Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2009-02-23
Page range: 1–24
Abstract views: 220
PDF downloaded: 6

A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids

Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
Department of Geology, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A
Reptilia nomenclature Synapsida Dicynodontia Permian Triassic

Abstract

A higher-level taxonomic framework for the Permo-Triassic anomodont therapsids (dicynodonts and their relatives) is presented in order to bring concordance between reconstructions of anomodont phylogeny and nomenclature. Taxonomic histories, remarks on current usage, and phylogenetic definitions are provided for twenty-two higher level (i.e., suprageneric) anomodont taxa: Anomodontia, Bidentalia, Chainosauria, Cistecephalidae, Cryptodontia, Dicynodontia, Dicynodontoidea, Emydopidae, Emydopoidea, Endothiodontia, Eumantelliidae, Geikiidae, Geikiinae, Kingoriidae, Kistecephalia, Lystrosauridae, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pylaecephalidae, Rhachiocephalidae, Therochelonia, and Venyukovioidea. Additionally, lists of diagnostic characters supporting each of these higher taxa are given, utilizing the results of several recent phylogenetic analyses of anomodont relationships.

References

  1. Abdala, F. (2007) Redescription of Platycraniellus elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts. Palaeontology, 50, 591–618.

    Abdala, F. & Ribeiro, A.M. (2003) A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian-Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 529–545.

    Abdala, F., Neveling, J. & Welman, J. (2006) A new trirachodontid cynodont from the lower levels of the Burgersdorp Formation (Lower Triassic) of the Beaufort Group, South Africa and the cladistic relationships of Gondwanan gomphodonts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 383–413.

    Amalitzky, V.P. (1922) Diagnoses of the new forms of vertebrates and plants from the Upper Permian on North Dvina. Bulletin de l’Académie des Sciences de Russie, Sixth Series, 16, 329–340.

    Anderson, J.A. & Reisz, R.R. (2004) Pyozia mesenensis, a new, small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: “pelycosaur” diversity in the Middle Permian. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 173–179.

    Angielczyk, K.D. (2001) Preliminary phylogenetic analysis and stratigraphic congruence of the dicynodont anomodonts (Synapsida: Therapsida). Palaeontologia Africana, 37, 53–79.

    Angielczyk, K.D (2002) Redescription, phylogenetic position, and stratigraphic significance of the dicynodont genus Odontocyclops (Synapsida; Therapsida). Journal of Paleontology, 76, 1047–1059.

    Angielczyk, K.D. (2004) Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida). Paleobiology, 30, 268–296.

    Angielczyk, K.D. (2007) New specimens of the Tanzanian dicynodont “Cryptocynodon” parringtoni von Huene, 1942 (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian dicynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 116–131.

    Angielczyk, K.D., Fröbisch, J. & Smith, R.M.H. (2005) On the stratigraphic range of the dicynodont taxon Emydops (Therapsida, Anomodontia) in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 41, 23–33.

    Angielczyk, K.D. & Kurkin, A.A. (2003a) Phylogenetic analysis of Russian Permian dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia): implications for Permian biostratigraphy and Pangaean biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 157–212.

    Angielczyk, K.D. & Kurkin, A.A. (2003b) Has the utility of Dicynodon for Upper Permian terrestrial biostratigraphy been overstated? Geology, 31, 363–366.

    Angielczyk, K.D. & Sullivan, C. (2008) Diictodon feliceps (Owen, 1876), a dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) species with a Pangaean distribution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 788–802.

    Bain, A.G. (1845) On the discovery of fossil remains of bidental and other reptiles in South Africa. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second Series, 7, 53–59.

    Battail, B. (2000) A comparison of Late Permian Gondwanan and Laurasian amniote faunas. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 31, 165–174.

    Boonstra, L.D. (1948) On the anomodont reptiles from the Tapinocephalus-zone of the Karroo System. In: Du Toit, A.L. (Ed.), Special Publication of the Royal Society of South Africa: Robert Broom Commemorative Volume. Royal Society of South Africa, Cape Town, pp. 57–64.

    Boonstra, L.D. (1963) Diversity within the South African Dinocephalia. South African Journal of Science, 59, 176–195.

    Botha, J. & Angielczyk, K.D. (2007) An integrative approach to distinguishing the Late Permian dicynodont species Oudenodon bainii and Tropidostoma microtrema (Therapsida: Anomodontia). Palaeontology, 50, 1175–1209.

    Brink, A.S. (1982) Illustrated bibliographic catalogue of the Synapsida. Handbook of the South African Geological Survey, No. 10.

