Abstract
This work is an in depth survey of all known extant and fossil Opiliones family-series nomina from the nomenclatural viewpoint, based on a corpus of 3788 bibliographic sources and aiming to serve as a reliable reference on the taxonomy of the order. A total of 194 available family-series nomina (5 fossil, 189 extant) are listed with dates and sources indicated, based on 161 distinct type genera in Opiliones. Of the 194 family-series nomina, 154 are currently considered valid and 40 invalid. Of these, seven are permanently invalid because either based on preoccupied type genera and one because otherwise invalid. Twenty one nomina were formed from incorrect original stems, all of which have been posteriorly emended. There are five unavailable family-series nomina. An unequal perception of five nomina as partly “Latinized” and partly “vernacular” is discussed. The nomen Gibocellinae Stecker 1876, hitherto in Opiliones, is suggested to belong in Notostigmata.
References
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1971) Opinion 942. Oligolophus C. Koch, 1872 (Arachnida): designation of a type-species under the plenary powers. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 27 (5/6): 218–219.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London (International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature): 1–335.
Absolon, K. & Kratochvíl, J. (1932a) Peltaeonychidae, nova čeled slepých opilionidu z jeskýn jihoillyrské oblasti. [Peltaeonychidae, une famille nouvelle des Opilionides aveugles des grottes balcaniques]. [1st part]. Príroda, 25 (5): 153–156.
Absolon, K. & Kratochvíl, J. (1932b) Zur Kenntnis der höhlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen über Höhlen- und Karstforschung [Zeitschrift des Hauptverbandes Deutscher Höhlenforscher], 1932 (3): 73–81.
Babalean, A. F. (2004) On the opilionid fauna (Arachnida, Opiliones) from the SW part of Romania. Acta zoologica Universitatis Comenianae, 46 (2): 79–86.
Banks, N. (1893) [August] The Phalanginae of the United States. The Canadian Entomologist, 25 (8): 205–211. <https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent25205-8>.
Banks, N. (1901) Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XVI. The Phalangida. American Naturalist, 35 (416): 669–679. <https://doi.org/10.1086/277984>.
Banks, N. (1930) Phalangida from Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal, (n.s.), 4 (12): 57–86, plates 11–12.
Berland, L. (1949) Ordre des Opilions. In: P.-P. Grassé (ed.), Traité de zoologie, 6, Paris (Masson et Cie): 761–793.
Berthold, A. A. (1827) Latreille’s natürliche Familien der Thierreichs aus dem Französischen mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen von Dr. Arnold Adoph Berthold. Weimar (Landes-Industrie Comptoir).
Bezděčka, P. (2008) [30 December] Seznam sekáčů (Opiliones) České republiky [Checklist of harvestmen (Opiliones) of the Czech Republic]. Klapalekiana, 44: 109–120.
Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A. E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lyal, C. H., Newton, A. F., Reid, C. A., Schmitt, M., Slipiński, S. A. & Smith, A. B. (2011) Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys, 88: 1–972. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807>.
Bragagnolo, C., Hara, M. R. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2015) [February] A new family of Gonyleptoidea from South America (Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173: 296–319. <https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12207>.
Briggs, T. S. (1969) A new Holarctic family of laniatorid phalangids (Opiliones). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 45 (1): 35–50.
Briggs, T. S. (1971a) Relict harvestmen from the Pacific Northwest (Opiliones). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 47 (3): 165–178.
Briggs, T. S. (1971b) The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in North America (Opiliones). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 90: 1–43.
Capocasale, R. M. (1966) Opiliones del Uruguay. Discocyrtus prospicuus Holmberg; el alotipo hembra de Pygophalangodus gemignanii uruguayensis Ringuelet (Gonyleptidae) y Metalibitia rosascostai sp. nov. (Cosmetidae). Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, ‘1965’, (2), 37 (4): 631–644.
