Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 21: 30 Nov. 2022
Type: Review
Published: 2022-11-30
DOI: 10.11646/zoosymposia.21.1.4
Page range: 37–57
Abstract views: 311
PDF downloaded: 3

How long do laelapid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) live?

Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Taian, 271018, China
Laelapidae biology temperature diet parasitic

Abstract

The family Laelapidae includes over 1500 morphologically and behaviorally diverse species that are free-living predatory mites or associated with mammals, birds, and arthropods. So far, however, only 29 species of laelapid mites have been studied for their lifespan or developmental period of immature stages. In this review, we provide a survey of the lifespan and immature stage developmental period of Laelapidae. This review summarized previously published data on the developmental time from egg to adult under different conditions, primarily diet, temperature, and relative humidity, and between sex, when the data is available. The longest-lived can survive more than 500 days, while the short-lived is only in stock for 2 days. All these biotic and abiotic factors affect lifespan and immature developmental period of laelapid mites.

References

  1. Abou-Awad, B.A., Nasr, A.K., Gomaa, E.A. & Abou-Elela, M.M. (1989) Feeding, development and reproduction of the predatory mite, Hypoaspis vacua on various kinds of food substances (Acari: Laelapidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 10 (04), 503–506.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400021548

  2. Ajvad, F.T., Madadi, H., Michaud, J.P., Zafari, D. & Khanjani, M. (2018) Life table of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) feeding on larvae of Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae) with stage-specific estimates of consumption. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 28 (2), 157–171.  https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1434613

  3. Ali, O. & Brennan, P. (1997) Development, feeding and reproduction of the predatory mite, Hypoaspis miles (acari: mesostigmata: laelapidae) on different types of prey. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 2, 81–88.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.2.1.10

  4. Amin, M.R., Khanjani, M. & Zahiri, B. (2014) Preimaginal development and fecundity of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) feeding on Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Acari: Acaridae) at constant temperatures. Journal of Crop Protection, 3 (Supplementary), 581–587.

  5. Anderson, D.L. (1994) Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.

  6. Asefpoor, B. & Khanjani, M. (2016) Biology and life table of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Laelapidae) on second instar larvae of Lycoriella auripila (Dip: Sciaridae). Proceedings of 22nd Iranian Plant Protection Congress (Abstract), 27–30, August 2016, p. 612.

  7. Attasopa, K., Chantawannakul, P. & Bänziger, H. (2021) Morphological description, DNA barcodes and phylogenetic placement of a new mite species: Dinogamasus saengdaoae sp. nov. (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) found in the acarinarium of carpenter bees in Thailand. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 26 (2), 474–495. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.2.11

  8. Attia, S., Grissa, K.L., Lognay, G., Bitume, E., Hance, T. & Mailleux, A.C. (2013) A review of the major biological approaches to control the worldwide pest Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) with special reference to natural pesticides. Journal of Pest Science, 86, 361–386.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-013-0503-0

  9. Babaeian, E., Mašán, P. & Halliday, B. (2019) Review of the genus Holostaspis Kolenati, 1858 (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa, 4590 (3), 301–341.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.3.1

  10. Barroso, G., Pazini, J.B., Iost, F.F.H., Barbosa, D.P.L., de Paiva, A.C.R., Matioli, T.F. & Yamamoto, P.T. (2021) Are pesticides used to control thrips harmonious with soil-dwelling predatory mite Cosmolaelaps sabelis (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) ?. Journal of Economic Entomology, (1), 1.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab219

  11. Barker, P.S. (1968) Bionomics of Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese) (Acarina: Laelapidae) a predator of mite pests of stored cereals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46 (6), 1099–1102.

