Abstract
The taxonomy of the Andean butterfly genus Daedalma (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is discussed. Generic synapomorphies based on adult morphology are proposed, and the relationships with allied genera of the subtribe Pronophilina are evaluated. The status of Junea as the sister-genus of Daedalma is reconsidered, particularly in light of new data on the larval stages. The genus Daedalma is divided into two presumed monophyletic groups distinguished by a series of morphological and ecological characters. Three species, D. eliza n. sp., D. dognini n. sp. and D. rubroreducta n. sp., and seventeen new subspecies are described, one new status is proposed, and three lectotypes are designated. Female genitalia of Daedalma are described for the first time and their taxonomical value is assessed. The early stages of D. rubroreducta and D.dinias are described, the first larval descriptions for any species of Daedalma. Distribution and diversity patterns of Daedalma are discussed. Distribution maps, illustrations of male and female genitalia, and figures of adult butterflies of both sexes are provided for all taxa where possible, with comments on bionomics and adult behaviour for all taxa in the genus.References
Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. (1977) Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Systematic Entomology, 2, 263–281.
Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. (1979) Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Serranía de Valledupar, Colombia-Venezuela border. Systematic Entomology, 4, 95–118.
Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. (1981) Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 343–372.
Adams, M.J. (1985) Speciation in the Pronophiline Butterflies (Satyridae) of the Northern Andes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 1985, Supplement No.1, 33–49.
Adams, M.J. (1986) Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the three Andean Cordilleras of Colombia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87, 235–320.
DeVries, P. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history, Papiliondae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. 327 pp., 50 colour plates. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
D'Abrera, B. (1988) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region, part V, Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. pp. 680–887, colour plates throughout. Hill House. Victoria, Australia.
Forster, W. (1964) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens, XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München, 8, 51–188, pls. 27–35.
Gaede, M. (1931) Satyridae II. in E. Strand ed., Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 29(46), 321–544.
Greeney, H., Pyrcz, T.W., DeVries, P.J. & Dyer, L.A. (2009) The early stages of Pedaliodes poesia (Hewitson, 1862) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Pronophilina). 9 pp. Journal of Insect Science, 9, 38, 1–9.
Greeney, H., Pyrcz, T.W., Dyer, L.A. & Sanches, M.Z. (2010) The early stages and natural history of Corades medeba Hewitson, 1850 in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20(1), 8–13.
Harvey, D. (1991) Appendix B. Higher classification of the Nymphalidae. In Nijhout, H. F.: The development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 255–273.
Heredia, M.D. & Viloria, A.L. (2004) Description and life history of Pedaliodes zingara, a new satyrine species from Colombia. Journal of the Lepidopterist’s Society, 58(2), 80–87.
Hewitson, W.C. (1858) Satyridae. Daedalma. Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies, 2, 79–80.
Hughes, R.A. (1962) Notes on the butterfly fauna of Machupicchu, South-east Peru. Entomologist, 95(1186), 63–75.
Kristensen, N.P. (2003) Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, Volume 2: Morphology, physiology and Development. Walter der Gruyter, Berlin, 491 pp.
Krüger, E. (1924) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der columbischen Satyriden. Entomologische Rundschau, 41, 7, 9–10, 16, 19–20, 23–24, 27–28, 31–32, 35, 38–39, 41–42, 46–47.
Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L., Londoño, X. & Stern, M.J. (1999) American bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, 392 pp.
Lamas, G. (2003) Las mariposas de Machu Picchu: guía ilustrada de las mariposas del Santuario histórico Machu Picchu, Cuzco, Perú. PROFONANPE, 221 pp.
Lamas, G., Viloria, A.L. & Pyrcz, T.W. (2004) Subtribe Pronophilina, in: G. Lamas ed., Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperoidea – Papilionoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 206–215.
Miller, L.D. (1968) The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 24, 1–174.
Pelz, V. (1997) Life history of Pedaliodes parepa from Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(1), 41–45.
Peña, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodandaramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. & Brower, A. (2006) Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 40, 29–49.
Prieto, C.H. (2003) Satírinos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) del Parque Nacional Natural Munchique. Diversidad de especies y distribución altitudinal. Revista Colombiana de Entomología, 29(2), 203–210.
