Abstract
The genus Theraphosa was established by Thorell (1870) as the type genus of the simultaneously published family Theraphosidae, the most diverse group of mygalomorph spiders. This authorship and publication date have long been accepted by the majority of authors. However, there has been a long-standing minority view that the genus name should be attributed to Walckenaer (1805), and the publication date of the family name changed to 1869.
A thought-provoking recent publication has examined this case. Based on a limited selection of the relevant literature, the authors struggled to make sense of their sources and prematurely concluded that the minority opinion might indeed be correct. They overlooked the potentially destabilising implications of this reattribution.
This paper revisits the evidence in the light of a much wider range of relevant publications, places it in its important historical context and, on the basis of the current rules of nomenclature, concludes that the traditional consensus has indeed been correct.
Thus, Theraphosa Thorell, 1870 is the type genus of Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870 and a nomen protectum, while Theraphosa Schinz, 1823 is a nomen oblitum, mostly limited to the German textbook literature of the early 19th century. Teraphosa Eichwald, 1830 and Teraphosa Gistel, 1848 are junior synonyms of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (syn. nov.). Theraphosa Walckenaer, 1805 is a suprageneric name of the class-series (synonymous to Mygalomorphae) and not available at the genus level.
References
Anonymous (1508) Vocabularius gemma gemmarum, quia per insertionem multorum vocabulorum emendates est ideo merito gemma gemmarum appellatur. Argentinorum [Strasbourg] (Prüss): 312 unnumbered pages.
Anonymous (1588) Decreta, seu statuta vetera serenissimorum ac praepotentum Sabaudiae ducum, et Pedemontii principum, multis in loci emendata. Augustae Taurinorum [Turin] (Nicolai Beuilaquae): [i‒xii] + 1–146 numbered folios + [i–viii].
Anonymous (1802) [Review of] Mémoire sur une nouvelle distribution méthodique des araignées, par le C. Latreille. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique, 3 (61): 103–104.
Anonymous (1813) [Review of Tableau des Aranéides and Histoire naturelle des Aranéides by C. A. Walckenaer.] Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung vom Jahre 1813, Zweyter Band, Halle & Leipzig: 829.
Anonymous (1839) Bibelen eller den Heliga Skrift, innehållande Gamla och Nya Testamentets Canoniska Böcker. Stockholm (Samuel Rumstedt): 1–950 + 1–320.
Anonymous [International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature] (1928) Opinion 104. 57 generic names placed in the Official List. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 73 (5): 25–28.
Anonymous [International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code for Zoological Nomenclature. 4th edition. <https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online>.
Agassiz, L. (1848) Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Universalis continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventum quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum. Solodurum (Jent et Gassmann): v–x + 1–1135. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1819>.
Almeida, M., Salvatierra, Q. L. & Morais J. W. de (2018) First record of Theraphosa apophysis (Tinter, 1991) (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) in Brazil. Check List, 14 (4): 647–650. <https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.647>.
Auer, H.-W. (2008) Riesenvogelspinnen. Theraphosa blondi & Theraphosa apophysis. Offenbach (Herpeton): 1–94.
Ausserer, A. (1871) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 21: 117–224.
Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28: 29–42. <https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2000)028[0029:MPBAHF]2.0.CO;2>.
Bertani, R. (2001) Revision, cladistic analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu, and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 36: 265–356.
Bilce, T. M., Monteiro, L. B., Coêlho, T. A. & De Souza, D. C. (2021) Predation of the snake Drymoluber dichrous (Peters, 1863) (Serpentes: Colubridae) by the spider Theraphosa blondi (Latreille, 1804) (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Herpetology Notes, 14: 239–241.
Blanchard, R. (ed.) (1905) Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. Paris (Rudeval): 1–64.
Bonnet, P. (1945) Bibliographia Araneorum. Analyse méthodique de toute la littérature aranéologique jusqu’en 1939. Tome 1. Toulouse (Douladoure): v–xvii + 1–832.
Bonnet, P. (1957) Bibliographia Araneorum. Analyse méthodique de toute la littérature aranéologique jusqu’en 1939. Tome 2. Systématique des araignées (Étude par ordre alphabétique). (3me partie: G–M). Toulouse (Douladoure): 1927–3026.