  12. Beaulieu, F., Quintero-Gutiérrez, E.J., Sandmann, D., Klarner, B., Scheu, S., Widyastuti, R., Cómbita-Heredia, O. & Scheu, S. (2019) Review of the mite genus Ololaelaps (Acari, Laelapidae) and redescription of O. formidabilis Berlese. ZooKeys, 853, 1–36.  https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.853.29407

  13. Berndt, O., Meyhöfer, R. & Poehling, H.M. (2003) Propensity towards cannibalism among Hypoaspis aculeifer and H. miles, two soil-dwelling predatory mite species. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 31 (1), 1–14.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:APPA.0000005108.72167.74

  14. Cabrera, A.R., Cloyd, R.A. & Zaborski, E.R. (2005) Development and reproduction of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) with fungus gnat larvae (Diptera: Sciaridae), potworms (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) or Sancassania aff. sphaerogaster (Acari: Acaridae) as the sole food source. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 36, 71–81.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-005-0242-x

  15. Carrillo, D., de Moraes, G.J. & Pena, J.E. (Eds.) (2015) Prospects for biological control of plant feeding mites and other harmful organisms. Progress in Biological Control, 19, Springer, Cham, pp. xiv + 328 pp.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0

  16. Castro-López, M.A., Ramírez-Godoy, A., Osorio, W.M. & Rueda-Ramírez, D. (2021) Predation and oviposition rates of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Laelapidae and Parasitidae) on pre-pupae/pupae of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Acarologia, 61 (2), 394–402.  https://doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20214438

  17. Cakmak, I. & da Silva, F.R. (2018) Maternal care, larviparous and oviparous reproduction of Hypoaspis larvicolus (Acari: Laelapidae) feeding on astigmatid mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 75 (4), 457–465.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-018-0282-7

  18. Chen, W.H. & Liu, Y.Z. (1998) Life cycle and food consumption of Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) [Acari: Laelapidae]. Academic Symposium on Biological Control of Pests on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait, 31 pp.

  19. Chen, X., Sun, L., Zhang, Y.X., Zhao, L.L. & Lin, J.Z. (2020) Differing infection of Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) Brown & Smith in an aphid (Myzus persicae [Sulzer]) and predatory mite (Neoseiulus cucumeris [Oudemans]) under a scanning electron microscope. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 25 (12), 2263–2272.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.12.9

  20. Chi, H., You, M.S., Atlihan, R., Smith, C.L., Kavousi, A., Özgökçe, M.S., Güncan, A., Tuan, S.J., Fu, J.W., Xu, Y.Y., Zheng, F.Q., Ye, B.H., Chu, D., Yu, Y., Gharekhani, G., Saska, P., Gotoh, T., Schneide, M.I., Bussaman, P., Gökçe, A. & Liu, T.X. (2020) Age-Stage, two-sex life table: an introduction to theory, data analysis, and application. Entomologia Generalis, 40 (2), 103–124.  https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2020/0936

  21. Chen, Y.L., Guo, X.G., Ren, T.G., Zhao, C.F., Fan, R., Mao, K.Y. & Huang, X.B. (2021) Ecological analysis of mites on the body surface of Rattus brunneusculus in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2015. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 25 (12), 1470–1475.  https://doi.org/10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2021012.020

  22. De Guzman, L.I., Phokasem, P., Khongphinitbunjong, K., Frake, A.M. & Chantawannakul, P. (2018) Successful reproduction of unmated Tropilaelaps mercedesae and its implication on mite population growth in Apis mellifera colonies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 153, 35–37.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.010

  23. Duarte, A.d.F., Duarte, J.L.P., da Silva, L.R. & da Cunha, U.S. (2020) Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) as an option for the management of Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae) on mushroom cultivation. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 25(9), 1720–1722.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.9.16

  24. Duarte, A.d.F., Duarte, J.L.P., Da Silva, L.R., Gobbi, P.C. & da Cunha, U.S. (2021) Evaluation of Cosmolaelaps brevistilis and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) as natural enemy of Bradysia aff. ocellaris (Diptera: Sciaridae), Systematic and Applied Acarology, 26(7), 1293–1300.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.7.9

