Abstract
The Rhinella granulosa group currently includes 12 species distributed eastern to the Andes, from Panama to central Argentina. We studied bioacoustic features of the advertisement calls in seven of these species: Rhinella azarai, R. bergi, R. centralis, R. dorbignyi, R. fernandezae, R. major, and R. merianae. In addition, we analyzed the release calls of R. azarai, R. bergi, R. dorbignyi, and R. fernandezae. The advertisement calls consisted of long trills, composed by notes with a variable pulse number (2–8) that was characteristic of each species. The release calls consisted of a single note, pulsed or not. Both advertisement and release calls clearly varied between species, except for R. dorbignyi and R. fernandezae. The study of specimens sharing exosomatic characters with R. bergi and R. major from a syntopy area, which presented intermediate spectral and temporal call parameters, confirmed natural hybridization between these two species.References
Alonso, R. & Rodríguez, A. (2003) Advertisement calls of Cuban toads of the genus Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae). Phyllomedusa, 2, 75–82.
Aronson, L.R. (1944) The sexual behavior of anura 6. The mating pattern of Bufo americanus, Bufo fowleri, and Bufo terrestris. American Museum Novitates, 1250, 1–15.
Bernal, M.H., Montealegre, D.P. & Páez, C.A. (2004) Estudio de la vocalización de trece especies de anuros del municipio de Ibagué, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 28, 385–390.
Blair, A.P. (1941) Variation, isolating mechanisms, and hybridization in certain toads. Genetics, 26, 398–417.
Blair, A.P. (1947) The male warning vibration in Bufo. American Museum Novitates, 1344, 1–7.
Blair, W.F. (1956) The mating calls of hybrid toads. The Texas Journal of Science, 8, 350–355.
Blair, W.F. (1958) Mating call in the speciation of anuran amphibians. The American Naturalist, 92, 27–51.
Blair, W.F. (1972) Evidence from hybridization. In: Blair, W.F. (Ed.), Evolution in the genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, pp. 196–232.
Bogert, C.M. (1960) The influence of sound on the behavior of amphibians and reptiles. In: Lanyon, W.E. & Tavolga, W.N. (Eds.), Animal sounds and communication. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington DC, pp. 137–320.
Borteiro, C., Kolenc, F., Tedros, M. & Prigioni, C. (2006) The tadpole of Chaunus dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron) (Anura, Bufonidae). Zootaxa, 1308, 49–62.
Brown, L.E. & Guttman, S.I. (1970) Natural hybridization between the toads Bufo arenarum and Bufo spinulosus in Argentina. The American Midland Naturalist, 83, 160–166.
Brown, L.E. & Littlejohn, M.J. (1972) Male release call in the Bufo americanus group. In: Blair, W.F. (Ed.), Evolution in the genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, pp. 310–323.
Burt, J. (2006) Syrinx Version 2.6h Real Time Spectrographic Recording, Analysis, and Playback of Sounds.
Castellano, S., Tontini, L., Giacoma, C., Lattes, A. & Balletto, E. (2002) The evolution of the release and advertisement calls in the green toads (Bufo viridis complex). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77, 379–391.
Cei, J.M. (1964) La vibración preventiva en poblaciones sympatridas chaqueñas de Bufo granulosus major y Bufo granulosus fernandezae. Notas Biológicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, (Zoología), 4, 15–21.
Cory, B.L. & Manion, J.J. (1955) Ecology and hybridization in the genus Bufo in the Michigan-Indiana Region. Evolution, 9, 42–51.
De la Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Márquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59–61.
De la Riva, I., Reichle, S., Köhler, J., Lötters, S., Bosch, J., Mayer, S., Hennessey, B. & Padial, J.M. (2002) Sounds of frogs and toads of Bolivia. Márquez, R., De la Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Matheu, E. (Eds.), Alosa, Madrid, double audio CD with 48 page booklet.
Di Tada, I.E., Martino, A., & Sinsch, U. (2001) Release vocalizations in neotropical toads (Bufo): ecological constraints and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 39,13–23.
Duellman, W.E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 65, 1–352.
Duellman, W.E. & Trueb, L. (1994) Biology of Amphibians. Second Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 670 pp.
Easteal, S. (1986) Bufo marinus (Linnaeus). Giant Toad. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 395, 1–4.
Gallardo, J.M. (1957) Las subespecies argentinas de Bufo granulosus Spix. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, 3, 336–374.
Gallardo, J.M. (1969) La distribución de las subespecies de Bufo granulosus Spix: Su fidelidad a los sistemas hidrográficos sudamericanos. Ciencia e Investigación, 25, 400–416.
