Abstract
Up to current knowledge, the spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 is recorded in South, East and Southeast Asia. Ninety-nine new species are named: P. acris Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, Myanmar); P. acutiformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. aliena Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. allantoides Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. amphitropa Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. anfracta Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Vietnam); P. apiculiformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. applanata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. arta Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Vietnam); P. auricularis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. bachmaensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, Vietnam); P. bacilliformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. baoshanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. bazhongensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. beibeiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. bifaria Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, India); P. byssina Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, Thailand); P. caoi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. caudata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, Laos); P. chiangmaiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Thailand); P. chishuiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. chuxiongensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. colossa Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. columnacea Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, Thailand); P. complanata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, Thailand); P. conica Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. curva Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. daguanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. daiyunensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. datangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. daweiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. dengi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. digitaliformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. drepanoides Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. explanata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. falcata Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. flabelliformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, India); P. flexa Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. foliiculiaris Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. gracilenta Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. grandis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. huangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. huanglianensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. hupingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. imparilis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. jiangi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. jiugongensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. kavanaughi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. kongdangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. langyaensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. liui Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. longa Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. longcanggouensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. longiuscula Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. longtanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. longxiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. luechunensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. mamillaris Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. mamilliformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Laos); P. mengsongensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. mojiangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. nandaensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, India); P. nankunensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. nanlingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. nayongensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. nematodes Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. nujiangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. olivea Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. oliviformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. pantianensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. papilionacea Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. qingxiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. sacciformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Laos); P. sangzhiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. shimenensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. spatiosa Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Vietnam); P. spiralis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. strombuliformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. stylaris Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Thailand); P. subtilis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. taipingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. taoi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. taoyuanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. tianpingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. trigonia Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, Bhutan); P. trinacriformis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. waoensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, Thailand); P. wenchuanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. wui Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. wulaoensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. yangmingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. yangensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. yangtaiensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (male, China); P. yilanensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. yingjingensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. yunfengensis Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (both sexes, China); P. zhaoae Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China); P. zhengi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, Vietnam); P. zuoi Zhang, Jäger & Liu, spec. nov. (female, China). The females of P. exigua (Fox, 1938) and P. martinae Jäger, 2001 are described for the first time. Additionally, we provide photos for twenty-one known species, in many cases for the first time: P. cangschana Jäger & Vedel, 2007, P. casaria (Simon, 1897), P. coenobium Jäger et al., 2015, P. confusa Jäger et al., 2006, P. contentio Jäger & Vedel, 2007, P. contraria Jäger & Vedel, 2007, P. digitata Jäger & Vedel, 2007, P. diversipunctata Jäger, 2001, P. exiguoides (Song & Zhu, 1999), P. hirsuta Jäger, 2001, P. minor Jäger, 2001, P. namkhan Jäger et al., 2006, P. parvipunctata Jäger, 2001, P. prompta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885), P. rhopalocera Yang et al., 2009, P. rivicola Jäger & Vedel, 2007, P. rufosulphurea Jäger, 2001, P. schwendingeri Jäger, 2001, P. songi Jäger, 2008, P. spiculata (Wang, 1990) and P. virgata (Fox, 1936).
References
- Audouin, V. (1826) Explication sommaire des planches d’arachnides de l’Égypte et de la Syrie. In: Savigny, M. J. C. L. de: “Description de l’Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’expédition de l’armée franҫaise, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l’Empereur Napoléon le Grand”. Histoire Naturelle, 1 (4), 1–339.
- Baroni Urbani, C., Stemmler, O., Wittmer, W. & Würmli, M. (1973) Zoologische Expedition des Naturhistorischen Museums Basel in das Königreich Bhutan. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Basel, 83 (2), 319–336.
- Boos, W.R. & Kuang, Z. (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature, 463, 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
- Caleb, J.T.D., Mondal, K. & Kumar, V. (2018) A new species of the huntsman spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger (Araneae: Sparassidae) from the Eastern Himalayas, India. Halteres, 9, 170–175.