  25. Edler, A. & Solomon, L. (1979) Morphology of preadult stages of Laelaps agilis Koch, 1836 with notes on life history and feeding habits (Acari/Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 10 (2), 81–90.  https://doi.org/10.1163/187631279X00222

  26. Enkegaard, A., Sardar, M.A. & Brødsgaard, H.F. (1997) The predatory mite Hypoaspis miles: biological and demographic characteristics on two prey species, the mushroom sciarid fly, Lycoriella solani, and the mould mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 82, 135–146.  https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00123.x

  27. EI-Sanady, M.A. & Azouz, H.A. (2010) Studies on the feeding, reproduction and development of the predatory mite Androlaelaps zaheri (Acari: Gamasida: Laelapidae) on different prey species. Egypt Journal of Applied Science, 25 (4A), 101–110.

  28. Faraji F. & Halliday B. 2009. Five new species of mites (Acari: Laelapidae) associated with large Australian cockroaches (Blattodea: Blaberidae). International Journal of Acarology, 35, 245–265.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950903059445

  29. Fouly, A.H. & Abdel-Baky, N.F. (2015) Influence of prey types on the biological characteristics of Cosmolaelaps qassimensis (Acarai: Laelapidae). Journal of Entomology, 12 (1), 21–29.  https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2015.21.29

  30. Furman, D.P. (1959) Observations on the Biology and Morphology of Haemogamasus ambulans (Thorell) (Acarina: Haemogamasidae). The Journal of Parasitology, 45 (3), 274–280.

  31. Furman, D.P. (1966) Biological studies on Haemolaelaps centrocarpus Berlese (Acarina: Laelapidae) with observations on its classification. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2 (4), 331–335.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/2.4.331

  32. Freire, R. A. & de Moraes, G. J. (2007) Description of a new species of Cosmolaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae, Hypoaspidinae) from Brazil and its biological cycle. International Journal of Acarology, 33 (4), 353–358.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01647950708683697

  33. Gerson, U., Smiley, R. L. & Ochoa, R. (2003) Mites (Acari) for Pest Control. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science, 151pp.

  34. Hassan, M.F., Momen, F.M., Nasr, A.K., Mabrouk, A.H. & Ramadan, M.M. (2017) Development and reproduction of three predatory mites (Acari: Laelapidae and Rhodacaridae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 52 (1), 97–106.  https://doi.org/10.1556/038.52.2017.008

  35. Hosamani, R.K., Gulati, R. & Sharma, S.K. (2006) Bioecology and management of honeybee mite, Tropilaelaps Clareae Delfinado and Baker - A review. Agricultural Reviews, 27 (3), 191–199.

  36. Hunter, P.E. (1964) Observations on the biology of Laelaspis vitzthumi (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 37 (4), 289–292.  https://doi.org/10.2307/25083398

  37. Joharchi, O. & Halliday, B. (2011) New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with Coleoptera in Iran. Zootaxa, 2883 (1), 23–38.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.2

  38. Joharchi, O., Halliday, B., Khaustov, A.A. & Ermilov, S.G. (2018) Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (acari: laelapidae). Zootaxa, 4514 (1), 23–40.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2

  39. Joharchi, O. & Halliday, B. (2020) Supplementary descriptions of thirteen species of soil mites (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). Persian Journal of Acarology, 9 (1), 23–43.  http://dx.doi.org/10.22073/pja.v9i1.58256

  40. Joharchi, O. & Halliday, B. (2021) A new genus and species of Laelapidae Canestrini from Sri Lanka (Acari: Mesostigmata). Zootaxa, 5048 (3), 391–406.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.3.5

  41. Kasuga, S., Kanno, H. & Amano, H. (2006) Development, oviposition, and predation of Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) feeding on Tyrophagus similis (Acari: Acaridae). The Acarological Society of Japan, 15 (2), 139–143.

