Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5866 No. 3: 12 Aug. 2026
Type: Article
Published: 2026-08-12
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5866.3.1
Page range: 401-440
Abstract views: 363
PDF downloaded: 28

The Eocene Cypraeidae, and Ovulidae (Mollusca; Caenogastropoda) from Texas, U.S.A.

Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle; Laboratoire de Malacologie; 55 rue Buffon; 75005 Paris; France
Non-Vertebrate Paleontology Lab; University of Texas; Jackson School of Geosciences; Bldg PRC122; 10100 Burnett Road; Austin; Texas 78758; U.S.A.
Mollusca Cypraeidae Ovulidae new species new genera new subfamily Eocene

Abstract

A comprehensive systematic review of all described Eocene Cypraeidae, and Ovulidae from Texas is presented, based on historical literature and extensive new material. Newly examined collections include those of the Non-Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, University of Texas, incorporating specimens collected by the Bureau of Economic Geology and the Rio Bravo Oil Company during the early twentieth century, as well as the private collections of the second author and others. This material significantly expands the known diversity of these two families in the Gulf Coastal Plain.

Four new genera are proposed: Gigantocrossia, Marquezella, Sphaerovula, and Traceya. The following new species are described: Gigantocrossia riobravo, Subepona burlesonensis (second North American record of the genus), Garviea cervicula, G. prunellum, G. wallensis, Allmoniella lupinus, Allmoniella ? citriformis, Transovula parvabrazensis, Contrasimnia praecedens, Xandarovula praecursor, Sphaerovula ericksoni, Sphaerovula stenzeli, Eovolva texensis, Traceya zyzania, Lozouetina megahani, and Simnia akersae.

The following new combinations are proposed: Gigantocrossia furoni = Cypraea (Umbilia) furoni (Tessier, 1952), Gigantocrossia leroyi = ?Cyproglobina leroyi (Dolin & Aguerre, 2016), Naviculavolva (Winklea) scobina (Garvie, 1996) = Neosimnia scobina Garvie, 1996, Naviculavolva (Winklea) transovuloides (Schilder, 1926) = Cymbovula (Winklea) transovuloides (Schilder, 1926), Crenavolva (Squiresia) texana (Johnson, 1899) = Primovula (Squiresia) symmetrica sensu Dolin & Dockery, 2018, and Marquezella bulbus (Garvie, 1996) = Cypraeorbis bulbus Garvie, 1996. Lozouetina naonedosca (Pacaud & Gómez-García, 2020) is placed in synonymy with L. recluzi (Cossmann, 1898). New family combination: Garviea is placed in Ovulidae, homonymy of Squiresia Dolin & Dockery, 2018 with Primovula Thiele, 1925 is removed. The genera Contrasimnia and Xandarovula are reported from the fossil record for the first time, and the genus Eovolva is reported for the first time outside of Africa. These results substantially revise the taxonomy and diversity of Eocene Cypraeidae, and Ovulidae in Texas and clarify their systematic relationships within the Gulf Coastal Plain region.

 