    Brinkman, D. (1981) The structure and relationships of the dromasaurs (Reptilia: Therapsida). Breviora, 465, 1–34.

    Broom, R. (1903a) On the classification of the theriodonts and their allies. Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, 1, 286–294.

    Broom, R. (1903b) On some new primitive theriodonts in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 4, 147–158.

    Broom, R. (1905) On the use of the term Anomodontia. Records of the Albany Museum, 1, 266–269.

    Broom, R. (1907) On some new fossil reptiles from the Karroo beds of Victoria West, South Africa. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 18, 31–42.

    Broom, R. (1910) A comparison of the Permian reptiles of North America with those of South Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 28, 197–234.

    Broom, R. (1912a) On some points in the structure of the dicynodont skull. Annals of the South African Museum, 7, 337–351.

    Broom, R. (1912b) On some new fossil reptiles from the Permian and Triassic beds of South Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1912, 859–876.

    Broom, R. (1913a) On some new genera and species of dicynodont reptiles, with notes on a few others. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 441–457.

    Broom, R. (1913b) On some new carnivorous therapsids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 557–561.

    Broom, R. (1931) Notices of some new genera and species of Karroo fossil reptiles. Records of the Albany Museum, 4, 161–166.

    Broom, R. (1932) The Mammal-Like Reptiles of South Africa and the Origin of Mammals. H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 376 pp.

    Broom, R. (1935) A new type of anomodont reptile. Nature, 135, 583–584.

    Broom, R. (1938) On two new anomodont genera. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 19, 247–250.

    Broom, R. & George, M. (1950) Some new anomodont reptiles in the Bernard Price Collection. South African Journal of Science, 46, 275–278.

    Cluver, M.A. (1971) The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum, 56, 155–274.

    Cluver, M.A. (1974) The skull and mandible of a new cistecephalid dicynodont. Annals of the South African Museum, 64, 137–155.

    Cluver, M.A. (1975) A new dicynodont reptile from the Tapinocephalus Zone (Karoo System, Beaufort Series) of South Africa, with evidence of the jaw adductor musculature. Annals of the South African Museum, 67, 7–23.

    Cluver, M.A. & Hotton, N., III. (1981) The genera Dicynodon and Diictodon and their bearing on the classification of the Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida). Annals of the South African Museum, 83, 99–146.

    Cluver, M.A. & King, G.M. (1983) A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum, 91, 195–273.

    Cope, E.D. (1870) Remarks. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 11, 419.

    Cope, E.D. (1871) On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and on the systematic arrangement of the class. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 19, 194–247.

    Cox, C.B. (1959) On the anatomy of a new dicynodont genus with evidence of the position of the tympanum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 132, 321–367.

    Cox, C.B. (1964) On the palate, dentition, and classification of the fossil reptile Endothiodon and related genera. American Museum Novitates, 2171, 1–25.

    Cox, C.B. (1972) A new digging dicynodont from the Upper Permian of Tanzania. In: Joysey, K.A. & Kemp, T.S. (Eds.), Studies in Vertebrate Evolution. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 173–189

    Cox, C.B. & Li, J.-L. (1983) A new genus of Triassic dicynodont from East Africa and its classification. Palaeontology, 26, 389–406.

    Cruickshank, A.R.I. & Keyser, A.W. (1984) Remarks on the genus Geikia Newton, 1893, and its relationships with other dicynodonts: (Reptilia: Therapsida). Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 87, 35–39.

    Damiani, R., Vasconcelos, C., Renaut, A., Hancox, J. & Yates, A. (2007) Dolichuranus primaevus (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Middle Triassic of Namibia and its phylogenetic relationships. Palaeontology, 50, 1531–1546.

    Efremov, I.A. (1940) [Composition of the northern Dvina fauna of Permian Amphibia and Reptilia from the excavations of V. P. Amalitzky]. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de l’URSS, 27, 893–896. [in Russian]

    Fröbisch, J. (2007) The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 150, 117–144.

    Fröbisch, J. & Reisz, R.R. (2008) A new species of Emydops (Synapsida, Anomodontia) and a discussion of dental variability and pathology in dicynodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 770–787.

    Gauthier, J., Kluge, A.G. & Rowe, T. (1988) Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics, 4, 105–209.

    Grine, F.E. (1997) Dinocephalians are not anomodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 177–183.

    Hammer, W.R. & Cosgriff, J.W. (1981) Myosaurus gracilis, an anomodont reptile from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica and South Africa. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 410–424.

    Haughton, S.H. (1917) Investigations in South African fossil reptiles and amphibia. 10. Descriptive catalogue of the Anomodontia, with especial reference to the examples in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 12, 127–174.

