Abstract
The singing cicada fossils (Cicadidae), based mainly on isolated forewings, from the Pliocene Fossil-Lagerstätte Willershausen, Germany, are reviewed, including previously published material and unpublished specimens from the collections of the Geoscience Museum of the Geoscience Centre at the Georg August University in Göttingen, the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, and the Geoscience Collections of the Clausthal University of Technology, which represent the three largest collections from this outstanding locality. Three new species, Tibicina lata sp. nov., Tibicina boulardi sp. nov. (Tibicinae), and Cicada tithonus sp. nov. (Cicadinae) are described based on forewing characters. Other singing cicadas from Willershausen are assigned to Tibicina sp., Tibicina aff. haematodes, Cicada aff. orni, Cicada aff. lodosi and indeterminable species.
References
Boulard, M. (1979) Cigales du genre Cicada Linné, originaires de Turquie (Hom. Cicadidae). Türkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 3 (2), 67–74.
Boulard, M. & Riou, B. (1989) Tibicina gigantea n. sp. cigale fossile de la Montagne d’Andance (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, New Series, 5 (4)[1988], 349–351. [Published 28 February,1989, not 1988 as sometimes quoted.]
Boulard, M. & Riou, B. (1999) Miocenoprasia grasseti n. g., n. sp., grande cigale fossile du Miocene de la Montagne d’Andance (Cicadomorpha Cicadidae Tibicininae). Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, 11/12, 135–140.
Brauckmann, C. & Gröning, E. (2002) Neue Funde von Singzikaden (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) aus dem Jung-Tertiär (Pliozän) von Willershausen am Harz. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Goslar, 7, 83–92.
Distant, W.L. (1905) Rhynchotal notes.—XXXIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 16, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480509443650
Dlabola, J. (1984) Neue Zikadenarten aus Mediterraneum und dem Iran mit weiteren Beiträgen zur Iranischen fauna (Homoptera—Auchenorrhyncha). Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze Acta Musei Nationalis Prage (Ser. B), 60 (1), 21–63.
Knobloch, E. (1998) Der Pliozäne Laubwald von Willershausen. Documenta naturae, 120, 1–302.
Kolenati, F. (1857) Meletamata Entomologica. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes Moscou (Section Biologique), 30, 399–444, pls V–VI..
Krynicki, J. (1837) Cicada steveni Kr. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (Section Biologique), 10, 86–88, pl. 3.
Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de Leclerc de Buffon et partie du cours complet d’histoire naturelle rédigé par C.S. Sonnini. Tome troisième. Familles naturelles et genres. Dufart, Paris, pp. i–xii, 13–467 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15764
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], pp. [i–iv], 1–824. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Mai, D.H. (1995) Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. G. Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, 691 pp.
Marshall, D.C., Moulds, M., Hill, K.B.R., Price, B.W., Wade, E.J., Owen, C.L., Goemans, G., Marathe, K., Sarkar, V., Cooley, J.R., Sanborn, A.F., Kunte, K., Villet, M.H. & Simon, C. (2018) A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification. Zootaxa, 4424 (1), 1–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1
Meischner, D. (2000) Der Pliozäne Teich von Willershausen am Harz. In: Meischner, D. (Ed.), Europäische Fossillagerstätten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_25
Mohr, B.A.R. (1986) Die Mikroflora der oberpliozänen Tone von Willershausen (Kreis Northeim, Niedersachsen). Palaeontographica B, 198, 133–156.
Moulds, M.S. (2005) An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna. Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 375–446. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
Moulds, M.S. (2018) Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae. Zootaxa, 4438 (3), 443–470. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2
Prokop, J. & Boulard, M. (2000) Tibicina sakalai n. sp., cigale fossile du Miocène inférieur de Tchécoslovaquie (Auchenorhyncha [Auchenorrhyncha], Cicadidae, Tibicininae). [Tibicina sakalai n. sp., fossil cicada of the Lower Miocene of Czechoslovakia (Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadidae, Tibicininae)]. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études, Travaux du Laboratoire Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, 13, 127–131.
Quartau, J.A. & Simões, P.C. (2005) Acoustic evolutionary divergence in cicadas: the species of Cicada L. in southern Europe. In: Drosopoulos, S. & Claridge, M.F. (Eds), Insect sounds and communication: physiology, behaviour, ecology and evolution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337.ch17
Schmidt, H. (1949) Der Artenreichtum einer voreiszeitlichen Lebensgemeinschaft. Beiträge zur Naturkunde Niedersachsens, 2 (4), 30–37.
Scopoli, J.A. (1763) Entomologia carniologica exhibens Insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnaeana. Trattner, Vindobonae [= Vienna], [xxxii] + 423 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.34434
Straus, A. (1967) Zur Paläontologie des Pliozäns von Willershausen. Berichte der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Hannover, 111, 15–24.
Straus, A. (1952) Beiträge zur Pliocänflora von Willershausen III. Die niederen Pflanzengruppen bis zu den Gymnospermen. Palaeontographica B, 93, 1–44.
Tietz, O., Berner, T. & Matting, E. (1998) Insekten aus dem Unteroligozän von Seifhennersdorf in der Oberlausitz. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz, 70 (2), 139–154.
Wagner, W. (1967) Die Singzikaden (Homoptera, Cidadae [sic]) aus dem Pliozän von Willershausen. Berichte der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Hannover, 111, 91–94.