References

  1. Aldrich, T.H. (1903) New species of Tertiary fossils from Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. The Nautilus, 16 (9), 97–101, pls 3–4.
  2. Anderson, F.M. (1958) Upper Cretaceous of the Pacific Coast. The Geological Society of America Memoir, 71, 1–378, figs 1–3, pls 1–75.
  3. Castelin, M. & Lorenz, F. (2024) Bouchetaria (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae), a new genus for the Riddle cowry, B. aenigma (Lorenz, 2002), from deep waters of the Mozambique Channel. Zootaxa, 5433 (3), 404–418, figs 1–7. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.3.7
  4. Cate, C.N. (1973) A systematic revision of the Recent cypraeid family Ovulidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger, 15 (Supplement), iv+1–116, pls 1–51, figs 1–251, pls 1–4.
  5. Checchi, A. & Zamberlan, F. (2017) Il genere Sphaerocypraea (Schilder, 1927) (Mollusca, Cypraeoidea) nell’Eocene del Vicentino (Italia nord-orientale). Studi e Ricerche, Museo Civico “G. Zannato”, 24, 5–17, figs 1–5, pls 1–5.
  6. CoBabe, E.A. & Allmon, W.D. (1994) Effects of sampling on paleoecologic and taphonomic analyses in high-diversity fossil accumulations: an example from the Eocene Gosport Sand, Alabama. Lethaia, 27 (2), 167–178, figs 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01572.x
  7. Conrad, T.A. (1832) Fossil shells of the Tertiary formations of North America, illustrated by figures drawn on stone by T. A. Conrad. Vol. 1, No. 2, 21–28, pls 7–14.
  8. Conrad, T.A. (1848) Observations on the Eocene formations and descriptions of one hundred and five new fossils of that period from the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi; with an appendix (Descriptions of new Eocene Fossils [from South Carolina] in the cabinet of Lardner Vanuxem). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 280–296; Appendix, 297–299.
  9. Conrad, T.A. (1865) Catalogue of the Eocene and Oligocene Testacea of the United States. American Journal of Conchology, 1 (1), 1–35. [Corrections and additions to Mr. Conrad’s Catalogue of Eocene Mollusca, published in 1st number of the journal, pp. 191–192].
  10. Cossmann, M. (1886) Description d’espèces du terrain tertiaire des environs de Paris (suite). Journal de Conchyliologie, 34 (3), 224–235, pl. 10.
  11. Cossmann, M. (1898) Mollusques éocéniques de la Loire-Inférieure, tome 1, fascicule 3. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles de l’Ouest de la France, 7 (4), 297–358, pls 5–11.
  12. Cossmann, M. & Peyrot, A. (1923) Conchologie Néogénique de l’Aquitaine. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 74 (3), 257–342.
  13. Cossmann, M. & Peyrot, A. (1924) Conchologie Néogénique de l’Aquitaine. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 75 (3), 193–318, pls 8–18.
  14. Cox, L.R. (1960) Thoughts on the classification of the Gastropoda. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 33 (6), 239–261.
  15. Cuvier, G. (1795) Second Mémoire sur l’organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des Mollusques et de leur division en ordre, lu à la société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, le 11 prairial an troisième [30 May 1795]. Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, 1795 [1. année] 2, 433–449.
  16. Craig, B. (2025) Stephen Charles Tracey (né Stephen Charles Fenwick) 1943–2024. Cossmanniana, 26, 3–4.
  17. de Gregorio, A. (1880) Fauna di S. Giovanni Ilarione (Parisiano). Parte I. Cefalopodi e Gasteropodi. Fascìcolo. I. P. Montaina & C., Palermo, XXVIII + 106 pp., 7 pls.
  18. Deshayes, G.P. (1864–1865) Description des animaux sans vertèbres découverts dans le bassin de Paris pour servir de supplément à la Description des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris comprenant une revue générale de toutes les espèces actuellement connues. Tome troisiéme. Mollusques céphalés, deuxième partie. Mollusques céphalopodes. Baillière, Paris, 1–667 pp., pls 63–107. [1–200, pls 63–85 (1864); 201–667, pls 86–107 (1865)].
  19. Dockery, D.T. III. (1980) The invertebrate macropaleontology of the Clarke County, Mississippi, area. Mississippi Department of Bulletin of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology, 122, 1–387, figs 1–36, pls 1–82.
