Abstract
Mimarachnidae is an extinct planthopper family of the superfamily Fulgoroidea, with ten genera from the Cretaceous of Eurasia. Here, we describe a new genus, Cretodorus gen. nov. and two new species, Cretodorus granulatus sp. nov. and C. angustus sp. nov., on the basis of four specimens from the mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. This remarkable genus can be separated from all other mimarachnids as follows: moderately elongate head, anteriorly protruded pronotum with straight lateral carinae, and unbranched MP of tegmen. Additionally, a new species of Burmissus Shcherbakov, 2017, Burmissus latimaculatus sp. nov., is described from the same Burmese amber, and the morphological characters of Burmissus szwedoi Luo, Jiang, Wang & Xiao, 2020 are supplemented for pronotum, clypeus, rostrum, and legs. These new discoveries enrich the palaeodiversity of mimarachnid planthoppers to fifteen species, ten of which are described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, suggesting that this extinct family remained highly diverse during this period.
References
Azar, D., Perrichot, V., Neraudeau, D. & Nel, A. (2003) New psychodid flies from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France, with a discussion about Eophlebotomus connectens Cockerell, 1920 (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 117–127.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0117:NPFTCA]2.0.CO;2
Bourgoin, T. (2020) FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. Version 8, updated 2020-05-07. http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow/.
Bourgoin, T. & Szwedo, J. (2008) The ‘cixiid-like’ fossil planthopper families. Bulletin of Insectology, 61, 107–108.
Bourgoin, T., Wang, R., Asche, M., Hoch, H., Soulier-Perkins, A., Stroinski, A., Yap, S. & Szwedo, J. (2015) From micropterism to hyperpterism: recognition strategy and standardized homology-driven terminology of the forewing venation patterns in planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Zoomorphology, 134, 63–77.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-014-0243-6
Cruickshank, R.D. & Ko, K. (2003) Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 441–455.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00044-5
Emeljanov, A.F. (1983) Nosatka iz mela Taïmyra (Insecta, Homoptera). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1983, 79–85. [English translation: Yemel’yanov, A.F. 1984. Dictyopharidae from the Cretaceous deposits on the Taymyr Peninsula (Insecta, Homoptera). Paleontological Journal, 17, 77–82.]
Emeljanov, A.F. & Shcherbakov, D.E. (2018) The longest-nosed Mesozoic Fulgoroidea (Homoptera): a new family from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Far Eastern Entomologist, 345, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.354.1
Evans, J.W. (1946) A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Homoptera, Jassoidea). Part 1. External morphology and systematic position. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 96, 47–60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00442.x
Fu, Y.Z., Szwedo, J., Azar, D. & Huang, D.Y. (2019) A second species of Dachibangus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Mimarachnidae) in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research, 103, 104170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.06.016
Fujiyama, I. (1978) Some fossil insects from the Tedori Group (Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous), Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C (Geology), 4, 181–191.
Grimaldi, D.A., Engel, M.S. & Nascimbene, P.C. (2002) Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361, 1–72.
https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2002)361<0001:FCAFMB>2.0.CO;2
Hamilton, K.G.A. (1990) Homoptera. In: Grimaldi, D. (Ed.), Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 195, 82–122.
Jiang, T., Szwedo, J., Song, Z.S., Chen, J., Li, Y.L. & Jiang, H. (2020) Ayaimatum Trilobatum gen. et sp. nov. of Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from mid-Cretaceous amber of Kachin (northern Myanmar). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 59, 70–85.
https://doi.org/10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.01.09
Jiang, T., Szwedo, J. & Wang, B. (2018) A giant fossil Mimarachnidae planthopper from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Cretaceous Research, 89, 183–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.020
Jiang, T., Szwedo, J. & Wang, B. (2019) A unique camouflaged mimarachnid planthopper from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Scientific Repots, 9, 13112.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49414-4
Latreille, P.A. (1807) Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus tertius. A. Koenig, Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris & Strasbourg], 258 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11558
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], 824 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Luo, C., Jiang, T., Wang, B. & Xiao, C. (2020) A new species of Burmissus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Mimarachnidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 110, 104417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104417
Luo, C., Jiang, T., Szwedo, J., Wang, B & Xiao, C. (2020). A new planthopper family Katlasidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Cretaceous Research.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104532
Mao, Y.Y., Liang, K., Su, Y.T., Li, J.G., Rao, X., Zhang, H., Xia, F.Y., Fu, Y.Z., Cai, C.Y. & Huang, D.Y. (2018) Various amberground marine animals on Burmese amber with discussions on its age. Palaeoentomology, 1, 91–103.
https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.11
Martynov, A.V. (1935) Permian fossil insects from Arkhangelsk District. Part.5. Homoptera. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 4, 1–35.