- Cao, X.W., Liu, J., Chen, J., Zheng, G., Kuntner, M. & Agnarsson, I. (2016) Rapid dissemination of taxonomic discoveries based on DNA barcoding and morphology. Scientific Reports, 6, 37066. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37066
- Ding, L., Spicer, R.A., Yang, J., Xu, Q., Cai, F., Li, S., Lai, Q., Wang, H., Spicer, T.E.V., Yue, Y., Shukla, A., Srivastava, G., Khan, M.A., Bera, S. & Mehrotra, R. (2017) Quantifying the rise of the Himalaya orogen and implications for the South Asian monsoon. Geology, 45, 215–218. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38583.1
- Ding, W.N., Ree, R.H., Spicer, R.A. & Xing, Y.W. (2020) Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora. Science, 369, 578–581. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4484
- Fox, I. (1936) Chinese spiders of the families Agelenidae, Pisauridae and Sparassidae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 121–128.
- Grall, E. & Jäger, P. (2022) Four new genera of Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873 from Malaysia, Brunei and Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Sparassidae). Zootaxa, 5169 (1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5169.1.1
- Hentz, N.M. (1844) Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. Boston Journal of Natural History, 4, 386–396. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16998
- Hu, J.L. & Li, A.H. (1987). The spiders collected from the fields and the forests of Xizang Autonomous Region, China. (1). Agricultural Insects, Spiders, Plant Diseases and Weeds of Xizang, 1, 315–392.
- Huang, J., Zeng, S.Y., Zhao, J.H., Han, K., Li, J., Li, Z. & Liu, Z.L. (2016) Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among Rehmannia (Scrophulariaceae) species as revealed by a novel set of single-copy nuclear gene markers. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 66, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.011
- Jäger, P. (2000) Two new heteropodine genera from southern continental Asia (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica, 49 (1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.49.61
- Jäger, P. (2001) Diversität der Riesenkrabbenspinnen im Himalaya -- die Radiation zweier Gattungen in den Schneetropen (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 232, 1–136.
- Jäger, P. (2008a) Sparassidae from China 5. Pseudopoda songi sp. n. from Yunnan Province (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 88, 45–48.
- Jäger, P. (2008b) Three new Pseudopoda species from northern India (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115, 515–526. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80441
- Jäger, P. (2015) Conductor-less and vertically niched: new species of the genus Pseudopoda (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae) from Myanmar. Arachnology, 16 (9), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2015.16.9.333
- Jäger, P. (2020) Thunberga gen. nov., a new genus of huntsman spiders from Madagascar (Araneae: Sparassidae Heteropodinae). Zootaxa, 4790 (2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.3
- Jäger, P. (2021) Enigmatic “love bites” and an indirect mating plug: revision of Thunberga Jäger, 2020 with description of new species (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae). Arachnology, 18 (7), 718–765. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2020.18.7.718
- Jäger, P. & Krehenwinkel, H. (2015) May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates, 56 (2), 365–392. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.056.0209
- Jäger, P. & Kulkarni, S. (2016) An unexpected new species of the genus Pseudopoda (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) from the Western Ghats in India. ZooKeys, 577, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.577.7848
- Jäger, P. & Ono, H. (2001) First records of the genera Pseudopoda, Sinopoda, and Olios from Taiwan with descriptions of four new species (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica, 50, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.50.21
- Jäger, P. & Ono, H. (2002) Sparassidae from Japan. II. First Pseudopoda species and new Sinopoda species (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica, 51 (2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.51.109
- Jäger, P. & Vedel, V. (2005) Pseudopoda fissa sp. nov. — first record of the genus from Vietnam (Araneae: Sparassidae). Zootaxa, 837, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.837.1.1
- Jäger, P. & Vedel, V. (2007) Sparassidae of China 4. The genus Pseudopoda (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Yunnan Province. Zootaxa, 1623, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1623.1.1
- Jäger, P., Li, S.Q. & Krehenwinkel, H. (2015) Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae) in Sichuan Province, China. Zootaxa, 3999 (3), 363–392. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3999.3.3
- Jäger, P., Pathoumthong, B. & Vedel, V. (2006) First record of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger 2000 in Laos with description of new species (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 86, 219–228.
- Jiang, T.Y., Zhao, Q.Y. & Li, S.Q. (2018) Sixteen new species of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 from China, Myanmar, and Thailand (Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). ZooKeys, 791, 107–161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28137
- Johns, J.L., Roberts, J.A., Clark, D.L. & Uetz, G.W. (2009) Love bites: male fang use during coercive mating in wolf spiders. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 64, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0812-8
- Li, C.F., He, M., Cui, Y.J., Peng, Y., Liu, J. & Yun, Y.L. (2021) Insights into the mechanism of shortened developmental duration and accelerated weight gain associated with Wolbachia infection in Hylyphantes graminicola. Integrative Zoology, 17 (3), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12550
- Li, Z.C., Zhang, H., Jäger, P. & Liu, J. (2019) One new Pseudopoda group from Yunnan Province, China (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 28 (2), 96–105.