  42. Kevan, D.K.M. & Sharma, G.D. (1964) Observations on the biology of Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini, 1884), apparently new to North America (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). Acarologia, 6 (4), 647–658.

  43. Keum, E., Jung, C. & Joharchi, O. (2017) New species and new records of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Republic of Korea. Zootaxa, 4353 (3), 485–505.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.5

  44. Kivan, M. & Kilic, N. (2005) Effects of temperature on reproductive capacity and longevity of Trissolcus simoni, an egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps. Journal of Pest Science, 78, 105–108.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-004-0075-0

  45. Knapp, M., Houten, Y.V., Baal, E.V. & Groot, T. (2018) Use of predatory mites in commercial biocontrol: current status and future prospects. Acarologia, 58 (Suppl), 72–82.  https://doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184275

  46. Koeniger, N. & Muzaffar, N. (1988) Lifespan of the parasitic honeybee mite, Tropilaelaps clareae, on Apis cerana, dorsata and mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research, 27 (4), 207–212.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1988.11100804

  47. Kumar, R., Kumar, N.R. & Bhalla, O.P. (1993) Studies on the development biology of Tropilaelaps clareae Delfinado and Baker (Acarina: Laelapidae) vis a vis the threshold stage in the life cycle of Apis mellifera Linn. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 17 (8), 621–625.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053492

  48. Lindquist, E.E., Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (2009) Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G.W. Walter, D.E. (Eds), A Manual of Acarology, 3rd edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, pp. 124–232.

  49. Lin, H.M. (2008) Studies on the morphology and biology of Hypoaspis aculeiferoides Teng. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China, 38 pp.

  50. Li, Y.J. (1965) A Study of the life history of Laelaps echidninus. Acta Parasitology, 2 (2), 156.

  51. Li, G.Y. & Zhang, Z.Q. (2021) Sex dimorphism of life‑history traits and their response to environmental factors in spider mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 84, 497–527.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-021-00632-4

  52. Lobbes, P. & Schotten, C. (1980) Capacities of increase of the soil mite Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 90 (1–5), 9–22.

  53. Luo, Q.H., Zhou, T., Wang, Q., Dai, P.L., Wu, Y.Y. & Song, H.L. (2010) A review of research progresses on Tropilaelaps spp. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 47 (2), 263–269.

  54. Luo, Q., Wang, L. & Wang, Y.J. (2021) Research progress on insect parasitic mites. South China Agriculture, 5 (13), 69–72.  https://doi.org/10.19415/j.cnki.1673-890x.2021.13.018

  55. Mckinley, D.J. (1963) The morphology and biology of Haemolaelaps casalis Berlese (Acarina: Mesostigmsta). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (62), 65.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936308651326

  56. Meng, Y.C. (1964) An experimental study on the life history of Haemolaelaps casalis. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 13 (3), 426–443.  https://doi.org/10.16380/j.kcxb.1964.03.015

  57. Meng, Y.C., Lan, M.Y., Zhou, Z.Y. & Li, P.X. (1982) Experimental study on the viability of three species of gamasid mites. Zoological Research, 3, 197–203.

  58. Mitchell, C.J. (1968) Biological studies on Laelaps myonyssognathus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 5 (1), 99–107.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/5.1.99

  59. Moraes, G.J.De, Moreira, G.F., Freire, R.A.P., Beaulieu, F., Klompen, H. & Halliday, B. (2022) Catalogue of the free-living and arthropod-associated Laelapidae Canestrini (Acari: Mesostigmata), with revised generic concepts and a key to genera. Zootaxa, 5184 (1), 1–590. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5184.1.1

  60. Mostafa, A., Sakr, H., Yassin, E. & El-Khalik, A.A. (2017) Laboratory studies on the mesostigmatid mites Androlaelaps aegypticus (Laelapidae) and Proctolaelaps gizanensis (Ascidae) on three mite pests at different conditions. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A Entomology, 10 (4), 63–70.  https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12485

