Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Short Communication
Published: 2023-02-28
Page range: 008–012
Abstract views: 250
PDF downloaded: 14

New material of Paleopsychoda jarzembowskii Azar & Maksoud, 2022 from Bqaatouta amber outcrop, showing the importance of insect fossils in biostratigraphy

Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Museum of Natural History, CP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Department of Earth Sciences, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
Mazraat Yachouh, El-Maten, Lebanon
Conde de Torrecedeira 36, 5C Vigo, Pontevedra 36202, Spain
State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Lebanese University, Faculty of Science II, Natural Sciences Department, Fanar - El-Matn, PO Box 26110217, Lebanon
General

Abstract

The family Psychodidae Newman, 1834 comprises about 3,000 living species of small hairy nematoceran flies (Azar & Maksoud, 2022). To date, seven psychodid subfamilies are recognized within this family, namely Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1921; extinct Datziinae Stebner, Solórzano Kraemer, Ibáñez-Bernal & Wagner, 2015; Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1937; Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840; Psychodinae Newman, 1834; Sycoracinae Rondani, 1856; and Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922 (Azar & Maksoud, 2022). Some authors consider the psychodid group to consist of two families, i.e., Psychodidae and Phlebotomidae (Williams, 1993; Azar et al., 1999). This taxonomic treatment is based only on the hematophagous and medically important aspects of the phlebotomines. Nevertheless it is unfounded, because the phylogenetic relationships between the psychodid subfamilies remain unresolved, even if there is a possible sister-group relationship between the Phlebotominae and Psychodinae (Curler & Moulton, 2012). We consider that recognising phlebotomines as a separate family would necessitate also giving separate familial rank to all the currently recognised subfamilies, which is not adopted here.

