Abstract
A taxon, traditionally referred to the rank order, encompassing all recent taxa of salamanders and their close fossil relatives, is highly supported as holophyletic in all recent phylogenetic analyses of amphibians. Under the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, among about thirty nomina available for this taxon in the literature, two only qualify as sozodiaphonyms: Urodela Duméril, 1805 and Caudata Duméril, 1805. The conflict for validity between these two nomina is solved by the Principle of Airesy (first reviser). The valid nomen for this taxon is therefore Urodela Duméril, 1805, which corresponds to the majority of uses in the literature since their creation, and which should replace all other nomina, authorships and dates sometimes credited to this taxon in publications, catalogues and databases.
References
ASW (2019) [Frost, D.] Amphibian Species of the World. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. <research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibian>. [Last accessed on 10 January 2020].
Abel, O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbelthiere. Berlin & Leipzig (Walter de Gruyter & Co.): i–xviii + 1–914.
Blainville, H. de (1816) Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal. Bulletin des Sciences de la Société philomatique de Paris, juillet 1816: ‘105–112’ [113–120] + 121–124.
Cannatella, D. C. (2007) An integrative phylogeny of Amphibia. In: P. M. Narins, A. S. Feng, R. R. Fay & A. N. Popper (ed.), Hearing and sound communication in amphibians, New York (Springer): 12–43. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1_2>.
Cannatella, D. C. & Hillis, D. M. (2004) Amphibians: leading a life of slime. In: J. Cracraft & M. J. Donoghue (ed.), Assembling the tree of life, New York (Columbia University Press): 430‒450.
Cantino, P. D. & Queiroz, K. de (2020) International code of phylogenetic nomenclature (PhyloCode). Boca Raton, London & New York (CRC Press): i‒xl + 1‒149. <https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429446320>.
Cope, E. D. (1859) On the primary divisions of the Salamandridae, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11: 122–128.
Cope, E. D. (1889) The Batrachia of North America. Bulletin of the United States national Museum, 34: 1–525, pl. 1–86.
Dubois, A. (2013) Zygoidy, a new nomenclatural concept. Bionomina, 6: 1–25. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.6.1.1>.
Dubois, A. (2015) The Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature. Dumerilia, 5: 1–108.
Dubois, A., Bauer, A. M., Ceríaco, L. M. P., Dusoulier, F., Frétey, T., Löbl, I., Lorvelec, O., Ohler, A., Stopiglia, R. & Aescht, E. (2019) The Linz Zoocode project: a set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019). Bionomina, 17: 1–111. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.17.1.1>.
Dubois, A. & Frétey (2020) Herpetological higher taxa nomina. 1. Introduction and methodology. Bionomina, 19: 1‒56. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.19.1.1>.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (2019) The nomina Anura, Urodela, Ecaudata and Caudata, credited to ‘Fischer von Waldheim, 1813’, do not exist, with comments on the nomenclature of higher zoological taxa and on the authorships and dates of other amphibian nomina. Bionomina, 14: 1‒68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.14.1.1>.
Dubois, A., Ohler, A. & Pyron, R. A. (in press) New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia). Megataxa, 5 (1): in press.
Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2012) A new ergotaxonomy of the order Urodela Duméril, 1805 (Amphibia, Batrachia). Alytes, 28 (3–4): 77–161.
Duméril A. M. C. (1805) Zoologie analytique, ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendue plus facile à l’aide de tableaux synoptiques. Paris (Allais), ‘1806’: i–xxxiii + 1–544. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44835>.
Fischer, G. (1813) Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata. Editio tertia, classium, ordinum, generum illustratione perpetua aucta. Volumen primum, Tabulas synopticas generales et comparativas, nec non characterum quoundam explicationem iconographicam continens. Mosquae (Typis Nicolai Sergeidis Vsevolozsky): i–xiv + 1–465.
Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., Sá, R. O. de, Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M., Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297: 1–370. <https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2>.
Gadow, H. (1898) A classification of Vertebrata, recent and extinct. London (Adam & Charles Black): i‒xvii + 1‒82. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.24205>.
Girard, C. (1858) Herpetology. In: United States exploring expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N, Volume 20, Philadelphia (Sherman & Son): i–xv + 1–492.