  61. Momen, F.M., Metwally, A.S., Nasr, A.K., Geshara, M., Mahmoud, Y.A. & Saleh, K.H.M. (2018) Cosmolaelaps keni a polyphagous predatory mite on various insect and mite species (Acari: Laelapidae). Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica, 53 (1), 1–11.  https://doi.org/10.1556/038.53.2018.002

  62. Moreira, G. F. & Moraes, G. (2015) The potential of free-living laelapid mites (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) as biological control agents. In: Carrillo, D., Moraes, G.J.de & Peña, J.E. (Eds) Prospects for Biological Control of Plant Feeding Mites and Other Harmful Organisms. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 77–102.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_3

  63. Moreira, G.F., De Morais, M.R., Busoli, A.C. & Moraes, G.J. de (2015) Life cycle of Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) on Frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) and two factitious food sources. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 65 (2), 219–226.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-014-9870-3

  64. Mustafa, A.M., Mahmoud, H.I., Yassin, E.M.A., Elwan, H.A. & Khalil, A.M. (2016 a) Effect of diets and temperature degrees on the biological aspects of the Laelapid mite, Ololaelaps ussuriensis Bregetova & Koroleva, 1964. Menoufia Journal of Plant Protection, 1 (2), 121–128.  https://doi.org/10.21608/MJAPAM.2016.176643

  65. Mustafa, A.M., Shalaby, F.F., Yassin, E., Khalil, A.M. & Shahata, F.E. (2016 b) Biological studies of Laelapid predacious mites, Androlaelaps casalis, berlese and Laelaps astronomicus koch on two food types under three temperature degrees. Menoufia Journal of Plant Protection, 1, 111–119.  https://doi.org/10.21608/mjapam.2016.176642

  66. Murphy, P.W. & Sardar, M.A. (1991) Resource allocation and utilization contrasts in Hypoaspis aculeifer (Can.) and Alliphis halleri (G. & R. Can.) (Mesostigmata) with emphasis on food source. In: Schuster, R. & Murphy, P.W. (Eds) The Acari, Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 301–311.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3102-5_22

  67. Nawar, M.S., Shereef, G.M. & Ahmed, M.A. (1993) Influence of food on development and reproduction of Hypoaspis solimani n. sp. (Acari: Laelapidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 14 (3), 343–349.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400014831

  68. Needham, G.R., Page, R.E., Delffinado-Baker, M. & Bowman, C.E (Eds) (1988) Africanised Honey Bees and Bee Mites. New York: Halsted Press, pp. 396–403.

  69. Nemati, A., Gwiazdowicz, D. & Khalili-Moghadam, A. (2018) On Androlaelaps elegantulus (Berlese) and Gaeolaelaps brevipilis (Hirschmann, Bernhard, Greim & Götz) with a key to the Gaeolaelaps mites of Iran. International Journal of Acarology, 44, 227–235.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2018.1487997

  70. Nemati, A., Gwiazdowicz, D. & Khalili-Moghadam, A. (2018) On Androlaelaps elegantulus (Berlese) and Gaeolaelaps brevipilis (Hirschmann, Bernhard,Greim & Götz) with a key to the Gaeolaelaps mites of Iran. International Journal of Acarology, 44 (6), 227–235.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2018.1487997

  71. Owen, B.L. (1956) Life history of the Spiny Rat Mite under artificial conditions. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 702–703.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/49.5.702a

  72. Park, J., Mostafiz, M.M., Hwang, H.S., Jung, D.O. & Lee, K.Y. (2021) Comparing the Life Table and Population Projection of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) Based on the Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table Theory. Agronomy, 11 (1062), 1–13.  https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061062

  73. Pfingstl, T. & Schatz, H. (2021) A survey of lifespans in Oribatida excluding Astigmata (Acari). Zoosymposia, 20, 7–27.  https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOSYMPOSIA.20.1.4

  74. Pérez-Rodríguez, J., Calvo, J., Urbaneja, A. & Tena, A. (2018) The soil mite Gaeolaelaps (Hypoaspis) aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acari: Laelapidae) as a predator of the invasive citrus mealybug Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Implications for biological control. Biological Control, 127, 64–69.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.08.015

  75. Radovsky, F.J. (1960) Biological Studies on Haemogamasus liponyssoides Ewing (Acarina: Haemogamasidae). The Journal of Parasitology, 46 (4), 410–417.

