Abstract
We describe Apachyus madseni sp. nov. based on an almost complete fossil from the Fur Formation in northwestern Denmark. The fossil is the second Dermaptera species described from the early Ypresian Fur Formation and the first fossil representative of the enigmatic family Apachyidae. Today, Apachyidae are restricted to Central Africa, and the Orient from southern India to the Philippines and northern Australia. The new fossil thus represents not only a new addition to the fossil mo-clay fauna, but also a considerable expansion of the historical biogeographical ranges of Apachyidae.
References
- Archibald, S.B., Ware, J.L., Rasmussen, J.A., Sylvestersen, R.L., Olsen, K. & Simonsen, T.J. (2023) The damselfly genus Furagrion Petrulevičius et al. (Odonata, Zygoptera) from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark and the dysagrionid grade. Zootaxa, 5278 (2), 289–317. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.2.4
- Brindle, A. (1965) A revision of the subfamily Apachyinae (Dermaptera, Labiduridae). Journal of Natural History, 8, 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936508651591
- Cassis, G. (2010) Family Apachyidae. Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, Available from: https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/APACHYIDAE (accessed June 6, 2024)
- Chatzimanolis, S. & Engel, M.S. (2010) Laasbium Scudder: A genus of the Tertiary earwigs not rove beetles, and the classification of Florrisant fossil Dermaptera (Insecta). Annales Zoologici, 60, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345410X499588
- Cockrell, T.D.A. (1925) Tertiary fossil insects from Argentina. Nature, 116, 711–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/116711a0
- de Jong, R. (2016) Reconstructing a 55-million-year-old butterfly (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). European Journal of Entomology, 113, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2016.055
- Dietrich, C.H. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2023) First leafhopper from the earliest Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark) representing a new genus of Cocadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha). Palaeoentomology, 6 (5), 447–450. https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.5.2
- Engel, M.S. (2003) The earwigs of Kansas, with a key to genera north of Mexico (Insecta: Dermaptera). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 106, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0115:TEOKWA]2.0.CO;2
- Engel, M.S. (2011) New earwigs in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Dermaptera, Neodermaptera). ZooKeys, 130, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1293
- Engel, M.S. & Chatzimanolis, S. (2005) Early Cretaceous earwigs (Dermaptera) from Santana Formation, Brazil. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 74, 219–226.
- Engel, M.S. & Grimaldi, D.A. (2004) A primitive earwig in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae). Journal of Paleontology, 78, 1018–1023. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<1018:APEICA>2.0.CO;2
- Engel, M.S. & Grimaldi, D.A. (2014) New mid-Cretaceous earwigs in amber from Myanmar (Dermaptera). Novitates Paleoentomologicae, 6, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17161/np.v0i6.4676
- Engel, M.S. & Kinzelbach, R.K. (2008) A primitive moth from the earliest Eocene Fur Formation (“Mo- clay”) of Denmark (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). Linzer Biologisher Bieträge, 40, 1443–1448. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5431150
- Engel, M.S. & Perrichot, V. (2014) An earwig in late Cretaceous Vendean amber (Dermaptera). Paleontological Contributions, 10D, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.17161/PC.1808.15984
- Grimaldi, D.A. & Engel, M.S. (2005) Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, XV+755 pp.
- Haas, F. (1995) The phylogeny of the Forficulina, a suborder of the Dermaptera. Systematic Entomology, 20, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00085.x
- Haas, F. & Kukalová-Peck, J. (2001) Dermaptera hindwing structure and folding: New evidence for familial, ordinal and superordinal relationships within Neoptera (Insecta). European Journal of Entomology, 98, 445–509. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2001.065
- Heikkilä, M., Simonsen, T.J. & Solis, M.A. (2018) Reassessment of known fossil Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of the oldest fossil pyraloid and a crambid larva in Baltic amber. Zootaxa, 4483 (1), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.4
- Henriksen, K. (1922) Eocene insects from Denmark. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelser, II Række, 37, 1–36.