Pyrcz, T.W. (1999a) The E. Krüger collection of pronophiline butterflies, Part 1: genera Altopedaliodes to Lymanopoda (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Lambillionea, 99(2), 221–240.
Pyrcz, T.W. (1999b) Contributions to the knowledge of Ecuadorian Pronophilina, Part 2, The genus Lasiophila (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Genus, 10(3), 479–495.
Pyrcz, T.W. (2004) Pronophiline butterflies of the highlands of Chachapoyas in northern Peru: faunal survey, diversity and distribution patterns (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Genus, 15(4), 455–622.
Pyrcz, T.W. & Gareca, Y. (2009) A new species of Eretris Thieme from the Elbow of the Andes region in Bolivia (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae). Neotropical entomology, 38(3), 370–375.
Pyrcz, T.W. & Rodríguez, G. (2007) Mariposas de la tribu Pronophilina en la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. Shilap, 35, 455–489.
Pyrcz, T.W. & Viloria, A.L. (2007) Erebiine and pronophiline butterflies of the Serranía del Tamá, Venezuela-Colombia border (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 15(1–2), 18–52.
Pyrcz, T.W., Willmott, K.R. & Hall, J.P. (1999) Contributions to the knowledge of Ecuadorian Pronophilina, Part 3, Three new species and five new subspecies of Lymanopoda (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Genus, 10(3), 497–522.
Pyrcz, T.W. & Wojtusiak, J. (1999) Mariposas de la tribu Pronophilina de la Reserva Forestal Tambito, Cordillera Occidental, Colombia. Segunda parte. Patrones de distribución altitudinal (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). SHILAP, 27(106), 203–213.
Pyrcz, T.W., Wojtusiak, J. & Garlacz, R. (2009) Diversity and altitudinal distribution pattern of Pronophilina butterflies in north-western Ecuador (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), Neotropical entomology, 38(6), 716–726.
Razowski, J. (1996) Słownik morfologii owadów. PWN, Kraków. 431 pp.
Racheli, T. & Racheli, L. (2001) An annotated list of Ecuadorian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae). Fragmenta entomologica, 33(2), 213–380.
Röber, J.K. (1889) X. Satyriden. In Schatz, E., In Staudinger, O. & E. Schatz (eds.): Exotische schmetterlinge. II. Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfalter systematisch und anación altitudinallytisch baarbeitet. Fürth: G. Löwensohn, 2(5), 181–225, pls. 35–42.
Salazar, J.A. (1996) Noticias sobre algunos Satyrínae poco conocidos para Colombia (Lep. Nymph.). Boletín Científico Centro del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 7, 91–101.
Schultze, A. (1929) Die ersten Stände von drei kolumbianischen hochandinen Satyriden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris", 43, 157–165, 3 plates.
Staudinger, O. (1897) Neue südamerikanische Tagfalter. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris", 10(1), 123–151.
Thieme, O. (1907) Monographische Bearbeitung der Gattungen Lasiophila Feld., Daedalma Hew., Catargynnis Röb., Oxeoschistus Butl., Pronophila Westw., Corades Doubl. & Hew. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Satyridae). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 51, 99–234.
Vargas, J.I. & Salazar, J.A. (2004) Mariposas Colombianas VII. Breve nota sobre las especies de los géneros Junea Hemming 1964, Daedalma Hewitson 1858 y Thiemeia Weymer 1912 depositadas en algunas colecciones colombianas (Lep., Sat.). Boletín Científico Centro del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 8, 247–259.
Vélez Bravo, A., Duque Vélez, P. & Wolff Echeverri, M.I. (2009) Mariposas del Parque Ecológico Piedras Blancas. Guía de campo. Tragaluz Editores, Medellín. 201 pp.
Viloria, A.L. (1999) Studies on the systematics and biogeography of some montane satyrid butterflies (Lepidoptera). Imperial College London, unpublished Ph.D. thesis.
Viloria, A.L. (2007) The Pronophilini: Synopsis of their Biology and Systematics. Tropical Lepidoptera, 2004(15), 1–17.
Weymer, G. (1912) Satyridae [publ. 1910–1912]. in A. Seitz (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, 2; Exotische Fauna, 5, 173–283.