    Haughton, S.H. (1932) On a collection of Karroo vertebrates from Tanganyika Territory. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 88, 634–668.

    Hopson, J.A. (1991) Systematics of the nonmammalian Synapsida and implication for patterns of evolution in synapsids. In: Schultze, H.-P. & Trueb, L. (Eds.), Origin of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 635–693.

    Hopson, J.A. & Barghusen, H.R. (1986) An analysis of therapsid relationships. In: Hotton, N., III, MacLean, P., Roth, J. & Roth, E. (Eds.), The Ecology and Biology of the Mammal-Like Reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 83–106.

    Hopson, J.A. & Kitching, J.W. (2001) A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 156, 5–35.

    Hotton, N., III. (1974) A new dicynodont (Reptilia, Therapsida) from Cynognathus Zone deposits of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 64, 157–165.

    von Huene, F. (1942) Die Anomodontier des Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der Tübinger Sammlung. Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Paläozoologie-Stratigraphie, 94, 154–184.

    von Huene, F. (1948) Short review of the lower tetrapods. In: Du Toit, A.L. (Ed.), Special Publication of the Royal Society of South Africa: Robert Broom Commemorative Volume. Royal Society of South Africa, Cape Town, pp. 65–106.

    Huxley, T.H. (1859) On a new species of Dicynodon (D. Murrayi), from near Colesberg, South Africa; and on the structure of the skull in dicynodonts. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 15, 649–658.

    Huxley, T.H. (1868) On Saurosternon Bainii, and Pristerodon McKayi, two new fossil lacertilian reptiles from South Africa. Geological Magazine, 5, 201–205.

    Ivakhnenko, M.F. (1996) Primitive anomodonts, venyukoviids, from the Late Permian of Eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal, 30, 575–582.

    Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2001) [Tetrapods from the East European Placket—Late Paleozoic natural territorial complex]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, 283, 1–200. [in Russian]

    Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2003) Eotherapsids from the East European Placket (Late Permian). Paleontological Journal, 37, S339–S465.

    Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2008) Cranial morphology and evolution of Permian Dinomorpha (Eotherapsida) of Eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal, 42, 859–995.

    Ivakhnenko, M.F., Golubev, V.K., Gubin, Y.M., Kalandadze, N.N., Novikov, I.V., Sennikov, A.G. & Rautian, A.S. (1997) [Permian and Triassic Tetrapods of Eastern Europe]. GEOS, Moscow, 216 pp. [in Russian]

    Jordan, G.E. & Piel, W.H. (2008) PhyloWidget: web-based visualizations for the tree of life. Bioinformatics, 24, 1641–1642.

    Kemp, T.S. (1982) Mammal-Like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals. Academic Press, New York, 363 pp.

    Kemp, T.S. (2006) The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19, 1231–1247.

    Keyser, A.W. (1975) A re-evaluation of the cranial morphology and systematics of some tuskless Anomodontia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of South Africa, 67, 1–110.

    Keyser, A.W. (1993) A re-evaluation of the smaller Endothiodontidae. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of South Africa, 82, 1–53.

    Keyser, A.W. & Cruickshank, A.R.I. (1979) The origins and classification of Triassic dicynodonts. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 82, 81–108.

    King, G.M. (1988) Anomodontia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 17 C. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 174 pp.

    King, G.M. (1990) The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology. Chapman and Hall, London, 233 pp.

    King, G.M. & Rubidge, B.S, (1993) A taxonomic revision of small dicynodonts with postcanine teeth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 131–154.

    Kitching, J.W. (1968) On the Lystrosaurus Zone and its fauna with special reference to some immature Lystrosauridae. Palaeontologia Africana, 11, 61–76.

    Kitching, J.W. (1977) The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research Memoir, 1, 1–131.

    Kurkin, A.A. (1999) A new dicynodont from the Malaya Severnaya Dvina River excavations. Paleontological Journal, 33, 297–301.

    Kurkin, A.A. (2000) New dicynodonts from the Upper Permian of the Vyatka Basin. Paleontological Journal, 34, S203–S210.

    Kurkin, A.A. (2001) New Late Permian dicynodonts from the Vyazniki assemblage of terrestrial tetrapods of Eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal, 35, 53–59.

    Kurkin, A.A. (2006) A new dicynodont (Anomodontia, Eotherapsida) from the Upper Permian of Tatarstan. Paleontological Journal, 40, 434–437.

    Li, J.-L. & Cheng, Z.-W. (1997) First discovery of eotitanosuchian (Therapsida, Synapsida) of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 35, 268–282.