- Klopfstein, S. (2022) High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark). Geodiversitas, 44 (23), 645–664. https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a23
- Larsen, L.M, Fitton, J.G. & Pedersen, A.K. (2003) Paleogene volcanic ash layers in the Danish Basin: composition and source areas in the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Lithos, 71, 47–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.07.001
- Legalov, A.A., Vasilenko, D.V. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) A new species of the genus Cephalallus Sharp, 1905 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the Ypresian of Denmark. Ecologica Montenegrina, 71, 261–268. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.71.28
- Madsen, H.O.R. & Nel, A. (1997) Two new fossil species of Gomphaeschna Selys, 1871 in the Paleocene/Eocene of Denmark (Odonata: Aeshnoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, New Series, 33, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1997.12277889
- Madsen, H. & Rasmussen, J.A. (2021) Geologien fortæller: Moler og Fossiler/What geology tells: The mo-clay and its fossils. Museum Mors, Nykøbing Mors, 103 pp.
- Makarkin, V.N. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, with description of a new genus. Zootaxa, 5433 (4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.4.3
- Nel, A., Albouy, V., Caussanel, C. & Jamet, C. (1994) Réflexion paléo-entomologique sur la systématique des Dermaptères. Quatre nouveaux forficules fossiles de l’Oligocène de Provence (France) (Dermaptera). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 99, 253–266. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1994.17063
- Nel, A. Waller, A., Albouy, V., Menier, J.-J. & de Ploëg, G. (2003) New fossil earwig from the lowermost Eocene amber of Paris basin (France) (Insecta, Dermaptera, family incertae sedis). Geodiversitas, 25, 119–129.
- Nel, A, Aria, C., Garrouste, R. & Waller, A. (2012) Evolution and palaeosynecology of the Mesozoic earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera). Cretaceous Research, 33, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.08.003
- Pedersen, G.K. & Surlyk, F. (1983) The Fur Formation, a late Paleocene ash-bearing diatomite from northern Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 32, 43–65. https://doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1983-32-03
- Pedersen, G.K., Pedersen, S.A.S., Bonde, N., Heilman-Clausen, C., Larsen, L.M., Lindow, B.E.K., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B.P. & Storey, M. (2012) Molerområdets geologi—sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift, 2011, 41–135. [In Danish]
- Peng, A., Engel, M.S., Liu, Y. Nel, A. (2024) A new lineage of pygidicranid earwigs from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae). Cretaceous Research, 158, 105849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105849
- Perrichot, V., Engel, M.S., Nel, A., Tafforeau, P. & Soriano, C. (2011) New earwig nymphs (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) in mid-cretaceous amber from France. Cretaceous Research, 32, 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.004
- Petrulevičius, J.F., Wappler, T., Wedmann, S., Rust, J. & Nel, A. (2008) New megapodagrionid damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) from the Paleogene of Europe. Journal of Paleontology, 82, 1173–1181. https://doi.org/10.1666/07-091.1
- Prokin, A.A., Hájek, J., Vasilenko, D.V. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2024) The oldest Rhantus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) from the earliest Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark. Zootaxa, 5458 (2), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5458.2.5
- Ren, M.Y., Zhang, W.T., Shih, C.K. & Ren, D. (2017) A new earwig (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) from Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cretaceous Research, 74, 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.02.012
- Ren, M.Y., Zhang, W.T., Shih, C.K. & Ren, D. (2018) Earwig nymphs (Dermaptera) from the mid- Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. Cretaceous Research, 90, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.010
- Rentz, D.C.F. & Kevan, D.K. McE. (1991) Dermaptera. In: Naumann, I.D. (Ed.), The insects of Australia. Vol. 1. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Australia, 360–368.
- Rust, J. (1999) Biologie der Insekten aus dem ältesten Tertiär Nordeuropas. Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der venia legendi für das Fach Zoologie. [Postdoctoral thesis], Biologische Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, 482 pp.
- Rust, J, Petrulevičius, J.F. & Nel, A. (2008) The first damselflies from the lowermost Eocene of Denmark, with a description of a new subfamily (Odonata, Zygoptera, Dysagrionidae). Palaeontology, 51, 709–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00780.x
- Shaw, J.J., Nielsen, C. & Perkovsky, E. (2024) A pinophiline rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 90, 61–70.