Carvalho, R. N. & Kury, A. B. (2018) [9 January] Further dismemberment of Discocyrtus with description of a new Amazonian genus and a new subfamily of Gonyleptidae (Opiliones, Laniatores). European Journal of Taxonomy, 393: 1–32.
Cîrdei, F. (1958) К изучению сенокосцев (Opiliones) из северо-западной части РНР и верхнего речного бассейна. Прута [K izucheniyu senokostsev (Opiliones) iz severo-zapadnoy chasti RNR i verkhnego rechnogo basseyna Pruta = To the study of harvestmen (Opiliones) from the northwestern part of the Romania and the upper Prut River Basin]. Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii ‘Al. I. Cuza’ din Iaşi (Serie Nouă), (Secţiunea II, a) Biologie, 4: 353–386, pl. 1–10. [In Russian, with French & Romanian summaries].
Clouse, R. M. (2012) [21 December] The lineages of Stylocellidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi). Zootaxa, 3595: 1–34.
Cokendolpher, J. C. & Lee, V. F. (1993) Catalogue of the Cyphopalpatores and bibliography of the harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of Greenland, Canada, U.S.A., and Mexico. Lubbock, Texas (Privately Published, Vintage Press): i–iii + 1–82.
Coronato-Ribeiro, A., Pinto-Da-Rocha, R. & Rheims, C. A. (2013) Catalogue of Opiliones (Arachnida) types deposited in the Arachnida and Myriapoda collection of the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3637 (5): 501–520. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3637.5.1>.
Crawford, R. L. (1992) Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and natural History, 8: 1–60.
Cruz-López, J. A. & Francke, O. F. (2013) On the enigmatic genus Philora: familial assignment and taxonomic revision (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnopsidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 41: 291–305. <https://doi.org/10.1636/Ha13-13.1>.
Cruz-López, J. A. & Francke, O. F. (2017) [18 May] Total evidence phylogeny of the North American harvestman family Stygnopsidae (Opiliones : Laniatores : Grassatores) reveals hidden diversity. Invertebrate Systematics, 31: 317–360. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS16053>.
Derkarabetian, S. Starrett, J., Tsurusaki, N., Ubick, D., Castillo, S. & Hedin, M. (2018) A stable phylogenomic classification of Travunioidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) based on sequence capture of ultraconserved elements. Zookeys, 760: 1–36. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.760.24937>.
Dresco, E. (1970) Recherches sur la variabilité et la phylogénie chez les opilions du genre Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch (Fam. Ischyropsalidae), avec création de la famille nouvelle des Sabaconidae. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, ‘1969’, (2), 41 (5): 1200–1213.
Dubois, A. (2000) Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology. Dumerilia, 4 (2): 33–98.
Dubois, A. (2005) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 1. Some general questions, concepts and terms of biological nomenclature. Zoosystema, 27 (2): 365–426.
Dubois, A. (2006) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28 (1): 165–258.
Dubois, A. & Bour, R. (2010) The distinction between family-series and class-series nomina in zoological nomenclature, with emphasis on the nomina created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles. Bonn zoological Bulletin, 17 (2): 149–171.
Dumitrescu, D. O. (1976) Recherches morphologiques sur l’appareil digestif (intestin moyen) des Gonyleptomorphi (Arachnida, Opilionida). Travaux du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle ‘Grigore Antipa’, 17: 17–30.
Duncan, F. M. (1937). On the dates of publication of the Society’s ‘Proceedings,’ 1859–1926. With an appendix containing the dates of publication of 'Proceedings,' 1830–1858, compiled by the late F. H. Waterhouse, and of the ‘Transactions,’ 1833–1869, by the late Henry Peavot, originally published in P.Z.S. 1893, 1913. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, (A), 107: 71–84.
Dunlop, J. A., Selden, P. A. & Giribet, G. (2016) Penis morphology in a Burmese amber harvestman. The Science of Nature, 103: 11. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1337-4>.
Evenhuis, N. L. (2003) Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the Journal of Natural History. Zootaxa, 385: 1–68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.385.1.1>.
Forster, R. R. (1948) A new sub-family and species of New Zealand Opiliones. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3 (4‒5): 313–318, pl. 61–62.
Forster, R. R. (1949) Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the national Museum of Victoria, 16: 59–89. <https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1949.16.05>.
Forster, R. R. (1954) [30 July] The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin, 2: 1–329.
Forster, R. R. (1955) Further Australian harvestmen (Opiliones). Australian Journal of zoology, 3: 354–411. <https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9550354>.
Giltay, L. (1931) Opilions. In: Résultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes orientales néerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Léopold de Belgique. Mémoires du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique, (h. s.), 3 (7): 1–24.
Giribet, G. (2000) Catalogue of the Cyphophthalmi of the World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista ibérica de Aracnología, 2: 49–76.
González-Sponga, M. A. (1987) Aracnidos de Venezuela. Opiliones Laniatores I. Familias Phalangodidae y Agoristenidae. Caracas (Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales): 1–562.
González-Sponga, M. A. (1997) Arácnidos de Venezuela. Una nueva familia, dos nuevos géneros y dos nuevas especies de Opiliones Laniatores. Acta biologica venezuelica, 17 (3): 51–58.
Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1945) [10 March] Additional Phalangida from Mexico. American Museum Novitates, 1281: 1–17.
Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1953) [25 February] The opilionid fauna of Chiapas, Mexico, and adjacent areas (Arachnoidea, Opiliones). American Museum Novitates, 1610: 1–81.
Groh, S. & Giribet G. (2015) [June] Polyphyly of Caddoidea, reinstatement of the family Acropsopilionidae in Dyspnoi, and a revised classification system of Palpatores (Arachnida, Opiliones). Cladistics, 31 (3): 277–290. <https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12087>.
Hadži, J. (1935) Ein eigentumlicher neuer Höhlen-Opilionid aus Nord-Amerika, Cladonychium corii g.n. sp. n. Biologia generalis, 11 (1): 49–72.
Hansen, H. J. & Sørensen, W. (1904) On two orders of Arachnida Opiliones, especially the suborder Cyphophthalmi, and Ricinulei, namely the family Cryptostemmatoidae. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press): 1–174, pl. 1–7.
Hedin, M., Tsurusaki, N., Macías-Ordónez, R. & Shultz J. W. (2012) Molecular systematics of sclerosomatid harvestmen (Opiliones, Phalangioidea, Sclerosomatidae): geography is better than taxonomy in predicting phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 62: 224‒236. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.017>.
Hunt, G. S. & Cokendolpher, J. C. (1991) Ballarrinae, a new subfamily of harvestmen from the southern hemisphere (Arachnida, Opiliones, Neopilionidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 43 (2): 131–169. <https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.43.1991.45>.
Joseph, G. (1869) [March] Cyphophthalmus duricorius, eine neue Arachniden-Gattung aus einer neuen Familie der Arthrogastren-Ordnung, entdeckt in der Luëger Grotte in Krain. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, ‘1868’, 12 (3‒4): 241–250, pl. 1.
Kauri, H. (1961) Opiliones. In: B. Hanström, P. Brinck, & G. Rudebeck (ed.), South African animal life, Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, Uppsala (Almquist & Wiksell), 8: 9–197.
Kauri, H. (1985) Opiliones from central Africa. Annalen zoologische Wetenschappen, Musée royal de l’Afrique Centrale, (Sci. zool.), 245: 1–168.
Koch, C. L. (1839) Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. 2. Nürnberg (C. H. Zeh): 1–38, pl. 1–6.
Kratochvíl, J. (1958a) Die Höhlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Cyphophthalmi und Laniatores). [Jeskynní sekáči Bulharska (Cyphophthalmi a Laniatores)]. Práce Brněnské základny Československé akademie věd [Acta Academiae Scientiarum Čechoslovenicae Basis Brunensis], 30 (9): 371–396.
Kratochvíl, J. (1958b) Höhlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Palpatores ‒ Nemastomatidae). [Jeskynní sekáči Bulharska (Palpatores ‒ Nemastomatidae)]. Práce Brněnské základny Československé akademie věd [Acta Academiae Scientiarum Čechoslovenicae Basis Brunensis], 30 (12): 523–576.
Kury, A. B. (1994) [November] Early lineages of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Tropical Zoology, 7 (2): 343–353. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1994.10539264>.
Kury, A. B. (1997) [November] A new subfamily of Agoristenidae, with comments on suprageneric relationships of the family (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Tropical Zoology, 10 (2): 333–346. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1997.10539346>.
Kury, A. B. (2003) [31 May] Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista ibérica de Aracnología, vol. especial monográfico, 1: 1–337.
Kury, A. B. (2011) Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. In: Z.-Q. Zhang, (ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness; Zootaxa, 3148: 112–114.
Kury, A. B. (2012) First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae). Zootaxa, 3546: 29–42.
Kury, A. B. (2013) [30 August] Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. In: Z.-Q. Zhang, (ed.), Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013), Zootaxa, 3703 (1): 27–33.
Kury, A. B. (2014) [September] Why does the Tricommatinae position bounce so much within Laniatores? A cladistic analysis, with description of a new family of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172: 1–48.
Kury, A. B. (2015) Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida). Zootaxa, 3925 (3): 301–340. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.1>.
Kury, A.B. (2017a) [23 November] Sorensenius Berg, 1898 – a forgotten replacement name for Asopus Sørensen, 1896 – supersedesPyramidops Loman, 1902 (Opiliones: Grassatores: Pyramidopidae). Rivista aracnologica italiana, 14: 15–23.
Kury, A. B. (2017b) [23 November] When the Danish diacritic evaporates: nomenclatural considerations on the generic name Sorensenella Pocock, 1903 (Opiliones: Insidiatores: Triaenonychidae). Rivista aracnologica italiana, 14: 24–29.
Kury, A. B. (2018) The correct spelling of Leptopsalidinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi). Rivista aracnologica italiana, 18: 40–43.
Kury, A. B. & Pérez-González, A. (2002) A new family of Laniatores from northwestern South America (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista ibérica de Aracnología, 6: 3–11.
Kury A. B. & Villarreal M. O. (2015) [May] The prickly blade mapped: establishing homologies and a chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (1): 1–46. <https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12225>.
Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Paris (F. Dufart), ‘An X’, 3: i–xii + 13–387, pl. 16–37.
Lawrence, R. F. (1931) The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 29 (2): 341–508.
Lawrence, R. F. (1947) Opiliones from the Ivory Coast of West Africa collected by R. Paulian and C. Delamare-Deboutteville. Revue française d’Entomologie, 14 (1): 34–46.
Lawrence, R. F. (1959) Arachnides-Opilions. Faune de Madagascar, Publications de l’Institut de Recherche Scientifique Tananarive – Tsimbazaza, 9: 1–121.
Marcellino, I. (1973) Opilioni dell’Appennino centrale. Lavori della Società italiana di Biogeografia, “1971”, (n.s.), 2: 401–422.
Martens, J. (1976) Genitalmorphologie, System und Phylogenie der Weberknechte (Arachnida: Opiliones). Entomologica germanica, 3 (1‒2): 51–68.
Martens, J. (1978) Spinnentiere, Arachnida: Weberknechte, Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, Jena (G. Fischer Verlag), 64: 1–464.
Martens, J. (1988) Fissiphalliidae, a new family of South American laniatorean harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 26 (2): 114–127. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1988.tb00303.x>.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1923) Opiliones Laniatores do Brasil. Archivos do Museu nacional, 24: 107–197.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1930) Nota sobre arachnideos argentinos. I. Ainda o genero Apembolephaenus. II. Um genero e tres especies novas de Gonyleptidas. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 2 (4): 211–214.
Mello-Leitão, C.F. de (1931a) [30 June] Nota sobre arachnideos argentinos. III. Opiliões novos ou críticos. IV. Aranhas novas. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 3 (2): 83–97, pl. 1–2.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1931b) Opiliões novos ou criticos. Archivos do Museu nacional, 33: 115–145, pl. 1–3.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1933) Notas sobre os opiliões do Brasil descritos na obra póstuma de Sörensen: ‘Descriptiones Laniatorum’. Boletim do Museu nacional, 9 (1): 99–114.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1935) Algumas notas sobre os Laniatores. Archivos do Museu nacional, ‘1934’, 36 (4): 87–116.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1938) Considerações sobre os Phalangodoidea Soer. com descrição de novas formas. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 10 (2): 135–145, 1 pl.
Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1949) Famílias, subfamília, espécies generos novos de opiliões e notas de sinonimia. Boletim do Museu nacional, (n.s., Zoologia), 94: 1–33.
Muñoz Cuevas, A. (1995) Les opilions (ou faucheurs). Pénélope, 16: 4‒29, 2 pl.
Nakatsuji, K. (1942) On a new species of Opiliones from the island of Amami-Ôsima. 動物学雑誌 [Doubutsugaku zasshi] |Zoological Magazine], 54 (12): 506–508.
Orrico, V. G. D. & Kury, A. B. (2009) A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) – where do longipalp cranaids belong? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157: 470–494. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00543.x>.
Özdikmen, H. & Demir, H. (2008) New family and genus names, Briggsidae nom. nov. and Briggsus nom. nov., for the harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3 (1): 174–176.
Özdikmen, H. & Kury, A. B. (2007) Replacement names for Oncopus and Oncopodidae (Arachnida, Opiliones). The Journal of Arachnology, 35: 407–408. <https://doi.org/10.1636/H05-46.1>.
Pérez-González, A. & Kury, A. B. (2007) Kimulidae Pérez González, Kury and Alonso-Zarazaga, new name. In: R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, (ed.), Harvestmen: the biology of the Opiliones, Cambridge & London (Harvard University Press): 207–209.
Petrunkevitch, A. (1949) A study of Palaeozoic Arachnida. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 37: 69–315, pl. 1–83 + i–ix [index].
Petrunkevitch, A. (1955) Arachnida. In: R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part P, Arthropoda 2 [reprinted 1979]. Lawrence (Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press): P42–P162.
Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1904) Order Opiliones [1st part]. In: F. D. Godman & O. Salvin, (ed.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, Arachnida, Araneidea and Opiliones, London (R. H. Porter/Dulau & Co.): 545–560, pl. 52.
Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1905) Order Opiliones [2nd part]. In: F. D. Godman & O. Salvin, (ed.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, Arachnida, Araneidea and Opiliones, London (R. H. Porter/Dulau & Co.): 561–610, pl. 53–54.
Pocock, R. I. (1902) [December] Some points in the morphology and classification of the Opiliones. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 10 (60): 504–516. |Publication date according to Evenhuis (2003)].
Pocock, R. I. (1903) [April] On some new harvest-spiders of the order Opiliones from the southern continents. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, ‘1902’, (Part 2), 2 (6): 392–413. [Publication date according to Duncan (1937)].
Rafalski, J. (1960) Kosarze ‒ Opiliones. Katalog Fauny Polski [Catalogus faunae Poloniae], 32 (2): 1–29, 1 map.
Rafalski, J. (1961) Prodromus faunae opilionum Poloniae. Prace Komisji biologicznej Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciól Nauk, 25: 325–372, 1 map.
Rambla, M. (1974) Consideraciones sobre la biogeografía de los opiliones de la Peninsula Iberica. Miscellanea Alcobé, [1]: 45–56.
Ringuelet, R. A. (1959) Los aracnidos Argentinos del orden Opiliones. Revista del Museo argentino de Ciencias naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’, Ciencias zoologicas, 5 (2): 127–439, pl. 1–20.
Roewer, C.-F. (1912) Die Familien der Assamiiden und Phalangodiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. (= Assamiden, Dampetriden, Phalangodiden, Epedaniden, Biantiden, Zalmoxiden, Samoiden, Palpipediden anderer Autoren). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, (Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten), 78 (3): 1–242.
Roewer, C.-F. (1913a) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, (Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten), 79 (4): 1–256, pl. 1a.
Roewer, C.-F. (1913b) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden de Opiliones ‒ Laniatores. [Part 2]. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, (Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten), 79 (5): 257–472, pl. 2.
Roewer, C.-F. (1914) Die Opiliones der Sammlung der Herren Drs. Paul u. Fritz Sarasin auf Celebes in den Jahren 1893–1896. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, ‘1913’, (Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten), 79 (10): 70–96.
Roewer, C.-F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. Jena (Gustav Fischer): 1–1116.
Roewer, C.-F. (1935) Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII (8. Ergänzung der ‘Weberknechte der Erde’ 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Übersee-Museum in Bremen, 1 (1): 1–168, pl. 1–9.
Roewer, C.F. (1943) [15 July] Über Gonyleptiden. Weitere Webernechte (Arachn., Opil.) XI. Senckenbergiana, 26 (1–3): 12–68.
Roewer, C.-F. (1956) Arachnida Arthrogastra aus Peru, II. Senckenbergiana biologica, 37 (5–6): 429–445.
Roewer, C.-F. (1961) Einige Solifugen und Opilioniden aus der palaearctischen und äthiopischen Region. Senckenbergiana biologica, 42 (5–6): 479–490.
Rosas Costa, J. A., (1950) Sinopsis de los géneros de Sironidae, con la descripción de dos géneros y una especie nuevos. (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). Arthropoda, 1 (2–4): 127–151.
Sankey, J. H. P. & Savory, T. H. (1974) British harvestmen. Arachnida: Opiliones. Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopses of the British Fauna (Linnean Society of London), (n.s.), London (Academic Press), 4: [i–vi] + 1–76.
Schönhofer A. L. (2013) A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa, 3679 (1): 1–68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1>.
Selden, P., Dunlop, J. & Garwood, R. (2015) Carboniferous araneomorph spiders reinterpreted as long-bodied harvestmen. Journal of systematic Palaeontology, <https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1018969>.
Sharma, P. & Giribet, G. (2011) The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen – Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics, 25: 106–142. <https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11002>.
Sharma, P., Kury, A. B. & Giribet, G. (2011) The Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species. Zootaxa, 2972: 37–58.
Sharma, P., Prieto, C. E. & Giribet, G. (2011) A new family of Laniatores (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Afrotropics. Invertebrate Systematics, 25: 143–154. <https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11003>.
Sharma, P. P. Santiago, M. A., Kriebel, R., Lipps, S. M., Buenavente, P. A., Diesmos, A. C., Janda, M., Boyer, S. L., Clouse, R. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2017) A multilocus phylogeny of Podoctidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) and parametric shape analysis reveal the disutility of subfamilial nomenclature in armored harvestman systematics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 106: 164–173. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.019>.
Shear, W. A. (1980) [28 October] A review of the Cyphophthalmi of the United States and Mexico, with a proposed reclassification of the suborder (Arachnida, Opiliones). American Museum Novitates, 2705: 1–34.
Shear, W. A. (1986) A cladistic analysis of the opilionid superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea, with description of the new family Ceratolasmatidae, the new genus Acuclavella and four new species. American Museum Novitates, 2844: 1–29.
Shear, W. A. (1993) [17 September] The genus Troglosiro and the new family Troglosironidae (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). The Journal of Arachnology, 21 (2): 81–90.
Shear, W. A. (2010) New species and records of ortholasmatine harvestmen from México, Honduras, and the western United States (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Ortholasmatinae). ZooKeys, 52: 9–45. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.52.471>.
Shear, W. A. & Gruber, J. (1983) [6 April] The opilionid subfamily Ortholasmatinae (Opiliones, Troguloidea, Nemastomatidae). American Museum Novitates, 2757: 1–65.
Shear, W. A. & Warfel, J. G. (2016) The harvestman genus Taracus Simon 1879, and the new genus Oskoron (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae). Zootaxa, 4180 (1): 1–71.
Šilhavý, V. (1946) Morfologické a systematické poznámky o druhu Gyas annulatus (Olivier) – Opiliones. [Gyantinae, nova subfamilia mihi]. Sborník Klubu Prírodovedeckého v Brne, 26: 129–134.
Šilhavý, V. (1961) Die Grundsätze der modernen Weberknechttaxonomie und Revision des bisherigen Systems der Opilioniden. XI. Internationaler Kongress für Entomologie (Vienna, Aug. 17–25, 1960) Verhandlungen 1: 262–267.
Šilhavý, V. (1965) Die Weberknechte der Unterordnung Eupnoi aus Bulgarien; zugleich eine Revision Europäischer Gattungen der Unterfamilien Oligolophinae und Phalangiinae (Arachnoidea, Opilionidea). In: Ergebnisse der zoologischen Expedition des Tschechoslowakischen Akademie des Wissenschaften nach Bulgarien im Jahre 1957 (Teil V), Ceskoslovenská Spolecnost Entomologická, 62 (5): 369–406, 8 pl.
Šilhavý, V. (1971) A further new genus and species of cosmetid from the Antilles: Arucillus hispaniolicus gen. n., sp. n. (Arachnoidea, Opilionidea). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 68 (2): 138–140.
Šilhavý, V. (1973) Two new systematic groups of gonyleptomorphid phalangids from the Antillean-Caribbean Region, Agoristenidae Fam. N., and Caribbiantinae Subfam. N. (Arachn.: Opilionidea). Věstník československé Společnosti zoologické, 37 (2): 110–143.
Šilhavý, V. (1974a) Cavernicolous opilionids from Mexico (Arachnida, Opiliones). Subterran. Fauna of Mexico. Part II. Quaderno della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Problemi attuali di Scienza e di Cultura, ‘1973’, 171 (2): 175–194.
Šilhavý, V. (1974b) A new subfamily of Gonyleptidae from Brazilian caves, Pachylospeleinae subfam. n. (Op. Gon.). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 81 (4): 893–898.
Simon, E. (1872) Notices sur les arachnides cavernicoles et hypogés. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5), 2: 215–244, pl. 12.
Simon, E. (1879a) Essai d'une classification des Opiliones Mecostethi. Remarques synonymiques et descriptions d'espèces nouvelles. Première partie. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 22: 183–241.
Simon, E. (1879b) Les Arachnides de France. 7. Contenant les ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris (Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret): 1–332, pl. 17–24. [Opiliones: 116–332, pl. 21–24].
Snegovaya, N. Y. & Marusik, Y. M. (2012) New species and collections of Opiliones (Arachnida) from Turkey. Acta arachnologica, 61 (2): 59–70.
Snegovaya, N. Y. & Staręga, W. (2008) Redikorcevia platybunoides gen. & sp. n., a new harvestman from Kazakhstan, with establishment of a new tribe Scleropilionini trib. n. (Opiliones: Phalangiidae). Acta arachnologica, 57 (1): 5–7.
Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1946) [3 October] Um novo gênero e duas novas espécies de opiliões (Opiliones – Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae). Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 7 (19): 227–232.
Soares, H. E. M. (1972) Opera Opiliologica Varia II (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae, Phalangiidae, Phalangodidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 32 (1): 65–74.
Soares, H. E. M. & Avram, Ş. (1987) Opilionides du Venezuela. III. In: V. Decu, T. Orghidan, D. Dancau, C. Bordon, O. Linares, F. Urbani, J. Tronchoni & C. Bosque (ed.), Fauna hipogea y hemiedafica de Venezuela y de otros paises de America del Sur, Bucarest (Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania): 73–80.
Soares, H. E. M. & Soares, B. A. M. (1985) Opera Opiliologica Varia XXII. Opiliones Gonyleptidae. Naturalia, São Paulo, 10: 157–200.
Soares, H. E. M. & Soares, B. A. M. (1988) Gonyassamiinae, nova subfamília de Gonyleptidae (Opiliones, Gonyleptoidea, Gonyleptomorphi) do Brasil. Naturalia, 13: 23–27.
Sørensen, W. E. (1884) Opiliones Laniatores (Gonyleptides W. S. Olim) Musei Hauniensis. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, (3), 14 (3): 555–646.
Sørensen, W. E. (1886) Opiliones. In: L. Koch & E. von Keyserling (ed.), Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet, Nürnberg (Bauer & Raspe), ‘1871–1889’, 2 (33): 53–86, pl. 5–6.
Sørensen, W. E. (1906) Un animal fabuleux des temps modernes. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Forhandlinger, 4: 1–36.
Sørensen, W. E. (1910) Opiliones. In: Y. Sjöstedt (ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906, Stockholm (P. Palmquist), 3 (20): 59–82, pl. 4.
Sørensen, W. E. (1932) Descriptiones Laniatorum (Arachnidorum Opilionum Subordinis). Opus posthumum recognovit et edidit Kai L. Henriksen. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, (9), 3 (4): 197–422.
Staręga, W. (1976) Opiliones Kosarze (Arachnoidea). Fauna Polski (Polska Akademia Nauk), ‘1975’, 5: 1–197. [In Polish].
Staręga, W. (1992) [October] An annotated check-list of harvestmen, excluding Phalangiidae, of the Afrotropical Region (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum, 33 (2): 271–336.
Stecker, A. (1876) Über eine neue Arachnidengattung aus der Abtheilung der Arthrogastren. Sitzungsberichte der königl.-böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag [Zprávy o Zasedání královské České Spolecnosti Nauk], 1875: 239–255.
Stol, I. (2007) Checklist of Nordic Opiliones. Norwegian Journal of Entomology, 54: 23–26.
Sundevall, C. J. (1833) Conspectus Arachnidum. Londini Gothorum [Lund (Sweden)] (C.F. Berling): 1–39.
Suzuki, S. (1963) [March] Cladolasma parvula gen. et sp. n. (Trogulidae: Opiliones) from Japan. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 36 (1): 40–44.
Suzuki, S. (1975) [December] The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, (B), Division 1 (Zoology), 26 (1): 65–101.
Thorell, T. T. T. (1876) [November] Descrizione di alcune specie di Opilioni dell’arcipelago malese appartenenti al Museo civico di Genova. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova, ‘1876–1877’, (1), 9: 111–138. [Issued as preprint between 6 and 27 November 1876].
Thorell, T. T. T. (1889) [September-October] Aracnidi Artrogastri birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. In: Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine, XXI, Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova, (2), 7 (3): 521–729, pl. 5. [Issued as preprint between 9 September and 9 October 1889].
Walker, M. E. (1928) Revision of the order Phalangida of Ohio. Ohio State University Studies, Biological Survey Bulletin, 19 (4): 153–175.
Weed, C. M. (1892) [June] Notes on harvest-spiders. The American naturalist, 26 (306): 528–530.
Wood, H. C., Jr. (1869) On the Phalangia and Pedipalpi collected by Professor Orton in western South America, with the description of new African species. Transactions of the American philosophical Society, 13: 435–442.