  76. Rehiayani, S. & Fouly, A.H. (2005) Cosmolaelaps simplex (Berlese), a polyphagous predatory mite feeding on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8 (1), 168–174.  https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2005.168.174

  77. Rinderer, T.E., Oldroyd, B.P., Lekprayoon, C., Wongsiri, S., Boonthai, C. & Thapa, R. (1994) Extended survival of the parasitic honeybee mite Tropilaelaps clareae on adult workers of Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata. Journal of Apicultural Research, 33 (3), 171–174.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1994.11100866

  78. Roy, M., Brodeur, J. & Cloutier, C. (2002) Relationship between temperature and developmental rate of Stethorus punctillum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its prey Tetranychus mcdanieli (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology, 31, 177–187.  https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.177

  79. Rondeau, S., Giovenazzo, P. & Fournier, V. (2019) The use of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) to control Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in honey bee colonies in early and late fall. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(2), 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy418

  80. Shina, R.N. (1964) Ecological relationships of stored product mites and seedborne fungi. Acarologia, 6, 372–389.

  81. Shi, Y. (2003) Studies on the biology, ecology of Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) chianensis Gu and Lasioseius sugawarai Ehara. Fuzhou, China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 17 pp.

  82. Shen, Y.C. (2018) Study on the life span, parasitic mode and transmission route of the Tropilae lapsclareae. Apiculture of China, 69 (08), 38–39.

  83. Sun, W.N., Sarkar, S.C., Xu, X.N., Lei, Z.R., Wu, S.Y. & Meng, R.X. (2018) The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana used as granules has no impact on the soil-dwelling predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 23 (11), 2165–2172.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.11.9

  84. Sun, W.N. (2019) The defense effect of Stratiolaelaps scimitus on the infection of Beauveria bassiana. Neimenggu, China, Inner Mongolia Aagricultural University, 26 pp.

  85. Sun, W.W., Cui, M., Xia, L.Y., Yu, Q., Cao, Y. & Wu, Y. (2020) Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Tables of the Predatory Mite Cheyletus Malaccensis Oudemans at Different Temperatures. Insects, 11, 1–13.  http://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030181

  86. Vanstreels, R., Palma, R.L. & Mironov, S.V. (2020) Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: a review of host-parasite associations. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 12, 275–290.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.007

  87. Vangansbeke, D., Duarte, M.V.A., Gobin, B., Tirry, L., Wäckers, F. & De Clercq P (2019) Cold-born killers: exploiting temperature - size rule enhances predation capacity of a predatory mite. Pest Management Science, 76, 1841–1846.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5713

  88. Walter, D.E. & Oliver, J.H., Jr. (1989) Geolaelaps oreithyiae, n. sp. (Acari: Laelapidae), a thelytokous predator of arthropods and nematodes, and a discussion of clonal reproduction in the Mesostigmata. Acarologia, 30, 293–303.

  89. Wang, B.B. (2011) The predatory mite Androlaelaps casalis: modes of reproduction and temperature dependent life table characteristics on a diet of Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Hefei, China, Anhui Agricultural University, 24 pp.