  20. Dolin, C. & Dolin, L. (1983) Révision des Triviacea et Cypraeacea (Mollusca, Prosobranchiata) éocènes récoltés dans les localités de Gan (Tuilerie et Acot) et Bosdarros (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie, 20 (1), 5–48, figs 1–29.
  21. Dolin, L. (1991a) Cypraeacites blowi n. sp.; first occurrence of the genus in the new world. Mississippi Geology, 11 (4), 6–8, fig. 1.
  22. Dolin, L. (1991b) Cypraedia (Eucypraedia) multicarinata (Dall, 1890); a late Eocene Ovulidae from Florida, Mississippi, Colombia and Peru. Mississippi Geology, 12 (3–4), 28–31, figs 1–5.
  23. Dolin, L. (1996 [1997]) Jenneria (Projenneria) eniwetokensis subgen. nov., sp. nov.: A western Pacific occurrence for the genus. Cossmanniana, 4 (1–2), 20–24, figs 1–10.
  24. Dolin, L. & Aguerre, O. (2016) Les Cypraeidae et les Ovulidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) du Cuisien (Yprésien moyen) du Bassin de Paris (France). Cossmanniana, 18, 1–37, pls 1–6.
  25. Dolin, L. & Aguerre, O. (2018) Les Cypraeidae et Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) du Bartonien inférieur (Éocène moyen) de la Loire-Atlantique (France). Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Bassin Anglo-Parisien, 4, 87–134, pls 13–22.
  26. Dolin, L., Aguerre-Chariol, O. & Vaessen, L.M.B. (2024) Les Cypraeidae et les Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) du Langhien/Serravallien (Miocène moyen) du Bassin de la Loire (France). Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Cotentin et le Bassin Anglo-Parisien, 7, 1–190, pls 1–38.
  27. Dolin, L. & Dockery, D.T. III (2018) The Cypraeidae and Ovulidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) from the Cook Mountain Formation (Bartonian, middle Eocene) of the Gulf Coastal Plain, southern United States: a province of unsuspected generic origins. Southeastern Geology, 53 (1), 41–61, figs 1–8.
  28. Dolin, L. & Dolin, C. (1981) Sphaerocypraea jacksonensis (Johnson) from the Moodys Branch Formation (Eocene), Mississippi. Mississippi Geology, 2 (2), 17–19, pl. 1.
  29. Dolin, L. & Ledon, D. (2002) Nouveaux taxons et discussion de la systématique des genres correspondants d’Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) de l’Éocène inférieur de Gan (France). Geodiversitas, 24 (2), 329–347, figs 1–5.
  30. Dolin, L. & Lozouet, P. (2004) Nouvelles espèces de Gastéropodes (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de l’Oligocène et du Miocène inférieur de l’Aquitaine (Sud-Ouest de la France). Partie 3. Cypraeidae et Ovulidae. Cossmanniana, hors-série 4, 1–164, figs 1–27, pls 1–36.
  31. Dolin, L. & Pacaud, J.-M. (2009) Les Cypraeoidea et Velutinoidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) du Lutétien inférieur du Vicentin et du Véronais (nord-est de l’Italie). Revue de Paléobiologie, 28 (2), 277–314, pls 1–8.
  32. Eames, F.E. (1957) Eocene Mollusca from Nigeria: a revision. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 3 (2), 25–70, pls 5–10. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.143489
  33. Edwards, F.E. (1865) Descriptions of some new Eocene Species of Cypraea and Marginella. The Geological Magazine, 2, 536–542. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800197420
  34. Erickson, R.J. (1982) The gastropod fauna of the Wheelock Member, Cook Mountain Formation (Middle Eocene) of East Texas. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 274 pp., 11 pls.
  35. Fehse, D. (2007) Contributions to the knowledge of the Ovulidae. XVI. The higher systematics. Spixiana, 30 (1), 121–125.
  36. Fehse, D. (2010) New species of fossil Cypraeoidea from Europe and Australia (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 292 (1–3), 1–19, pls 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/292/2010/1
  37. Finks, R.M., Hollocher, K. & Thies, K.J. (2011) A major Eocene sponge fauna (Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina). Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 127 (2), 39–175, figs 1–7, pls 1–63. https://doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-127.2.39
  38. Fleming, J. (1822) The philosophy of zoology: or a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, 1–618.