Bonnet, P. (1959) Bibliographia Araneorum. Analyse méthodique de toute la littérature aranéologique jusqu’en 1939. Tome 2. Systématique des araignées (Étude par ordre alphabétique). (5me partie: T‒Z). Toulouse (Douladoure): 4231–5058.
Brignoli, P. M. (1983) A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester (Manchester University Press): 1–755.
Brito, D. (2010) Overcoming the Linnean shortfall: data deficiency and biological survey priorities. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11 (8): 709–713. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.09.007>.
Cantino, P. D. & Queiroz, K. D. de (2019) International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode). <https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429446320>.
Clerck, C. (1757) Aranei Svecici. Svenska spindlar, uti sina hufvud-slågter indelte samt under några och sextio särskildte arter beskrefne och med illuminerade figurer uplyste. Stockholm (Laurentius Salvius): [i–xiv] + 1–154 + pl. 1–6. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119890>.
Dahl, F. (1901) Die internationalen Nomenclaturregeln und ihre Anwendung auf die ältesten Spinnengattungen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 67 (Beiheft): 41–64.
Dahl, F. (1902) Noch einmal über die internationalen Nomenclaturregeln und ihre Anwendung auf die ältesten Spinnengattungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25:157–162.
Dubois, A. (2007) Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature: the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks. Zootaxa, 519: 27–68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1519.1.3>.
Dubois, A. (2010) Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: priority vs. ‘usage’. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 10: 259–274. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0021-3>.
Du Cange, C. du F. (1578) Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis, in quo latina vocabula novatae significationis aut usus rarioris, barbara et exotica explicantur… Tomus primus. Paris (Ludovicum Billaine): i–cxcviii + 1–1372 numbered columns.
Dupuis, C. (1986) Dates de publication de l’‘Histoire générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes’ (1802–1805) par Latreille dans le ‘Buffon de Sonnini’. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (n.s.), 22 (2): 205–210.
Eichwald, E. (1830) Ordo II. Araneae. In: Zoologia specialis, quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum et Poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in universitate Caesarea Vilnensi habendarum edidit. Pars altera. Vilnae (J. Zawadzki): 63–73. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51803>.
Ferretti, N. E. (2020) Chapter 14. Communication and reproductive biology of tarantulas. In: F. Pérez-Miles (ed.), New World Tarantulas, Zoological Monographs, 6, Cham (Springer): 389–410. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_14>.
Fonseca-Ferreira, R., Zampaulo, R. A. & Guadanucci, J. P. L. (2017) Diversity of iron cave-dwelling mygalomorph spiders from Pará, Brazil, with description of three new species (Araneae). Tropical Zoology, 30 (4): 178–199. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2017.1367590>.
Fukushima, C. S. & Bertani, R. (2017) Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys, 659: 1–185. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.659.10717>.
Gabriel, R. (2016) Revised taxonomic placement of the species in the Central American genera Davus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892, Metriopelma Becker, 1878, and Schizopelma F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, with comments on species in related genera (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology, 17 (2): 61–92. <https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2006.17.2.61>.
Gabriel, R. & Longhorn, S. J. (2015) Revised generic placement of Brachypelma embrithes (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) and Brachypelma angustum Valerio, 1980, with definition of the taxonomic features for identification of female Sericopelma Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). ZooKeys, 526: 75–104. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.526.6315>.
Germar, E. F. (1820) Araneides. In: J. S. Ersch & J. G. Gruber (ed.), Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, Fünfter Teil, Leipzig (Johann Friedrich Gleditsch): 96–99.
Gistel, J. (1848) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs für höhere Schulen. Stuttgart (Hoffman’sche Verlags-Buchhandlung): i–xiv + 1–216.
Gräfe, H. (1836) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der drei Reiche für Schule und Haus. Erster Band. Thierreich. Eisleben und Leipzig (Georg Reichardt): vii–xx + 1–1081.
Guérin, F. E. (1830) Théraphoses. In: M. Bory de Saint-Vincent (ed.), Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, Tome seizième, Paris (Rey et Gravier): 224.
Hahn, C. W. (1833) Die Arachniden. Erster Band, Dritte Lieferung. Nürnberg (C. H. Zeh’sche Buchhandlung): 77–129.
Hasselt, A. V. M. van (1858) Handleiding tot de vergiftleer, ten gebruike bij het onderwijs aan ’s Rijks Kweekschool voor Militaire Geneeskundigen. Bijzondere vergiftleer. Vergiften uit het dieren-rijk. Tweede druk. Vol. 3. Utrecht (Van Terveen en zoon): 721–979 + i–xxxvi.