References

  1. Alexander, C.P. (1921) A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 13 [1920], 402–406, pl. 32. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/13.4.402
  2. Azar, D. (2012) Lebanese amber: A “Guinness Book of Records”. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis, Folia 111, 44–60.
  3. Azar, D., Gèze, R. & Acra, F. (2010) Chapter 14: Lebanese amber. In: Penney, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major World deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, pp. 271–298.
  4. Azar, D. & Maksoud, S. (2020) A new species of Protopsychoda Azar et al., 1999 from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae). Palaeoentomology, 3 (4), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.4.5
  5. Azar, D. & Maksoud, S. (2022) Paleopsychoda jarzembowskii, a new Lower Cretaceous species of moth flies from Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae). Palaeoentomology, 5 (3), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.3.9
  6. Azar, D. & Nel, A. (2002) New Cretaceous psychodid flies from Lebanese amber and Santana Formation (Chapada do Araripe, Brazil) (Diptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (N.S.), 38 (3), 253–262.
  7. Azar, D., Nel, A. & Gèze, R. (2003a) Use of Lebanese amber inclusions in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, dating and paleobiogeography. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (Suppl. Fossil Insects), 393–398.
  8. Azar, D., Nel, A., Solignac, M., Paicheler, J.-C. & Bouchet, F. (1999) New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon. Palaeontology, 42 (6), 1101–1136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00112
  9. Azar, D., Perrichot, V., Neìraudeau, D. & Nel, A. (2003b) New psychodids from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France, with a discussion of Eophlebotomus connectens Cockerell, 1920 (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96 (2), 117‒126. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0117:NPFTCA]2.0.CO;2
  10. Azar, D., Szwedo, J., Maalouf, M., Maalouf, R. & Maksoud, S. (2022) Libanonemopalpus grimaldii, a new genus and species of Bruchomyiinae from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae). Palaeoentomology, 5 (6), 569–578. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.6.7
  11. Bejarano, E.E. & Estrada, L.G. (2016) Family Psychodidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 187–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.20
  12. Cano, R.J., Poinar, H.N., Pieniazek, N.J., Acra, A. & Poinar, G.O. (1993) Amplification and sequencing of DNA from a 120–135-million-year-old weevil. Nature, 363 (6429), 536–538. https://doi.org/10.1038/363536a0
  13. Condamine, F.L., Clapham, M. & Kergoat, G. (2016) Global patterns of insect diversification: towards a reconciliation of fossil and molecular evidence? Scientific Reports, 6, 19208. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19208
  14. Condamine, F.L., Nel, A., Grancolas, P. & Legendre, F. (2020) Fossil and phylogenetic analyses reveal recurrent periods of diversification and extinction in dictyopteran insects. Cladistics, 36, 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12412
  15. Curler, G.R. & Moulton, J.K. (2012) Phylogeny of psychodid subfamilies (Diptera: Psychodidae) inferred from nuclear DNA sequences with a review of morphological evidence for relationships. Systematic Entomology, 37 (3), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00634.x
  16. Duckhouse, D.A. (1966) Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of Southern Australia: subfamily Psychodinae. Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 118, 153–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1966.tb00837.x
  17. Enderlein, G. (1937) Klassifikation der Psychodiden (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4 [1936], 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.193619360301
  18. Granier, B., Toland, C., Gèze, R., Azar, D. & Maksoud, S. (2016) Some steps toward a new story for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in Mount Lebanon. Carnets de Géologie, 16, 247– 269. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/59924
  19. Jouault, C., Nel, A., Legendre, F. & Condamine, F.L. (2022) Estimating the drivers of diversification of stoneflies through time and the limits of their fossil record. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 6 (4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac017
  20. Kvifte, G.M. & Wagner, R. (2017) Psychodidae (sand flies, moth flies or owl flies). In: Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Sinclair, B.J. (Eds), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata 5. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 607–632.
  21. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Regnum animale. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  22. Maksoud, S. & Azar, D. (2020) Lebanese amber: latest updates. Palaeoentomology, 3 (2), 125–155. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.2
  23. Maksoud, S., Azar, D, Granier, B. & Gèze, R. (2017) New data on the age of the Lower Cretaceous amber outcrops of Lebanon. Palaeoworld, 26 (2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2016.03.003
  24. Maksoud, S., Granier, B. & Azar, D. (2022) Palaeoentomological (fossil insects) outcrops in Lebanon. Carnets de Géologie, 22 (16), 699–743. https://doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2022.2216
  25. Maksoud, S., Maalouf, M., Maalouf, R. & Azar, D. (2021) Baskinta and Bqaatouta: Two new early Barremian fossiliferous amber outcrops from Central Lebanon. Palaeoentomology, 4 (4), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.4.12
  26. McAlpine, J.F. (1981) Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (coordinators), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Monograph No. 27. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 9‒63.
  27. Newman, E. (1834) Attempted division of British insects into natural orders. Entomological Magazine, 2, 379–431.
  28. Rondani, C. (1840) Sopra una specie di insetto dittero. Memoria prima per servire alla ditterologia italiana. Donati, Parma, 16 pp. + 1 pl.
  29. Rondani, C. (1856) Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus. Vol. 1. Genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata. Tipographia Alexandri Stoschi, Parmae, 226+[2] pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8160
  30. Stebner, F., Solórzano Kraemer, M.M., Ibáñez-Bernal, S. & Wagner, R. (2015) Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). PeerJ, 3, e1423. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1423
  31. Silvestro, D., Bacon, C.D., Ding, W.N., Zhang, Q.Y., Donoghue, P.C.J., Antonelli, A. & Xing, Y.W. (2021) Fossil data support a pre-Cretaceous origin of flowering plants. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01387-8
  32. Tonnoir, A.L. (1922) Note sur le genre Nemopalpus (Psychodidae) et description d’une espèce nouvelle. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 62, 125–136.
  33. Veltz, I., Paicheler, J.-C., Maksoud, S., Gèze, R. & Azar, D. (2013). Context and genesis of the Lebanese amberiferous palaeoenvironments at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 6 (1-2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06021055
  34. Williams, P. (1993) Relationships of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 88, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761993000200001