- Simonsen, T.J., Archibald, S.B., Rasmussen, J.A., Sylvestersen, R.L., Olsen, K. & Ware, J.L. (2022) Danowhetaksa gen. nov. with two species from the early Eocene Ølst Formation from Denmark, the first Palearctic Whetwhetaksidae (Odonata: Cephalozygoptera). Zootaxa, 5099 (5), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5099.5.5
- Simonsen, T.J., Archibald, S.B., Rasmussen, J.A., Sylvestersen, R.L., Olsen, K. & Ware, J. (2024) Stolleagrion foghnielseni (Odonata, Cephalozygoptera, Dysagrionidae) gen. et sp. nov.: a new odonatan from the PETM recovery phase of the earliest Ypresian Fur Formation, Denmark. Zootaxa, 5415 (3), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5415.3.9
- Srivastava, G.K. (1976) Catalogue on Oriental Dermaptera. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 2, 1–94.
- Srivastava, G.K. (2013) Fauna of India and the adjacent countries, Dermaptera. Part III. Apachyoidea and Forficuloidea. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 469 pp.
- Steinmann, H. (1977) Apachyus baloghi sp. nov. (Dermaptera: Apachyidae) from Brazzaville-Congo. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 13 (1-2), 79–82.
- Stokke, E.W., Jones, M.T., Tierney, J.E., Svensen, H.H. & Whiteside, J.H. (2020) Temperature changes across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum—a new high-resolution TEX86 temperature record from the Eastern North Sea Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 544, 116388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116388
- Wahlberg, N., Wheat, C.W. & Peña, C. (2013) Timing and patterns in the taxonomic diversification of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). PLoS One, 8, e80875. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080875
- Wappler, T., Engel, M.S. & Haas, F. (2005) The earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) from the middle Eocene Eckfeld maar, Germany. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 74, 227–250.
- Weitschat, W. & Wichard, W. (1998) Atlas der Pflanzen und Tiere im Baltischen Bernstein. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, 256 pp.
- Willmann, R. (1990) Insekten aus der Fur-Formation von Dänemark (Moler, ob. Paleozän/unt. Eozän?) 2. Dermaptera. Meyniana, 42, 15–23.
- Wipfler, B., Koehler, W., Frandsen. P.B., Donath, A., Liu, S., Machida, R., Misof. B., Peters., R.S., Shimizu, S., Zhou, X. & Simon, S. (2020) Phylogenomics changes our understanding about earwig evolution. Systematic Entomology, 45, 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12420
- Xiong, S.R., Engel, M., Xiao, L.F. & Ren, D. (2021) New eodermapteran earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of China. Alcheringa, 45, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2021.1965215
- Yang, D., Shih, C.K. & Ren, D. (2015) The earliest pygidicranid (Insecta: Dermaptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research, 52, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.008
- Zessin, W. (2011) Neue Insekten aus dem Moler (Paläozän/Eozän) von Dänemark Teil 1 (Odonata: Epallagidae, Megapodagrioniidae), Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 14, 64–73.
- Zessin, W. (2017) Neue Insekten aus dem Moler (Paläozän/Eozän) von Dänemark Teil 2 (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) und Bilder von den Fundstellen auf der Insel Mors, Dänemark. Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 19, 65–76.
- Zessin, W. (2019) Neue Insekten aus dem Moler (Paläozän/Eozän) von Dänemark Teil 4 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Eumastacidae, Encifera: Gryllidae, Odonata: Libellulidae). Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 22, 56–63.
- Zhao, J., Zhao, Y., Shih, C., Ren, D. & Wang, Y. (2010) Transitional fossil earwigs—a missing link in Dermaptera evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-344
- Zhao, J., Ren, D. & Shih, C. (2010) Enigmatic earwig-like fossils from Inner Mongolia, China. Insect Science, 17, 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01315.x
- Zhao, J., Shih, C., Ren, D. & Zhao, Y. (2011) New primitive fossil earwig from Inner Mongolia, China (Insecta: Dermaptera: Archidermaptera). Acta Geologica Sinica, 85, 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00380.x