Henkel, J. B. (1862) Handbuch der Giftlehre für Chemiker, Ärzte, Apotheker und Gerichtspersonen von A. W. M. van Hasselt. Nach der zweiten Auflage aus dem Holländischen frei bearbeitet und mit Zusätzen versehen. Zweiter Teil. Die Thiergifte und die Mineralgifte. Braunschweig (Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn): i‒viii + 1‒440.
Kaderka, R. (2020) Chapter 9. Enemies and defences: urticating setae of Theraphosidae. In: F. Pérez-Miles (ed.), New World Tarantulas, Zoological Monographs, 6, Cham (Springer): 271–296. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_9>.
Kaston, B. J. (1938) Family names in the order Araneae. American Midland Naturalist, 19 (3): 638–646. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2420478>.
Kaup, J. J. (1837) Das Thierreich in seinen Hauptformen systematisch beschrieben. Dritter Band, Zweiter Theil. Naturgeschichte der Gliederthiere. Darmstadt (Johann Philipp Diehl): i–ii + 1–162.
Kirby, W. (1835) On the power wisdom and goodness of God as manifested in the creation of animals and in their history habits and instincts. Vol. 2. London (William Pickering): v–vii + 1–542. <https://doi.org/10.1037/11915-000>.
Klaas, P. (2013) Vogelspinnen. 4th edition. Stuttgart (Ulmer): 1–142.
Kluge, N. J. (2010) Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1: 15–55. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.1.1.3>.
Koch, C. L. (1850) Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Heft 5. Nürnberg (J. L. Lotzbeck): iii–vi + 8–104. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39561>.
Lamarck, J. B. de (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome cinquième. Paris (Abel Lanoe): 1–612.
Latreille, P. A. (1799) Mémoire sur les araignées mineuses. Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire naturelle de Paris, 1: 118–128.
Latreille, P. A. (1802a) Mémoire sur une nouvelle distribution méthodique des araignées. In: Histoire naturelle des fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d’observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Paris (Crapelet): 332–353. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11138>.
Latreille, P. A. (1802b) Famille seconde. Arachnides. In: Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Tome 3. Paris (F. Dufart) : 48–59. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15764>.
Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau méthodique des Insectes. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 24: 129–200.
Latreille, P. A. (1806) Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tome 1. Paris (Amand Koenig): i–xviii + 1–302 + [i]. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11558>.
Latreille, P. A. (1817) Le règne animal distribué d’après son organisation... Tome 3, contenant les Crustacés, les Arachnides et les Insectes. Paris (Deterville): v–xxix + 1–653.
Latreille, P. A. (1825) Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposées succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec l’indication de leurs genres. Paris (J.-B. Baillière): 1–570. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16094>.
Lima, A. G. & Guadanucci, J. P. L. (2018) Morphology of setae on the coxae and trochanters of theraphosine spiders (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 46 (2): 214–225. <https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-17-021.1>.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae (Laurentius Salvius): [i–iii] + 1–824. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542>.
Lucas, H. (1861) Théraphoses. In: C. d’Orbigny (ed.), Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle. Résumant et complétant tous les faits présentés par les encyclopédies, les anciens dictionnaires scientifiques, les Oeuvres complètes de Buffon, et les Traités spéciaux sur les diverses branches des sciences naturelles. Tome douzième. Paris (Houssiaux): 553.
Lucas, H. (1865) Observations sur le genre Eriodon, aranéide de la tribu des Théraphoses, précédées de quelques remarques sur les coupes génériques qui composent actuellement cette tribu. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (4), 5: 309–320.
MacLeay, W. S. (1835) A few remarks tending to illustrate the natural history of two annulose genera, viz. Urania of Fabricius, and Mygale of Walckenaer. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1: 179–194. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00617.x>.
Mendoza, J. I. & Francke, O. F. (2017) Systematic revision of Brachypelma red-kneed tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), and the use of DNA barcodes to assist in the identification and conservation of CITES-listed species. Invertebrate Systematics, 31 (2): 157–179. <https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16023>.
Montes de Oca, L. & Mendoza, J. (2020) Chapter 15. Tarantulas in captivity: raising and breeding. In: F. Pérez-Miles (ed.), New World Tarantulas, Zoological Monographs, 6, Cham (Springer): 411–461. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_15>.