  39. Gardner, J. (1933) The Midway Group of Texas. The University of Texas Bulletin, 3301, 1–403, figs 1–4, pls 1–28.
  40. Gardner, J.A. (1945) Mollusca of the Tertiary formations of northeastern Mexico. Memoir of the Geological Society of America, 11, 1–332, 28 pls. https://doi.org/10.1130/mem11-p1
  41. Garvie, C.L. (1996) The molluscan macrofauna of the Reklaw Formation, Marquez Member (Eocene: Lower Claibornian), in Texas. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 111 (352), 1–177, figs 1–6, pls 1–23.
  42. Garvie, C.L. (2013) Studies on the molluscan paleomacrofauna of the Texas Paleogene. The molluscan macrofauna of the Seguin Formation (upper Paleocene) in central Texas. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 384, 1–129, pls 1–16.
  43. Garvie, C.L. (2021) The macrofauna of the Tehuacana Limestone Member (Danian, Kincaid Formation) of central Texas, with the description of a few new taxa from the Pisgah Member. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 399/400, 1–292, pls 1–21.
  44. Garvie, C.L. (2025) New gastropods from the Eocene (Claibornian) of the U.S. Coastal Plain with a review of several other poorly known gastropod taxa. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 413, 1–143, pls 1–13.
  45. Garvie, C.L., Goedert, J.L. & Janssen, A.W. (2020) Paleogene and Late Cretaceous Pteropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from North America. Zootaxa, 4782, 1–115. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4782.1.1
  46. Gaskoin, J.S. (1849[1848]) Description of new species of the genus Cypraea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 16, 90–98.
  47. Giammona, C.P. & Stanton, R.J. (1980) Octocorals from the middle Eocene Stone City Formation, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 54 (1), 71–80, fig. 1, pls 1–2.
  48. Gray, J.E. (1847) A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (1847) 15, 129–219.
  49. Groves, L.T. (1990) New species of Late Cretaceous Cypraeacea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from California and Mississippi, and a review of Cretaceous cypraeaceans of North America. The Veliger, 33 (3), 72–285.
  50. Groves, L.T. & Squires, R.L. (1995) First report of the genus Proadusta Sacco, 1894 (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) from the Western Hemisphere, with description of a new species from the Eocene of Washington. The Nautilus, 109 (4), 113–116, figs 1–5.
  51. Harris, G.D. (1897) New and otherwise interesting Eocene Mollusca from the Gulf States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1896, 48, 470–482, pls 18–23.
  52. Harris, G.D. (1919) Pelecypods of the St. Maurice and Claiborne stages. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 6 (31), 1–268, 59 pls.
  53. Heintz, M.B., Yancey, T.E., Miller, B.V. & Ren, M. (2015) Tephrochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Oligocene volcanic ashes of east and central Texas. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127 (5–6), 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1130/b31146.1
  54. Hooker, W.J. (1836) Lupinus texensis. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 63, t. 3492.
  55. Ingram, W.M. (1942) Type fossil Cypraeidae of North America. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 27 (104), 95–122, pls 8–11.
  56. Johnson, C.W. (1899) New and interesting species in the Isaac Lea collection of Eocene Mollusca. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 51, 71–82, pls 1–2.
  57. Knight, J.E. & Knight, S. (1977) Fauna of the Cook Mountain Formation at the Little Brazos River. In: Knight, J.E., Offerman, I.D. & Landry, R.M. (Eds.), Fossils & localities of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) of Texas: a symposium conducted at the Brazosport Museum of Natural Science. Texas Paleontology Series, Publication, 1, pp. 14–22.
  58. Lamarck, J.-B.M. de (1810) Sur la détermination des espèces parmi les animaux sans vertèbres, et particulièrement parmi les Mollusques testacés. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 15, 20–40; 263–286; 422–454; 16, 89–114. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11732