Goodrich, E. S. (1930) Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates. London (Macmillan & Co.): i–xxx + 1–837. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82144>.
Gray, J. E. (1825) A synopsis of the genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, (2), 10: 193–217.
Haeckel, E. (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Zweiter Band. Allgemeine Entwickelungsgeschichte der Organismen. Berlin (Georg Kramer): i–clx + 1–462, pl. 1–8. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110848281>.
Hay, O. P. (1929) Second bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Vertebrata of North America. Vol. 1. Washington (Carnegie Institution of Washington): i–viii + 1–916.
Hogg, J. (1838) [On the classifications of the Amphibia]. Annals of natural History (1), 1 (2): 152. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933809512254>.
Irisarri, I., San Mauro, D., Abascal, F., Ohler, A., Vences, M. & Zardoya, R. (2012) The origin of modern frogs (Neobatrachia) was accompanied by acceleration in mitochondrial and nuclear substitution rates. BMC Genomics, 13 (626): 1–19. <https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-626>.
Leuckart, S. (1821) Einiges über die fischartigen Amphibien. Isis von Oken, Litterarischer Anzeiger, 1821: 257–265, pl. 5.
Leuckart, F. S. (1840) Einige zoologische Bemerkungen. 2. Ueber das Gen. Cryptobranchus. Neue Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde, 13 (2): 19–20.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus 1. Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii): [i–iv] + 1–824. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542>.
Linné, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus 1, Pars II. Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii): 533–1327 + [i–xxxvii].
Oppel, M. (1811) Second mémoire sur la classification des Reptiles. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, 16: 394–418.
Pyron, R. A. & Wiens, J. J. (2011) A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including ovder 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61: 543–583. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012>.
Qian, L., Sun, X., Li, J., Guo, W., Pan, T., Kang, X., Wang, H., Jiang, J., Wu, J. & Zhang, B. (2017) A new species of the genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from the southern Dabie Mountains in Anhui province. Asian herpetological Research, 8 (3): 151–164.
Queiroz, K. de, Cantino, P. D. & Gauthier, J. A. (2020) Phylonyms. A companion to the PhyloCode. Boca Raton, London & New York (CRC Press): i‒xxvii + 1‒1324. <https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429446276>.
Queiroz, K. de & Gauthier, J. (1992) Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 23: 449–480. <https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002313>.
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d’Erpetologia Siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10): 102–104.
Roelants, K. & Bossuyt, F. (2005) Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Systematic Biology, 54 (1): 111–126. <https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590905894>.
Ruggiero, M. A., Gordon, D. P, Orrell, T. M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R. C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PloS One, 10 (4) [e0119248]: 1‒60 + S1 Appendix (1‒12) + S1 Table. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119248>.
San Mauro, D. (2010) A multilocus timescale for the origin of extant amphibians. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 56: 554‒561. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.019>.
Scopoli, I. A. (1777) Introductio ad historiam naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, edt animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Pragae (Gerle): [i–x] + 1–506 + i–xxxvi. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10827>.
Solis, J. M., Espinal, M. R., Valle, R. E., O’Reilly, C. M., Itgen, M. W. & Townsend, J. H. (2016) On the taxonomy of Oedipina stuarti (Caudata: Plethodontidae), with description of a new species from suburban Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Salamandra, 52 (2): 125–133.
Trueb, L. & Cloutier, R. (1991) A phylogenetic investigation of the inter- and intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). In: H.-P. Schultze & L. Trueb (ed.), Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus, Ithaca & New York (Cornell University Press): 223–313.
Zhang, P., Liang, D., Mao, R.-L., Hillis, D. M., Wake, D. B. & Cannatella, D. C. (2013) Efficient sequencing of anuran mtDNAs and a mitogenomic exploration of the phylogeny and evolution of frogs. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (8): 1899–1915. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst091>.
Zhang, P. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Higher-level salamandere relationships and divdergence dates inferred from compllete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53: 492–509. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.010>.
Zittel, K. A. (1888) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I Abtheilung. Palaeozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves). Second instalment. München & Leipzig (R. Oldenbourg): 257–436.