Neave, S. A. (1950) Nomenclator zoologicus. Vol. 5. 1936–1945. London (The Zoological Society of London): 1–308.
Nyffeler, M. & Gibbons, J. W. (2021) Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) feeding on snakes (Reptilia: Squamata). Journal of Arachnology, 49 (1):1–27. <https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-050>.
Opatova, V., Hamilton, C. A., Hedin, M., Montes de Oca, L., Král, J. & Bond, J. E. (2020) Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology, 69 (4): 671‒707. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz064>.
Ortiz, D. (2008) Description of Cubanana cristinae, a new genus and species of theraphosine tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the island of Cuba. Boletín de la Sociedad entomológica aragonesa, 42: 107–122.
Osmani, J. (2017) Nachruf – Dr. Günther Schmidt (*10.05.1926 Lübeck–†23.12.2016 Deutsch Evern/Landkreis Lüneburg). Arachne, 22: 36–39.
Parker, J. R. (1975) The role of the amateur in British arachnology. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Arachnology, Amsterdam: 173–175.
Pastor, P. (2003) Bird spiders of the genus Theraphosa (Thorell, 1870). Sklípkan, 8 (4): 130–133.
Perafán, C., Galvis, W., Gutiérrez, M. & Pérez-Miles, F. (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys, 601: 89–109. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7704>.
Pérez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., Silva P. I. da, Jr., & Bertani, R. (1996) Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1: 33–68.
Pérez-Miles, F., Miglio, L. T. & Bonaldo, A. B. (2006) Megaphobema teceae n. sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae), a new theraphosine spider from Brazilian Amazonia. Zootaxa, 1115: 61–68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1115.1.3>.
Pérez-Miles, F. & Perafán, C. (2017) Chapter 2. Behavior and biology of Mygalomorphae. In: C. Viera & M. Gonzaga (ed.), Behaviour and ecology of spiders, Cham (Springer): 29–54. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65717-2_2>.
Pérez-Miles, F. & Perafán, C. (2020) Chapter 5. Theraphosinae. In: F. Pérez-Miles (ed.), New World Tarantulas, Zoological Monographs, 6, Cham (Springer): 121–151. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_5>.
Petrunkevitch, A. (1911) A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 29: 1–791. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.23819>.
Petrunkevitch, A. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 29: 1–270.
Peters, H.-J. (2000) Tarantulas of the world: Kleiner Atlas der Vogelspinnen. Band 2. Wegberg (Tarantulas of the World-Verlag): 1–162.
Peters, H.-J. (2003) Tarantulas of the world: Amerika’s Vogelspinnen. Wegberg (Tarantulas of the World-Verlag): 1–328.
Platnick, N. I. (1989) Advances in spider taxonomy 1981–1987: a supplement to Brignoli’s ‘A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981’. Manchester (Manchester University Press): 1–673.
Platnick, N. I. (1993) Advances in spider taxonomy 1988–1991, with synonymies and transfers 1940–1980. New York (New York Entomological Society): 1–846.
Platnick, N. I. (1998) Advances in spider taxonomy 1992–1995, with redescriptions 1940–1980. New York (New York Entomological Society): 1–976.
Pocock, R. I. (1892) Liphistius and its bearing upon the classification of spiders. Annals and Magazine of natural History, (6), 10: 306–314. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677416>.
Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band (Mesothelae, Orthognatha, Labidognatha: Dysderaeformia, Scytodiformia, Pholciformia, Zodariiformia, Hersiliaeformia, Argyopiformia). Bremen (Natura, Buchhandlung für Naturkunde und exakte Wissenschaften Paul Budy): 1–1040.
Rossi, P. (1788) Osservazioni insettologiche. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Società italiana delle Scienze, 4: 122–149.
Roßmäßler, E. A. (1833) Systematische Uebersicht des Thierreichs, ein Leitfaden für die Vorlesungen über Zoologie bei der Königl. Akademie für Forst- und Landwirthe zu Tharand. Dresden & Leipzig (Arnoldische Buchhandlung): iii–iv + 1–164 + [i].
Rudloff, J.-P. & Weinmann, D. (2010) A new giant tarantula from Guyana. Arthropoda Scientia, 1: 21–40.