    Lydekker, R. (1889) Part III. Palæozoology: Vertebrata. In: Nicholson, H. & Lydekker, R. (Eds.), A Manual of Palæontology for the Use of Students, Vol. 2. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, pp. 889–1474.

    Maddin, H.C., Sidor, C.A. & Reisz, R.R. (2008) Cranial anatomy of Ennatosaurus tecton (Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 160–180.

    Maisch, M.W. (2000) Observations on Karoo vertebrates. Part 1. The taxonomic status of Rhachiocephalus usiliensis (von Huene, 1942) (Therapsida, Dicynodontia) from the Upper Permian Kawinga Formation of Tanzania. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 2000, 15–28.

    Maisch, M.W. (2001) Observations on Karoo and Gondwana vertebrates. Part 2: A new skull-reconstruction of Stahleckeria potens von Huene, 1935 (Dicynodon, Middle Triassic) and a reconsideration of kannemeyeriiform phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 220, 127–152.

    Maisch, M.W. (2002a) A new basal lystrosaurid dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology, 45, 343–359.

    Maisch, M.W. (2002b) Observations on Karoo and Gondwana vertebrates. Part 4: The taxonomic status of the Late Permian rhachiocephalid Platycyclops crassus Broom, 1948 (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from the South African Karoo. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 2002, 362–372.

    Maisch, M.W. (2003) Lower jaw morphology and jaw adductor musculature of the giant Permian dicynodont Rhachiocephalus Seeley, 1898 (Therapsida) from the Late Permian of Tanzania. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 37, 89–106.

    Maisch, M.W. (2004) Postcranial morphology of Rhachiocephalus Seeley, 1898 (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from the Upper Permian of Tanzania and the status of Platypodosaurus robustus Owen, 1880. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 38, 161–175.

    Maisch, M.W. & Gebauer, E.V.I. (2005) Reappraisal of Geikia locusticeps (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from the Upper Permian of Tanzania. Palaeontology, 48, 309–324.

    Modesto, S.P., Rubidge, B.S. & Welman, J. (1999) The most basal anomodont therapsid and the primacy of Gondwana in the evolution of the anomodonts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 331–337.

    Modesto, S.P., Sidor, C.A., Rubidge, B.S. & Welman, J. (2001) A second varanopseid skull from the Upper Permian of South Africa: implications for Late Permian ‘pelycosaur’ evolution. Lethaia, 34, 249–259.

    Modesto, S.P., Rubidge, B.S. & Welman, J. (2002) A new dicynodont therapsid from the lowermost Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 1755–1765.

    Modesto, S.P., Rubidge, B.S., Visser, I. & Welman, J. (2003a) A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology, 46, 211–223.

    Modesto, S.P., Rubidge, B.S. & Welman, J. (2003b) Erratum: A replacement name for Lanthanocephalus Modesto, Rubidge, and Welman, 2002, not Lanthanocephalus Williams and Starmer, 2000. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 467.

    Modesto, S.P. & Rubidge, B.S. (2000) A basal anomodont therapsid from the lower Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 515–521.

    Modesto, S.P. & Rybczynski, N. (2000) The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography. In: Benton, M.J., Shishkin, M.A., Unwin, D.M. & Kurochkin, E.N. (Eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17–34.

    Newton, E.T. (1893) On some new reptiles from the Elgin Sandstone. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 184, 431–503.

    Nopcsa, F. (1923) Die Familien der Reptilien. Verlag von Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 210 pp.

    Nopcsa, F. (1928) The genera of reptiles. Palaeobiologica, 1, 163–188.

    Owen, R. (1845) Report on the reptilian fossils of South Africa. Part I.—Description of certain fossil crania, discovered by A. G. Bain, Esq., in sandstone rocks at the south-eastern extremity of Africa, referable to different species of an extinct genus of Reptilia (Dicynodon), and indicative of a new tribe or sub-order of Sauria. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second Series, 7, 59–84.

    Owen, R. (1859) On some reptilian remains from South Africa. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 10, 289–291.

    Owen, R. (1860a) On some reptilian fossils from South Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 16, 49–63.

    Owen, R. (1860b) On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time. Report of the Twenty-Ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1859, 153–166.

    Owen, R. (1861) Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations, 2nd Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 463 pp.

    Owen, R. (1876) Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, 88 pp.

    Ray, S. (2001) Small Permian dicynodonts from India. Paleontological Research, 5, 177–191.

    Ray, S. (2006) Functional and evolutionary aspects of the postcranial anatomy of dicynodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida). Palaeontology, 49, 1263–1286.

    Reisz, R.R. & Berman, D.S. (2001) The skull of Mesenosaurus romeri, a small varanopseid (Synapsida: Eupelycosauria) from the Upper Permian of the Mezen River Basin, northern Russia. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 70, 113–132.