Garda, A.A., De Avelar São Pedro, V. & Bruzzi Lion, M. (2010) The advertisement and release calls of Rhinella jimi (Anura, Bufonidae). South American Journal of Herpetology, 5, 151–156.
Haddad, C.F.B., Cardoso, A.J. & Castanho, L.M. (1990) Hibridação natural entre Bufo ictericus e Bufo crucifer (Amphibia: Anura). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 50, 739–744.
Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Gonçalves da Cruz, C.A., Peixoto, O.L. & Nelson, C.E. (1990) Frogs of Boracéia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231–410.
Ibáñez, R.D., Rand, A.S., Ryan, M.J. & Jaramillo, C.A. (1999) Vocalizations of frogs and toads from Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Soberania National Park and adjacent areas. Mizrachi & Pujol Ed., Panama, audio CD.
Klappenbach, M.A. & Langone, J.A. (1992) Lista sistemática y sinonímica de los anfibios del Uruguay con comentarios y notas sobre su distribución. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 2ª serie, 8, 163–222.
Köhler, J., Reichle, S. & Bonn, G.P. (1997) Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, A, 562, 1–8.
Lescure, J. & Marty, C. (2001) Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels, 45, 388 pp.
Littlejohn, M.J. (2001) Patterns of differentiation in temporal properties of acoustic signals of anurans. In: Ryan, M.J. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp. 102–20.
Maciel, N.M., Brandão, R.A., Campos, L.A. & Sebben, A. (2007) A large new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cerrado of Brazil. Zootaxa, 1627, 23–39.
Sony Creative Software Inc, Sony Corporation of America. (2007). Sound Forge 9.0a Professional Digital Audio Production Suite.
Martin, W.F. (1972) Evolution of vocalization in the genus Bufo. In: Blair, W.F. (Ed.), Evolution in the genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, pp. 279–309.
Masta, S.E., Sullivan, B.K., Lamb, T. & Routman, E.J. (2002) Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in Eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24, 302–314
Narvaes, P. & Trefaut Rodrigues, M. (2009) Taxonomic revision of Rhinella granulosa species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), with a description of a new species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 40, 1–73.
Pramuk, J.B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407–452.
Pramuk, J.B., Robertson, T., Sites, J.W. Jr. & Noonan, B.P. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72–83.
Prigioni, C. & Achaval, F. (1992) Clave para la determinación de los anfibios del Uruguay. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 19 pp.
Rengel, D. (1948) Sobre la vibración preventiva ("warning vibration") en los sapos machos del norte argentino. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6, 279–282.
Rengel, D. (1949) La vibración "preventiva" como carácter ambosexual en algunos batracios de la provincia de Tucumán. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 7, 353–358.
Salas, N.E., Zavattieri, M.V., Di Tada, I.E., Martino, A.L. & Bridarolli, M.E. (1998) Bioacustical and etho-ecological features in amphibian communities of Southern Cordoba province (Argentina). Cuadernos de Herpetología, 12, 37–46.
Schlüter, A. (1981) Bio-akustische Untersuchungen an Bufoniden in einem begrenzten Gebiet des tropischen Regenwaldes von Peru. (Amphibia: Salientia: Bufonidae). Salamandra, 17, 99–105.
Sullivan, B.K. (1989) Interpopulational variation in vocalizations of Bufo woodhousii. Journal of Herpetology, 23, 368–373.
Vogel, L.S. & Johnson, S.G. (2008) Estimation of hybridization and introgression frequency in toads (genus: Bufo) using DNA sequence variation at mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 61–75.
Volpe, E.P. (1952) Physiological evidence for natural hybridization of Bufo americanus and Bufo fowleri. Evolution, 6, 393–406.
Wells, K.D. (1977) The social behaviour of anuran amphibians. Animal Behaviour, 25, 666–693.
Wells, K.D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Zar, J.H. (1984) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice–Hall, New Jersey.
Zweifel, R.G. (1965) Distribution and mating calls of the Panamánian toads, Bufo coccifer and B. granulosus. Copeia, 1965, 108–110.
Zweifel, R.G. (1968) Effects of temperature, body size, and hybridization on mating calls of toads, Bufo a. americanus and Bufo woodhousii fowleri. Copeia, 1968, 269–285.
Zimmerman, B.L. (1983) A comparison of structural features of calls of open and forest habitat frog species in the Central Amazon. Herpetologica, 39, 235–246.
Zimmerman, B.L. & Bogart, J.P. (1984) Vocalizations of primary forest frog species in the Central Amazon. Acta Amazonica, 14, 473–519.
Zimmerman, B.L. & Bogart, J.P. (1988) Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 22, 97–108.