Schilling, S. (1839) Ausführliche Naturgeschichte der Fische und der wirbellosen Thiere in systematischer Ordnung mit vielen Abbildungen. Breslau (Heinrich Richter): i–viii + 1–636, pl. 1–78.
Schinz, H. R. (1823) Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere… Aus dem Französischen frei übersetzt und mit vielen Zusätzen versehen. Dritter Band. Krebse, Spinnen, Insekten. Stuttgart & Tübingen (Cotta’sche Buchhandlung): i‒xviii + 1‒ 932 + [i].
Schmidt, G. (1997) Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Gattungen der Unterfamilie Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnologisches Magazin, 3 (Sonderausgabe): 1–27.
Schmidt, G. (2003) Die Vogelspinnen: Eine weltweite Übersicht. Hohenwarsleben (Neue Brehm-Bücherei): 1–383.
Schmidt, G. (2007) Neubewertung der Gattungskriterien von Lasiodorides Schmidt & Bischoff, 1997 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Tarantulas of the World, 131‒132: 3–8.
Sherwood, D., Blick, T., Gabriel, R. & Lucas, S. M. (2021a) On the authorship and publication dates of the nomina Theraphosa and Theraphosidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa, 4950 (2): 395–397. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4950.2.11>.
Sherwood, D., Gabriel, R., Kaderka, R., Lucas, S. M. & Brescovit, A. D. (2021b) Stabilizing a chaotic taxonomy: redescription and redefinition of the genera Lasiodorides Schmidt & Bischoff, 1997 and Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology, 18 (8): 893–917. <https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2021.18.8.893>.
Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome premier. Paris (Roret): 1–256. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51973>.
Stiles, C. W. & Hassall, A. (1927) Key-catalogue of the Crustacea and Arachnoids of importance in public health. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin, 148: 197–289.
Striffler, B. F. (2008) Riesenvogelspinnen. Theraphosa blondi & Theraphosa apophysis. Second edition. Münster (Natur und Tier-Verlag): 1–61.
Sundevall, C. J. (1830) Svenska spindlarnes beskrifning. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1829: 188–219.
Sundevall, C. J. (1833) Conspectus Arachnidum. Londini Gothorum (C. F. Berling): 1–39.
Thorell, T. (1869) On European spiders. Part I. Review of the European genera of spiders, preceded by some observations on zoological nomenclature. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, (3), 7: 1–108.
Thorell, T. (1870) On European spiders. Part I. Review of the European genera of spiders, preceded by some observations on zoological nomenclature. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, (3), 7: 109–242.
Thorell, T. (1870–1873) Remarks on synonyms of European spiders. Uppsala (C. J. Lundström): 1–645. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69282>.
Voigt, F. S. (1838) Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Vierter Band. Spezielle Zoologie. Crustazeen, Arachniden, Hymenopteren, Käfer. Stuttgart (Schweizerbart’s Verlagshandlung): 1–459 + [i].
Walckenaer, C. A. (1802) Faune parisienne, Insectes. Ou Histoire abrégée des insectes des environs de Paris, classés d’après le système de Fabricius; précédée d’un discours sur les Insectes en général pour servir d’introduction a l’étude de l’entomologie; accompagnée de sept planches gravées. Tome second. Paris (Dentu): i–xxii + 1–438 + [i–ii]. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8151>.
Walckenaer, C. A. (1805) Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris (Dentu): [i–iii] + i–xii + 1–84 + [i–iv], 1 pl. + pl. 1–9.
Walckenaer, C. A. (1826) Aranéides. In: Faune française ou histoire naturelle générale et particulière des animaux qui se trouvent en France, constamment ou passagèrement, à la surface du sol, dans les eaux qui le baignent et dans le littoral des mers qui le bornent par Viellot, Desmarrey, Ducrotoy, Audinet, Lepelletier et Walckenaer. Livraison 11–12. Paris (Plassan): 1–96.
Walckenaer, C. A. (1835) Mémoire sur une nouvelle espèce de Mygale, sur les théraphoses et les divers genres dont se compose cette tribu d’Aranéides. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 4: 637–651.
Walckenaer, C. A. (1837) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Aptères. Tome premier. Paris (Roret): i–vi + 1–682. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61095>.
West, R. C., Marshall, S. D., Fukushima, C. S. & Bertani, R. (2008) Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae. Zootaxa, 1849: 35–58. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1849.1.3>.