    Reisz, R.R. & Laurin, M. (2004) A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid Watongia and of its stratigraphic significance. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, 377–386.

    Romer, A.S. (1936) Studies on American Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods. Problems of Paleontology, 1, 85–93.

    Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 772 pp.

    Romer, A.S. (1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd Edition. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 468 pp.

    Rowe, T. (1980) The morphology, affinities, and age of the dicynodont reptile Geikia elginensis. In: Jacobs, L. (Ed.), Aspects of Vertebrate History. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff, pp. 269–294.

    Rubidge, B.S. & Hopson, J.A. (1990) A new anomodont therapsid from South Africa and its bearing on the ancestry of Dicynodontia. South African Journal of Science, 86, 43–45.

    Rubidge, B.S. & Kitching, J.W. (2003) A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the lower Beaufort Group of South Africa. Palaeontology, 46, 199–210.

    Rubidge, B.S. & Sidor, C.A. (2001) Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 449–480.

    Rybczynski, N. (2000) Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Suminia getmanovi, a basal anomodont (Amniota: Therapsida) from the Late Permian of Eastern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 329–373.

    Seeley, H.G. (1888) Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. VI. On the anomodont Reptilia and their allies [Abstract]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 44, 381–383.

    Seeley, H.G. (1889) Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia.—VI. On the anomodont Reptilia and their allies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 180, 215–296.

    Seeley, H.G. (1894) Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia.—Part IX., Section 1. On the Therosuchia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 185, 987–1018.

    Seeley, H.G. (1898) On Oudenodon (Aulacocephalus) pithecops from the Dicynodon Beds of East London, Cape Colony. Geological Magazine, 4, 107–110.

    Sidor, C.A. (2000) Evolutionary Trends and Relationships Within the Synapsida. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Chicago.

    Sidor, C.A. & Hopson, J.A. (1998) Ghost lineages and “mammalness”: assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida. Paleobiology, 24, 254–273.

    Sidor, C.A. & Rubidge, B.S. (2006) Herpetoskylax hopsoni, a new biarmosuchian (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Beaufort Group of South Africa. In: Carrano, M.T., Gaudin, T.J., Blob, R.W. & Wible, J.R. (Eds.), Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 76–113.

    Sidor, C.A. & Smith, R.M.H. (2007) A second burnetiamorph therapsid from the Permian Teekloof Formation of South Africa and its associated fauna. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 420–430.

    Sidor, C.A. & Welman, J. (2003) A second specimen of Lemurosaurus pricei (Therapsida: Burnetiamorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 631–642.

    Sullivan, C. & Reisz, R.R. (2005) Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of the Late Permian dicynodont Diictodon. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 74, 45–75.

    Surkov, M.V. (2000) On the historical biogeography of Middle Triassic anomodonts. Paleontological Journal, 34, 84–88.

    Surkov, M.V. & Benton, M.J. (2004) The basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis. Palaeontology, 47, 619–638.

    Surkov, M.V., Kalandadze, N.N. & Benton, M.J. (2005) Lystrosaurus georgi, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25, 402–413.

    Tchudinov, P.K. (1960) [Upper Permian therapsids of the Ezhovo locality]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1960, 81–94. [in Russian]

    Toerien, M.J. (1953) The evolution of the palate in South African Anomodontia and its classificatory significance. Palaeontologia Africana, 1, 49–117.

    Turton, W. (1822) Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. The Shells of the British Islands. M.A. Nattali, London, 279 pp.

    van Hoepen, E.C.N. (1934) Oor die indeling van die Dicynodontidae na aanleiding van nuew vorme. Paleontologiese Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum, 2, 67–101.

    Vega-Dias, C., Maisch, M.W. & Schultz, C.L. (2004) A new phylogenetic analysis of Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida) and the systematic position of Jachaleria candelariensis from the Upper Triassic of Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 231, 145–166.

    Watson, D.M.S. (1917) A sketch classification of the pre-Jurassic tetrapod vertebrates. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1917, 167–186.

    Watson, D.M.S. (1921) The bases of classification of the Theriodontia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1921, 35–98.

    Watson, D.M.S. & Romer, A. S. (1956) A classification of therapsid reptiles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 114, 35–89.

    Weithofer, A. (1888) Ueber einen neuen Dicynodonten (Dicynodon simocephalus) aus der Karrooformation Südafrikas. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 3, 1–5.

    Wyllie, A. (2003) A review of Robert Broom’s therapsid holotypes: have they survived the test of time? Palaeontologia Africana, 39, 1–19.