  59. Lorenz, F. & Fehse, D. (2009) The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 651 pp., 6 figs, 203 pls + 375 pls.
  60. MacNeil, F.S. & Dockery, D.T. III (1984) Lower Oligocene Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda of the Vicksburg Group in Mississippi. Mississippi Bureau of Geology Bulletin, 124, 1–415, figs 1–16, pls 1–72.
  61. Mayer-Eymar, C. (1895) Descriptions de coquilles fossiles des terrains Tertiaires inférieurs (suite). Journal de Conchyliologie, 43, 40–54, pls 2–4.
  62. Montfort, P. [Denys de] (1808–1810) Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Schoell, Paris, Vol. 1, lxxxvii + 409 pp. [1808]. Vol. 2, 676 + 16 pp.
  63. Newton, R.B. (1922) Eocene Mollusca from Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin, 3, 1–115, pls 1–11.
  64. Nocella, E., Fassio, G., Lemarcis, T., Zaharias, P., Tamagnini, D., de Leo, N., Puillandre, N., Modica, N.V. & Oliverio, M. (2024) A phylogenomic and morphometric reassessment of Ovulidea highlights host-related shell shape evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 217, 108545.
  65. Pacaud, J.-M. (2003) First fossil records of the Recent ovulid genus Pseudocypraea Schilder, 1927 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with description of a new species. Geodiversitas, 25 (3), 451–462.
  66. Pacaud, J.-M. & Gómez-García, G. (2020) Description d’une nouvelle espèce de Lozouetina Dolin & Dockery, 2018 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Ovulidae) du Bartonien (Eocène moyen) de Loire-Atlantique (France) et de la province de Huesca (Espagne). Folia Conchyliologica, 54, 32–45, fig. 1, pls 1–5.
  67. Palmer, K.V.W. (1937) The Claibornian Scaphopoda, Gastropoda and dibranchiate Cephalopoda of the southern United States. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 7 (32), 1–730, frontis + pls 1–90.
  68. Palmer, K.V.W. & Brann, D.C. (1966) Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the southern and eastern United States. Part II. Gastropoda (excluding Pteropoda). Bulletins of American Paleontology, 48 (218), 468–1057, pls 4–5.
  69. Passamonti, M. (2015) The family Cypraeidae (Gastropoda Cypraeoidea) an unexpected case of neglected animals. Biodiversity Journal, 6 (1), 449–466, figs 1–55.
  70. Pennant, T. (1777) British Zoology. 4th edition. Warrington, 4, viii + 154 pp., 93 pls.
  71. Ponder, W.F. & Lindberg, D.R. (1997) Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 83–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x
  72. Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Privately published, Palermo, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106607
  73. Ranson, G. (1967) Les protoconques ou coquilles larvaires des Cyprées. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, sér. A, 47 (2), 93–126, pls 1–39.
  74. Riedel, F. (2000) Ursprung und Evolution der “Höheren” Caenogastropoda. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Series E, 32, 1–240, 21 pls.
  75. Risso, A. (1826) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe Meridional et particulièrement de celles des Environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes, 4. F.G. Levrault, Paris, 439 pp., 12 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58984
  76. Robinson, J.E. & Dockery, D.T. III. (1981) New occurrences of molluscan species in the Moodys Branch Formation at Jackson, Mississippi. Mississippi Geology, 1 (3), 13–15, pl. 1.
  77. Sacco, F. (1894) I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte XV. (Cypraeidae, ed Amphiperasidae). Carlo Clausen, Torino, 74 pp., 3 pls.
  78. Schilder, F.A. (1932) Cypraeacea. In: Quenstedt, W. (Ed.), Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, Pars 55. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1–276.
  79. Schilder, F.A. (1926) Additions and corrections to Vredenburg’s classification of the Cypraeidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 58, 358–379.
  80. Schilder, F.A. (1927) Revision der Cypraeacea (Moll., Gastr.). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 91A (10), 1–171.
  81. Schilder, F.A. (1932) The living species of Amphiperatinae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 20, 46–64, pls 3–5.
  82. Schilder, F.A. (1936) Anatomical characters of the Cypraeacea which confirm the conchological classification. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 22 (2), 75–112, pls 11–12.
  83. Schilder, F.A. (1939) Die genera der Cypraeacea. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 71 (5–6), 165–201.
  84. Schilder, F.A. (1941) Verwandtschaft und Verbreitung der Cypraeacea. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 73 (2–3), 57–120.
  85. Schilder, M. & Schilder, F.A. (1971) A catalogue of living and fossil cowries. Mémoires de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2nd series, 85, 1–246.
  86. Shikama, T. (1974) On two new allied cowry and cowry shells from South African seas. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University, Section II, Biological and Geological Sciences, 21, 23–26.
  87. Smith, E.A. & Johnson, L.C. (1887) Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers. U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin, 43, 189 pp., 12 pls. https://doi.org/10.3133/b43
  88. Sowerby, G.B. I. (1828) On the recent species of the genus Ovulum. Zoological Journal, 4, 145–162.
  89. Sowerby, G.B. II. (1849) Monograph of the genus Ovulum. In: Sowerby, G.B. II. (Ed.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 2. privately published, London, pp. 467–484, pl. 99–101.
  90. Sowerby, G.B. III. (1900) On some marine shells from Pondoland and the Kowie, with descriptions of seventeen new species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 4 (1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065774
  91. Stein, G., Moths, H., Albrecht, F., Havekost, U. & Fehse, D. (2016) Revisison der Miozänen Molluskenfauna (Hemmoorium) von Werder bei Achim (Nordwest-Niedersachsen). Palaeofocus, 5, 1–289.
  92. Stenzel, H.B. (1940) New Zone in Cook Mountain Formation, the Crassatella texalta Harris-Turritella cortezi Bowes Zone. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 24 (9), 1663–1675. https://doi.org/10.1306/3d93323a-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d
  93. Stephenson, L.W. (1941) The larger invertebrate fossils of the Navarro Group of Texas. The University of Texas Publications, 4101, 1–641, figs 1–13, pls 1–95.
  94. Swainson, W. (1840) A treatise on malacology; or the natural classification of shells and shell-fish. Longman, London, viii + 419 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8027
  95. Tessier, F. (1952) Contribution à la stratigraphie et à la paléontologie de la partie ouest du Sénégal (Crétacé et Tertiaire). Bulletin de la Direction des Mines de l’A.O.F. (Afrique Occidentale Française), 14, 1–569, pls 1–40.
  96. Thiele, J. (1925) Weichtiere. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (Eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Berlin, pp. 15–96, figs 8–109.
  97. Thiele, J. (1929–1935) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1154 pp. Vol. 1 part 1: 1–376; Vol. 1 part 2: 377–778; Vol. 2 part 3: 779–1022; Vol. 2 part 4: i–iv, 1023–1154, i–vi for volume 1.
  98. Toulmin, L.D. (1977) Stratigraphic distribution of Paleocene and Eocene fossils in the eastern Gulf Coast region. Volume 1. Geological Survey of Alabama Monograph, 13, 1–602, Figs 1–2, 6, 8–18, 20–24, 26–27, 29, pls 1–72. Volume 2, figs 3–5, 7, 19, 25, 28, 30–37.
  99. Veach, A.C. (1902) The geography and geology of the Sabine River. In: Geology and Agriculture of Louisiana. Louisiana State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pp. 101–148.
  100. Vincent, É. (1913) Contribution à la paléontologie des falaises de Landana (Bas-Congo): mollusques. Annales du Musée du Congo Belge, sér. 3, Géologique et Paléontologique, 1, 1–92, 10 pls. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800127566
  101. WoRMS Editorial Board (2024) World Register of Marine Species. Available from: https://www.marinespecies.org (accessed 25 December 2025) https://doi.org/10.14284/170

How to Cite

Dolin, L. & Garvie, C.L. (2026) The Eocene Cypraeidae, and Ovulidae (Mollusca; Caenogastropoda) from Texas, U.S.A. Zootaxa, 5866 (3), 401–440. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5866.3.1