  90. Wang, F.H. (1988) Biology of Tropilae lapsclareae. Apicultural science and technology, (3), 17.

  91. Wang, Z.Q., Wang, B.M., Hu, X.Y., Lan, Q.X., Luo, J. & Fan, Q.H. (2009) Effect of Temterature and Relative Humidity on the Development of Stratiolaelaps scimitus. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 31 (6), 1039–1043.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2286.2009.06.013

  92. Wang, X.W (2010 a) Study on biological characteristics and predation of Hypoaspis chianensis. Fuzhou, China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, pp 26–30.

  93. Wang, Z.Q. (2010 b) Studies on the predatory mites of Lycoriellap sp. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China, 73 pp.

  94. Wen, M.F., Hsin Chi, Lian, Y.X., Zheng, Y.H., Fan, Q.H. & You, S.H. (2019) Population characteristics of Macrocheles glaber (Acari: Macrochelidae) and Sratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) reared on a mushroom fly Coboldia fuscipes (iptera: Scatopsidae). Insect Science, 26, 322–332.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12511

  95. Woyke, J. (1987) Length of stay of the parasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae outside sealed honeybee brood cells as a basis for its effective control. Journal of Apicultural Research, 26 (2), 104–109.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1987.11100745

  96. Woyke, J. & Chen, S. (1993) Adult Tropilaelaps clareae males can feed and survive for two weeks. Apidologie. Chapter 6, 198–201.

  97. Wright, E.M. & Chambers, R.J. (1994) The biology of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Acari: Laelapidae), a potential biological control agent of Bradysia paupera (Dipt: Sciaridae). Entomophaga, 39 (2), 225–235.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372360

  98. Xie, L.X., Yan, Y. & Zhang, Z.Q. (2018) Development, survival and reproduction of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) on four diets. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 23 (4), 779–794.  http://doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.4.16

  99. Yan, Y., Zhang, N., Liu, C., Wu, X., Liu, K., Yin, Z. & Xie, L.X. (2021) A highly contiguous genome assembly of a polyphagous predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) (Acari: Laelapidae). Genome Biology and Evolution, (3), 3.  https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab011

  100. Yang, S.H., Wang, D., Chen, C., Xu, C.L. & Xie, H. (2020) Evaluation of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) for controlling the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 1–8.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65968-0

  101. Ydergaard, S., Enkegaard, A. & Brødsgaard, H.F. (1997) The predatory mite Hypoaspis miles: temperature dependent life table characteristics on a diet of sciarid larvae, Bradysia paupera and B. tritici. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 85, 177–187.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003169729863

  102. Zhang, X.R. (2019) Combined application of Beauveria bassiana Granules and soil-dwelling predatory mites Stratiolaelaps scimitus for control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 32 pp.

  103. Zhou, W.Z. (1992) Biological properties of Eulaelaps stabularis. Zoological Research, 13 (1), 53–57.

  104. Zhang, Q. (2019) Studies on the taxonomy and revision of Hypoaspidinae in China. Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, China, 14 pp.

  105. Zhang, N. & Xie, L.X. (2021) The lifespans of the potential biological control agents in the family Blattisociidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Zoosymposia, 20, 91–103.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.20.1.10

  106. Zhang, N., Smith, C.L., Yin, Z., Yan, Y. & Xie, L.X. (2022) Effects of temperature on the adults and progeny of the predaceous mite, Lasioseius japonicus (Acari: Blattisociidae), fed on the cereal mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 86(4), 499–515.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-022-00708-9

  107. Zhang, Y.X., Sun, L., Lin, G.Y., Lin, J.Z., Chen, X., Ji, J., Zhang, Z.Q. & Saito, Y. (2015) A novel use of predatory mites for dissemination of fungal pathogen for insect biocontrol: The case of Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Phytoseiidae) as vectors of Beauveria bassiana against Diaphorina citri (Psyllidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 20 (2), 177–187.  https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.20.2.4

  108. Zhang, Z.Q. (2021) A survey of lifespan in Winterschmidtiidae (Sarcoptiformes: Astigmata). Zoosymposia, 20, 28–34.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.20.1.5