demodicosis. Pediatric Dermatology, 37, 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14011
Pinsenschaum, L., Chan, D.H.L., Vogelnest, L., Weber, K. & Mueller, R.S. (2019) Is there a correlation between canine adult-onset demodicosis and other diseases? Veterinary Record, 185, 729. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105388
Pormann, A.N., Vieira, L., Majolo, F., Johann, L. & da Silva G.L. (2021) Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acari: Demodecidae) and their association with facial and non-facial pathologies. International Journal of Acarology, 47, 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2021.1919757
Ricardo-Gonzalez, R.R., Kotas, M.E., O’Leary, C.E., Singh, K., Damsky, W., Liao, C., Arouge, E., Tenvooren, I., Marquez, D.M., Schroeder, A.W., Cohen, J.N., Fassett, M.S., Lee, J., Daniel, S.G., Bittinger, K., Diaz, R.E., Fraser, J.S., Ali, N., Ansel, K.M., Spitzer, M.H., Liang, H.-E. & Locksley, R.M. (2022) Innate type 2 immunity controls hair follicle commensalism by Demodex mites. Immunity, 55, 1891–1908.e12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.001
Sáez-de-Ocariz, M., Suárez-Gutiérrez, M., Migaud, M., Farrill-Romanillos, O.P., Casanova, J.L., Segura-Mendez, N.H., Orozco-Covarrubias, L., Espinosa-Padilla, S.E., Puel, A. & Blancas-Galicia, L. (2020) Rosacea as a striking feature in family members with a STAT1 gain-of-function mutation. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 34, e265–e267. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16241
Second, J., Korganow, A.-S., Jannier, S., Puel, A. & Lipsker, D. (2017) Rosacea and demodicidosis associated with gain-of-function mutation in STAT1. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 31, e542–e544. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14413
Seyhan, M.E., Karincaoðlu, Y., Bayram, N., Aycan, O. & Kuku, I. (2004) Density of Demodex folliculorum in haematological malignancies. Journal of International Medical Research, 32, 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000403200410
Shamriz, O., Lev, A., Simon, A. J., Barel, O., Javasky, E., Matza-Porges, S., Shaulov, A., Davidovics, Z., Toker, O., Somech, R., Zlotogorski, A., Molho-Pessach, V. & Tal, Y. (2021) Chronic demodicosis in patients with immune dysregulation: An unexpected infectious manifestation of Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 gain-of-function. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 206, 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13636
Smith, G., Manzano-Marin, A., Reyes-Prieto, M., Antunes, C.S.R., Ashworth, V., Goselle, O. N., Jan, A.A.A., Moya, A., Latorre, A., Perotti, M.A. & Braig, H.R. (2022) Human follicular mites: Ectoparasites becoming symbionts. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 39, msac125. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac125
Trama, I.C., Arévalo, J., Alvarado, M.E. & Baliña, G.E. (2018) Rosácea granulomatosa en paciente HIV. A propósito de un caso. [Granulomatous rosacea in HIV patient. A case report.] Revista Argentina de Dermatología, 99, 71–80.
Yamaoka, T., Murota, H., Tani, M. & Katayama, I. (2014) Severe rosacea with prominent Demodex folliculorum in a patient with HIV. Journal of Dermatology, 41, 195–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12352
Yazisiz, H., Çekin, Y., Sezer, Ý., Bostan, F. & Koçlar, F.G. (2020) Demodex species frequency and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Archive of Rheumatology, 35, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2020.7699
Yüksel, S. & Yüksel, E.P. (2020) Increased Demodex density in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10, e39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10020039
Ziaja‐Sołtys, M., Kołodziejczyk, M., Rymgayłło‐Jankowska, B., Wróbel‐Dudzińska, D., Suchodoła‐Ratajewicz, E., Szlonzak, D., Żarnowski, T. & Bogucka‐Kocka, A. (2021) Massive demodicosis of the eyes in a patient with Sjögren syndrome: A case report. Acta Parasitologica, 66, 677–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-020-00297-w
Zeytun, E. (2017) Demodex (Acari: Demodicidae) infestation in the elderly and its relationship with the skin parameters such as moisture, pH, and temperature: A cross-sectional study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 20, 142–150.
Zhang, W., Chen, X., Gao, G., Xing, S., Zhou, L., Tang, X., Zhao, X. & An, Y. (2021) Clinical relevance of Gain- and Loss-of-Function germline mutations in STAT1: A systematic review. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, e654406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.654406