Nel, A., Prokop, J., Nel, P., Grandcolas, P., Huang, D.Y., Roques, P., Guilbert, E., Dostál, O. & Szwedo, J. (2012) Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects. Journal of Morphology, 273, 480–506.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11036
Rasnitsyn, A.P., Bashkuev, A.S., Kopylov, D.S., Lukashevich, E.D. & Ponomarenko, A.G. (2016) Sequence and scale of changes in the terrestrial biota during the Cretaceous (based on materials from fossil resins). Cretaceous Research, 61, 234–255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.025
Ross, A.J. (2019) Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography 2018. Palaeoentomology, 2, 22–84.
https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.1.5
Ross, A.J. (2020) Supplement to the Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography, 2019. Palaeoentomology, 3, 103–118.
https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.1.14
Ross, A.J., Mellish, C., York, P. & Crighton, B. (2010) Burmese amber. In: Penney, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, pp. 208–235.
Shcherbakov, D.E. (2000) Permian faunas of Homoptera (Hemiptera) in relation to phytogeography and the Permo-Triassic crisis. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 34, 251–267.
Shcherbakov, D.E. (2007a) An extraordinary new family of Cretaceous planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russian Entomological Journal, 16, 139–154.
Shcherbakov, D.E. (2007b) Mesozoic spider mimics — Cretaceous Mimarachnidae fam.n. (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russian Entomological Journal, 16, 259–264.
Shcherbakov, D.E. (2017) First record of Cretaceous family Mimarachnidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) in amber. Russian Entomological Journal, 26, 389–392.
https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.26.4.12
Shcherbakov, D.E. & Popov, Y.A. (2002) Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781 order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. In: Rasnitsyn, A.P. & Quicke, D.L.J. (Eds), History of insects. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 152–155.
Shi, G., Grimaldi, D.A., Harlow, G.E., Wang, J., Wang, J., Yang, M., Lei, W., Li, Q. & Li, X. (2012) Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. Cretaceous Research, 37, 155–163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014
Sidorchuk, E.A. & Vorontsov, D.D. (2018) Preparation of small-sized 3D amber samples: state of the technique. Palaeoentomology, 1, 80–90.
https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.10
Smith, R.D.A. & Ross, A.J. (2018) Amberground pholadid bivalve borings and inclusions in Burmese amber: implications for proximity of resin-producing forests to brackish waters, and the age of the amber. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth and Environmental Science, 107, 239–247.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691017000287
Song, Z., Xu, G., Liang, A., Szwedo, J. & Bourgoin, T. (2019) Still greater disparity in basal planthopper lineage: a new planthopper family Yetkhatidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea) from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cretaceous Research, 101, 47–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.03.023
Spinola, M. (1839) Essai sur les fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des cicadaires, ordre des rhyngotes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 8, 133–337.
Stål, C. (1866) Hemiptera Homoptera Latr. Hemiptera Africana, 4, 1–276.
Szwedo, J. (2007) Nymphs of a new family Neazoniidae fam. n. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. African Invertebrates, 48, 127–143.
Szwedo, J. (2008) Distributional and palaeoecological pattern of Lower Cretaceous Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Entomologia Generalis, 31, 231–242.
https://doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/31/2008/231
Szwedo, J. (2009) First discovery of Neazoniidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) in the Early Cretaceous Archingeay amber of South-West France. Geodiversitas, 31, 105−116.
https://doi.org/10.5252/g2009n1a9
Szwedo, J. (2018) The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 107, 109−128.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175569101700038X
Szwedo, J. & Ansorge, J. (2015) The first Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Lower Cretaceous lithographic limestones of the Sierra del Montsec in Spain. Cretaceous Research, 52, 390–401.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.001
Szwedo, J. Bourgoin, T. & Lefebvre, F. (2004) Fossil planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the World. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Studio 1, Warszawa, 199 pp.
Xing, L., Sames, B., McKellar, R.C., Xi, D., Bai, M. & Wan, X. (2018) A gigantic marine ostracod (Crustacea: Myodocopa) trapped in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Scientific Reports, 8, 1365.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19877-y
Yin, Z.W., Cai, C.Y. & Huang, D.Y. (2018) A potentially diverse fauna of springtail-hunting scydmaenines during the late Mesozoic (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). Cretaceous Research, 90, 163–167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.04.020
Yu, T.T., Kelly, R., Mu, L., Ross, A., Kennedy, J., Brolyh, P., Xia, F.Y., Zhang, H.C., Wang, B. & Dilcherk, D. (2019) An ammonite trapped in Burmese amber. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 11345–11350.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821292116
Zhang, X., Ren, D. & Yao, Y. (2018) A new genus and species of Mimarachnidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 90, 168–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.04.012
Zhang, X., Ren, D. & Yao, Y. (2019) A new family Jubisentidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 94, 1–7.