- Logunov, D.V. & Jäger, P. (2015) Spiders from Vietnam (Arachnida: Aranei): new species and records. Russian Entomological Journal, 24 (4), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.24.4.09
- Quan, D., Zhong, Y. & Liu, J. (2014) Four Pseudopoda species (Araneae: Sparassidae) from southern China. Zootaxa, 3754 (5), 555–571. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3754.5.2
- Rosen, D.E. (1978) Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 27, 159–188. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412970
- Sentenská, L., Šedo, O. & Pekár, S. (2020) Biting and binding: an exclusive coercive mating strategy of males in a philodromid spider. Animal Behaviour, 168, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.08.001
- Song, D.X., Zhu, M.S. & Chen, J. (1999) The spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp.
- Spicer, R.A. (2017) Tibet, the Himalaya, Asian monsoons and biodiversity – In what ways are they related? Plant Diversity, 39, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.001
- Tang, G. & Yin, C.M. (2000) One new species of the genus Pseudopoda from south China (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 9, 274–275.
- Tanikawa, A. (2022) Japanese spiders of the genus Pseudopoda (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica, 71 (1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.71.33
- Thorell, T. (1895) Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma, based upon the collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in the British Museum. London, 406 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17492
- Wang, B.J., Yu, L., Ma, N.N., Zhang, Z.T., Gong, D.Y., Liu, R., Li, D.Q. & Zhang S.C. (2022) Conspicuous cruciform silk decorations deflect avian predator attacks. Integrative Zoology, 17 (5), 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12621
- Wang, J.F. (1990) Six new species of the spiders of the genus Heteropoda from China (Araneae: Heteropodidae). Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 9 (3), 7–11.
- Wang, J.F. (1991) Two new species and three supplemental descriptions of family Heteropodidae from China (Arachnida: Araneae). Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 3–6.
- World Spider Catalog (2022) World Spider Catalog. Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: https://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed 13 July 2022).
- Xu, W., Dong, W., Fu, T., Gao, W., Lu, C., Yan, F., Wu, Y., Jiang, K., Jin, J., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Hillis, D.M. & Che, J. (2021) Herpetological phylogeographic analyses support a Miocene focal point of Himalayan uplift and biological diversification. National Science Review, 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa263
- Xu, X. & Yin, C.M. (2000) One new species of the genus Heteropoda from China (Araneae: Heteropodidae). Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 9, 37–39.
- Yang, Z.Z., Chen, Y.Q., Chen, Y.L. & Zhang, Y.G. (2009) Two new species of the genus Pseudopoda from Yunnan, China (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 18, 18–22.
- Zhang, B.S., Zhang, F. & Zhang, Z.S. (2013a) Four new species of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 (Araneae, Sparassidae) from Yunnan province, China. Zootaxa, 3702, 273–287. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.3.5
- Zhang, F., Zhang, B.S. & Zhang, Z.S. (2013b) New species of Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 from southern China (Araneae, Sparassidae). ZooKeys, 361, 37–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.361.6089
- Zhang, H., Jäger, P. & Liu, J. (2017) One new Pseudopoda species group (Araneae: Sparassidae) from Yunnan Province, China, with description of three new species. Zootaxa, 4318 (2), 271–294. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.3
- Zhang, H., Jäger, P. & Liu, J. (2019) Establishing a new species group of Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 with the description of two new species (Araneae, Sparassidae). ZooKeys, 879, 91–115. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.879.35110
- Zhang, H., Zhong, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, K., Yan, C., Agnarsson, I. & Liu, J. The Rise of the Himalayas and Asian monsoons drove Sinopoda spiders (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae) out of the Himalayas and down the mountain slopes. (submitted).
- Zhao, Z. & Li, S. (2017) Extinction vs. Rapid Radiation: The Juxtaposed Evolutionary Histories of Coelotine Spiders Support the Eocene-Oligocene Orogenesis of the Tibetan Plateau. Systematic Biology, 66, 988–1006. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx042