Abstract
Despite advances within particular groups, systematics of the Teiidae has long been unsatisfactory, because fewmorphological characters have been described for this family. Consequently, most species have been assigned to the large,polyphyletic, and poorly defined genera Ameiva and Cnemidophorus. We describe 137 morphological characters andscore them for most species of Neotropical Teiidae. Important, but previously undescribed, character suites include pupilshape; the frontal ridge; longitudinal division of the interparietal; the rostral groove; patterns of supraciliary fusion; thepreauricular skin fold; the “toothy” first supralabial; modified apical granules; the pectoral sulcus; expansion of scales atthe heel; tibiotarsal shields; scales between the digital lamellae along the postaxial edges of the toes; scale surfacemicrostructure of macrohoneycomb, macroridges, or lamellae; distribution patterns and morphology of lenticular scaleorgans; types of epidermal generation glands; and several hemipenial structures. We propose a new taxonomy of theTeiidae based on recovered evolutionary history and numerous morphological characters surveyed in this study. Werecognize three subfamilies: Callopistinae new subfamily, Teiinae Estes et al., and Tupinambinae Estes et al. To resolvepolyphyly of Ameiva and Cnemidophorus, we erect four new genera for various groups of Neotropical Teiidae: Ameivulanew genus, Aurivela new genus, Contomastix new genus, and Medopheos new genus. We resurrect Holcosus Cope fromthe synonymy of Ameiva and Salvator Duméril and Bibron from the synonymy of Tupinambis. On the basis of sharedderived characters, we propose new species groups of our redefined Ameiva and Cnemidophorus. We incorporate our newcharacters into a key to the genera and species groups of Teiidae. A phylogenetic hypothesis of Teiidae based onmorphological characters differs substantially from hypotheses based on mitochondrial DNA. The phylogeny based onmorphology is consistent with well-established biogeographic patterns of Neotropical vertebrates and explains extreme morphological divergence in such genera as Kentropyx and Aurivela.References
Abdala, V. & Moro, S. (1999) Descripción de la miología cranial de algunos Teiidae y Gymnophthalmidae (Squamata) raros en colecciones. Acto Zoológico Lilloana, 45, 99–111.
Alexander, S.A. & Maderson, P.F.A. (1972) Further observation on holocrine epidermal specializations in iguanid lizards. American Zoologist, 12, 731–732.
Álvarez, B., Tedesco, M., Torales, J. & Porcel, E. (1992) Comportamiento alimentario de dos especies de Teius (Teiidae) del nordeste argentino. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 41, 263–269.
Arias, F., Morato de Carvalho, C., Rodrigues, M.T. & Zaher, H. (2011a) Two new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from the Caatinga, Northwest Brazil. Zootaxa, 2787, 37–54.
Arias, F., Morato de Carvalho, C., Rodrigues, M.T. & Zaher, H. (2011b) Two new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) of the C. ocellifer group, from Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3022, 1–21.
Ashton, K.G. (2003) Sexing Cnemidophorus lizards using a postanal scale character. Herpetological Review, 34, 109–111.
Avila, L.J. & Martori, R.A. (1991) A unisexual species of Teius Merrem 1820 (Sauria Teiidae) from central Argentina. Tropical Zoology, 4, 193–201.
Avila, R.W. & Cunha-Avellar, L. (2005). Teius teyou (NCN). Behavior. Herpetological Review, 36, 321.
Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 299, 1–706.
Barbour, T. (1921) Some reptiles from Old Providence Island. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 7, 81–85.
Barbour, T. & Noble, G.K. (1915) A revision of the lizards of the genus Ameiva. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 59, 417–479.
Bechstein, J.M. (1800) Herrn De la Cepede’s Naturgeschichte der Amphibien oder der eyerlegenden vierfüssigen Thiere und der Schlangen. Eine Fortsetzung von Buffon’s Naturgeschichte aus dem Französischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen und Zusätsen versehen. Volume 2. Industrie Comptoir, Weimar, 552 pp.
Bertoni, A.W. (1926) El Crocodilurus o yakarerâ en el Paraguay (Reptiles). Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay, 2, 187.
Blainville, H.M.D. (1816) Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution systematique de Regne Animal. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 1816, 105–124.
Böhme, W. (1988) Zur Genitalmorphologie der Sauria: Funktionelle und stammesgeschichtliche Aspekte. Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 27, 1–176.
Bortolus, A. (2008) Error cascades in the biological sciences: the unwanted consequences of using bad taxonomy in ecology. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 37, 114–118.
Bostic, D.L. (1966) Thermoregulation and hibernation of the lizard, Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Sauria: Teiidae). The Southwestern Naturalist, 11, 275–289.
Boulenger, G.A. (1885a) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). I. Gekkonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. Taylor & Francis, London, United Kingdon, 436 pp.
Boulenger, G.A. (1885b) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. Taylor & Francis, London, United Kingdon, 436 pp.
Breuil, M. (2002) Histoire naturelle des amphibiens et reptiles terrestres de l’archipel Guadeloupéen. Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy. Patrimoines Naturels (Paris), 54, 1–339.
Burt, C.E. (1931) A study of the teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships. Bulletin, United States National Museum, 154, 1–286.
Burt, E., & Burt, M.D. (1931) South American lizards in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 61, 227–395.
Cabrera, M.R. (2004) A new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from western Argentina. Amphibia-Reptilia, 25, 265–275.
Cabrera, M.R. & Carreira, S. (2009) A new, but probably extinct, species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from Uruguay. Herpetological Journal, 19, 97–105.
Cabrera, M.R. & Etheridge, R. (2006) New records and type locality restriction for the endemic Argentinian lizard Cnemidophorus tergolaevigatus (Squamata: Teiidae). Herpetological Review, 37, 110–111.
Castoe, T.A., Doan, T.M. & Parkinson, C.L. (2004) Data partitions and complex models in Bayesian analysis: the phylogeny of gymnophthalmid lizards. Systematic Biology, 53, 448–469.
Cei, J.M. (1993) Reptiles del noroeste, nordeste y este de la Argentina. Herpetofauna de las selvas subtropicales, puna y pampas. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Monografie (Turin), 14, 1–949.
Cei, J.M. & Martori, R.A. (1991) A new species of Cnemidophorus lacertoides species group from the eastern Sierras de Cordoba, central Argentina (Lacertilia, Teiidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino (Turin), 9, 33–38.
Cei, J.M. & Scrocchi, G. (1991) A poorly known and discussed species, Cnemidophorus leachei Peracca 1897, and general remarks on the genus Cnemidophorus in Argentina (Lacertilia, Teiidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino (Turin), 9, 233–244.
Chang, V. & Smith, E.N. (2001) FastMorphologyGFC. 1.0 edition. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, U.S.A. Available from: http://www.uta.edu/faculty/ensmith/fastmorphologygfc (accessed June 2012)
Cole, C.J. (1966) Femoral glands in lizards: A review. Herpetologica, 22, 199–206.
Cole, C.J. & Dessauer, H.C. (1993) Unisexual and bisexual whiptail lizards of the Cnemidophorus lemniscatus complex (Squamata: Teiidae) of the Guiana Region, South America, with descriptions of new species. American Museum Novitates, 3081, 1–30.
Cole, C.J. & Townsend, C.R. (1983) Sexual behaviour in unisexual lizards. Animal Behaviour, 31, 724–728.
Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H.C., Townsend, C.R. & Arnold, M.G. (1995) Kentropyx borckiana (Squamata; Teiidae): a unisexual lizard of hybrid origin in the Guiana region, South America. American Museum Novitates, 3145, 1–23.
Colli, G.R., Péres Jr., A.K. & da Cunha, H.J. (1998) A new species of Tupinambis (Squamata: Teiidae) from central Brazil, with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus. Herpetologica, 54, 477–492.
Colli, G.R., Caldwell, J.A., Costa, G.C., Gainsbury, A.M., Garda, A.A., Mesquita, D.O., Filho, C.M.M.R., Soares, A.H.B., Silva, V. N., Valdujo, P. H., Vieira, G.H.C., Vitt, L.J., Werneck, F.P., Wiederhecker, H.C. & Zatz, M.G. (2003). A new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata, Teiidae) from the Cerrado biome in central Brazil. Occasional Papers Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 14, 1–14 .
Colli, G.R., Giugliano, L.G., Mesquita, D.O. & França, F.G.R. (2009) A new species of Cnemidophorus from the Jalapão region, in the central Brazillian Cerrado. Herpetologica, 65, 311–327.
Conrad, J.L. (2008) Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 310, 1–182.
Cooper, W.E, Jr., & Vitt, L.J. (1984) Conspecific odor detection by the male broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps: Effects of sex and site of odor source and of male reproductive conditions. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 230, 199–209.
Cooper, W.E., Jr., Pérez-Mellado, V., Baird, T.A., Caldwell, J. P. & Vitt, L.J. (2004) Pursuit deterrent signaling by the Bonaire whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus murinus. Behaviour, 141, 297–311.
Cope, E.D. (1862) Synopsis of the species of Holcosus and Ameiva, with diagnoses of new West Indian and South American Colubridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, 60–82.
Cope, E.D. (1869a) Sixth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1868, 305–313.
Cope, E.D. (1869b) Seventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, 11, 147–169.
Cope, E.D. (1876, dated 1875). Report on the reptiles brought by professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon of western Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 159–188.
Cope, E.D. (1879) Eleventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 18, 261–277.
Cope, E.D. (1892) On Tiaporus, a new genus of Teiidae. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, 30, 132–133.
Cope, E.D. (1896) On the hemipenis of the Sauria. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 48, 461–467.
Dalrymple, G.H. (1979) On the jaw mechanism of the snail-crushing lizards, Dracaena Daudin 1802 (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Teiidae). Journal of Herpetology, 13, 303–311.
Daudin, F.M. (1801) Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Reptiles. Volume 2. F. Dufart, Paris, 432 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1802) Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Reptiles. Volume 3. F. Dufart, Paris, 452 pp.
Dearing, M.D. (1993) An alimentary specialization for herbivory in the tropical whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus murinus. Journal of Herpetology, 27, 111–114.
Denton Jr., R.K. & O’Neill, R.C. (1995) Prototeius stageri, gen. et sp.nov, a new teiid lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Marshalltown Formation of New Jersey, with a preliminary phylogenetic revision of the Teiidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 235–253.
Dias, E.J. dos R., Rocha, C.F.D. & Vrcibradic, D. (2002) New Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Copeia, 2002, 1070–1077.
Dirksen, L. & De la Riva, I. (1999) The lizards and amphisbaenians of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata): checklist, localities, and bibliography. Graellsia, 55, 199–215.
Dowling, H.G. & Duellman, W.E. (1978) Systematic Herpetology: A Synopsis of Families and Higher Categories. HISS Publications, New York, New York, U.S.A. 118 pp.
Dujsebayeva, T.N., Ananjeva, N.B, & Miroschnichenko, L.V. (2007). Studies on specialized epidermal derivatives in iguanian lizards. Part I. Gross morphology, topography, and histology of callous scales in the Asian Rock Agama Laudakia himalayana (Steindachner 1869) (Squamata: Agamidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 28, 537–546.
Dujsebayeva, T.N., Ananjeva, N.B, Böhme, W. & Wagener, P. (2009) Studies on specialized epidermal derivatives in iguanian lizards: II. New data on the scalation of the Malagasy iguanas of the genus Oplurus (Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 30, 89–97.
Duméril, C., & Bibron, G. (1839) Erpétologie générale ou Histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles. Volume 5. Roret, Paris, France, 854 pp.
Duméril, C. & Duméril, A. (1851) Catalogue méthodique de la collection des Reptiles (Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris). Gide et Baudry, Paris, 224 pp.
Dunn, E.R. & Saxe, L.H. (1950) Results of the Catherwood-Chaplin West Indies Expedition, 1948. Part V. Amphibians and reptiles of San Andrés and Providencia. Proceedings Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, 102, 141–165.
Echternacht, A.C. (1970) Taxonomic and ecological notes on some Middle and South American lizards of the genus Ameiva (Teiidae). Breviora, 354, 1–9.
Echternacht, A.C. (1971) Middle American lizards of the genus Ameiva (Teiidae) with emphasis on geographic variation. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications, 55, 1–86.
Echternacht, A.C. (1977) A new species of lizard of the genus Ameiva (Teiidae) from the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Copeia, 1977, 1–7.
Estes, R. (1983a) Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie, part 10a. Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 249 pp.
Estes, R. (1983b) The fossil record and early distribution of lizards. In: Rhodin, A. G. J. & Miyata, K. (Eds), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology. Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., pp. 365–398.
Estes, R., de Queiroz, K. & Gauthier, J. (1988) Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In: Estes, R. & Pregill, G. (Eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, U.S.A., pp. 118–281.
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
Feltrim, A.C. & Lema, T. de (2000) Uma nova espécie de Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830 do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Sauria, Teiidae). Biociências (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), 8, 103–114.
Fenwick, A.M., Gutberlet, R.L., Jr., Evans, J.A. & Parkinson, C.L. (2009) Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 617–640.
Fitzgerald, L. A., Cook, J.A. & Aquino, A.L. (1999) Molecular phylogenetics and conservation of Tupinambis (Sauria: Teiidae). Copeia, 1999, 894–905.
Fitzinger, L. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandschaften nebst einer Verwandschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K.K. zoologischen Museums zu Wien. J.G. Heubner, Wien, 66 pp.
Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Vienna, Austria, 106 pp.
Fleming, J. (1822) The Philosophy of Zoology, or a General View of the Structure, Functions, and Classification of Animals. Volume 2. Archibald Constable & Co., London, 618 pp.
Friedman, M. (1975) Visual control of head movements during avian locomotion. Nature, 255, 67–69.
Frost, B.J. (1978) The optokinetic basis of head-bobbing in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Biology, 74, 187–195.
Frutos, N., Camporro, L. & Avila, L.J. (2005) Cnemidophorus longicauda. Herpetological Review, 36, 336.
Fugler, C.M. (1973) Geographic variation in Dicrodon guttulatum Dumeril and Bibron (Reptilia: Teiidae) in northwestern South America. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 48, 112–115.
Gallagher, D.S., Jr. & Dixon, J.R. (1980) A new lizard (Sauria: Teiidae: Kentropyx) from Brasil. Copeia, 1980, 616–620.
Gallagher, D.S., Jr. & Dixon, J.R. (1992) Taxonomic revision of the South American lizard genus Kentropyx Spix (Sauria: Teiidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino (Turin), 10, 125–171.
Gao, K.–Q. & Norell, M. A. (2000) Taxonomic composition, and systematics of Late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 249, 1–118.
Garman, S. (1887) On the West Indian Teiids in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of Essex Institute, 19, 1–12.
Gasc, J.–P., Renous, S. & Diop A. (1982) Configuration des motifs microscopiques et topographie régionale de la peau chez les reptiles squamates. 107e Congrès national des Sociétés savantes, Brest, 1982, 73–88.
Gifford, M.E., Powell, R., Larson, A. & Gutberlet, R.L. Jr. (2004) Population structure and history of a phenotypically variable teiid lizard (Ameiva chrysolaema) from Hispaniola: The influence of a geologically complex island. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 735–748.
Giugliano, L.G., Contel, E.P.B. & Colli, G.R. (2006) Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of Cnemidophorus parecis (Squamata, Teiidae) from Cerrado isolates in southwestern Amazonia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34, 383–391.
Giugliano, L.G., Collevatti, R.G. & Colli, G.R. (2007) Molecular dating and phylogenetic relationships among Teiidae (Squamata) inferred by molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 168–179.
Gmelin, J.F. (1789) Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae. Tom. I Pars III., Beer, Leipzig, pp. 1035–1514.
Goldfuss, G.A. (1820) Reptilia. In: Schubert, G.H. (Ed.). Handbuch der Naturgeschichte zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen, Dritter Theil, Handbuch der Zoologie, zweite Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nürnberg, Germany, pp. 121–181.
Gorman, G.C. (1970) Chromosomes and the systematics of the family Teiidae (Sauria, Reptilia). Copeia, 1970, 230–245.
Gravenhorst, J.L. C. (1837) Beiträge zur genauern Kenntniss einiger Eidechsengattungen. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldina-Carolinae Germinicae Naturae Curiosorum, 18, 712–784.
Gray, J.E. (1825) A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibians with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, 10, 193–217.
Gray, J.E. (1831) A Synopsis of the Species of the Class Reptilia. Whittaker, Treacher, and Co., London, 110 pp.
Gray, J.E. (1838) Catalogue of the slender-tongued saurian, with descriptions of many new genera and species. Annals of Natural History, 1, 274–283, 388–394.
Gray, J.E. (1840) Catalogue of the species of reptiles collected in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq.,--with some notes of their habits extracted from his MS. Annals of Natural History, 5, 108–115.
Gray, J.E. (1845) Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, U.K. 289 pp.
Greer, A.E. (1991) Limb reduction in Squamata: Identification of the lineages and discussion of trends. Journal of Herpetology, 25, 166–173.
Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. (1998) The phylogenetic position of the Mexican black-tailed pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetologica, 54, 184–206.
Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. & Harvey, M.B. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of New World pitvipers as inferred from anatomical evidence. In: Schuett, G.W., Hoggren, M., Douglas, M.E. & Greene, H.W. (Eds), Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, U.S.A., pp. 51–68.
Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. & Harvey, M. B. (2004) The evolution of New World venomous snakes. In Campbell, J. A. & Lamar, W. W. (Eds) The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Volume II. Comstock, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. pp. 634–682.
Harris, D.M. (1985) Infralingual plicae: support for Boulenger’s Teiidae (Sauria). Copeia, 1985, 560–565.
Harvey, M.B. (1991) The microstructure, ontogeny, and evolution of scale surfaces in xenosaurid lizards. Journal of Morphology, 216, 161–177.
Harvey, M.B. & Embert, D. (2009, dated 2008). Review of Bolivian Dipsas (Serpentes: Colubridae) with comments on other South American species. Herpetological Monographs, 22, 54–105.
Harvey, M.B. & Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. (1995) The morphology, ontogeny, and evolution of scale surfaces in cordylid lizards. Journal of Morphology, 226, 121–139.
Harvey, M.B. & Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. (2000) A phylogenetic analysis of the tropidurine lizards (Squamata: Tropiduridae), including new characters of squamation and epidermal microstructure. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 128, 189–233.
Harvey, M.B., Rivas Fuenmayor, G., Caicedo Portilla, J.R. & Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (2009, dated 2008). Systematics of the enigmatic dipsadine snake Tropidurus perijanensis Alemán (Serpentes: Colubridae) and review of morphological characters of Dipsadini. Herpetological Monographs, 22, 106–132.
Henderson, R.W. & Powell R (2009) Natural History of West Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 495 pp.
Holmberg, A.R. (1957) Lizard hunts on the north coast of Peru. Fieldiana. Anthropology, 36, 203–220.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1973). Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam IV. Biogeographica, 4, 1–419.
Hower, L.M. & Hedges, S.B. (2003) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of West Indian teiid lizards of the genus Ameiva. Caribbean Journal of Science, 39, 298–306.
Imparato, B.A., Antoniazzi, M. M., Rodrigues, M.T., & Jared, C. (2007) Morphology of the femoral glands in the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) and their possible role in semiochemical dispersion. Journal of Morphology, 268, 636–648.
Irish, F.J., Williams, E.E., & Seling, E. (1988) Scanning electron microscopy of changes in epidermal structure occurring during the shedding cycle in squamate reptiles. Journal of Morphology, 197, 105–126.
Jared, C., Antoniazzi, M.M., Silva, J.R. M.C., & Freymüller, E. (1999). Epidermal glands in Squamata: Microscopical examination of precloacal glands in Amphisbaena alba (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Journal of Morphology, 241, 197–206.
Kaup, J.J. (1826) Beyträge zu Amphibiologie und Ichyologie. Isis von Oken, 18–19, 87–89.
Kizirian, D.A. (1996) A review of Ecuadorian Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Herpetological Monographs, 10, 85–155.
Klein, W., Abe, A. S. Andrade, D.V. & Perry, S.F. (2003) Structure of the posthepatic septum and its influence on visceral topology in the tegu lizard, Tupinambis merianae (Teiidae: Reptilia). Journal of Morphology, 258, 151–157.
Klein, W., Böhme, W. & Perry, S.F. (2000) The mesopneumonia and the post-hepatic septum of the Teiioidea (Reptilia: Squamata). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 81, 109–119.
Kluge, A.G. (1983) Epidermal gland evolution in gekkonoid lizards. Journal of Herpetology, 17, 89–90.
La Cepède, B.G. E, Comte de (1788) Histoire naturelle des Quadrupèdes ovipares et des Serpens. Tome 1. A. Blussé and Fils, Dordrecht, Paris, France, 651 pp.
Lowe, C.H., Wright, J.W., Cole, C.J. & Bezy, R.L. (1970) Chromosomes and evolution of the species groups of Cnemidophorus (Reptilia: Teiidae). Systematic Zoology, 19, 128–141.
Maderson, P.F. A. (1972) The structure and evolution of holocrine epidermal glands in sphaerodactyline and eublepharine gekkonid lizards. Copeia, 1972, 559–571.
Maderson, P.F. A. & Chui, K.W. (1970) Epidermal glands in gekkonid lizards: evolution and phylogeny. Herpetologica, 26, 233–238.
Magnusson, W.E. (1996) Tail and hand waves: a come-on for predators? Herpetological Review, 27, 60.
Manzani, P.R. & Abe, A.S. (1997) A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1802 (Squamata, Teiidae) from central Brazil. Boletim do Museu Nacional. Nova Série. Zoologia, 328, 1–10.
Manzani, P.R. & Abe, A.S. (2002) A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1803 from southeastern Brazil (Squamata, Teiidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 60, 295–302.
Markezich, A.L., Cole, C.J. & Dessauer, H. C. (1997) The blue and green whiptail lizards (Squamata: Teiidae: Cnemidophorus) of the Peninsula de Paraguana, Venezuela: systematics, ecology, descriptions of two new taxa, and relationships to whiptails of the Guianas. American Museum Novitates, 3207, 1–60.
Martin, J. & López, P. (2000) Chemoreception, symmetry and mate choice in lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B. Biological Sciences, 267, 1265–1269.
Massary, J.-C. de & Hoogmoed, M. S. (2001) Crocodilurus amazonicus Spix, 1825: the valid name for Crocodilurus amazonicus Auctorum (nec Daudin, 1802) (Squamata: Teiidae). Journal of Herpetology, 35, 353–357.
Massary, J.-C. de, Hoogmoed, M.S. & Blanc, M. (2000) Comments on the type specimen of Dracaena guianensis Daudin, 1801 (Reptilia: Sauria: Teiidae), and rediscovery of the species in French Guiana. Zoologische Mededelingen, 74, 167–180.
Matveyeva, T.N. & Ananjeva, N.B. (1995) The distribution and number of the skin sense organs of agamid, iguanid and gekkonid lizards. Journal of Zoology (London), 235, 253–268.
Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Johann Christian Krieger, Marburg, Germany. 191 pp.
Meyer, F.A.A. (1795) Synopsis Reptilium, novam ipsorum sistens generum methodum Gottingensium huius ordinis animalium enumerationem. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht, Gottingae, Germany, 32 pp.
Moro, S. & Abdala, V. (2000) Cladistic analysis of Teiidae (Squamata) based on mycological characters. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 7, 87–102.
Myers, C.W. & Cadle, J.E. (2003) On the snake hemipenis, with notes on Psomophis and techniques of eversion: a response to Dowling. 2003. Herpetological Review, 34, 295–302.
Noble, G.K. & Bradley, H.T. (1933) The mating behavior of lizards; its bearing on the theory of sexual selection. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 35, 25–100.
Northcutt, R.G. (1978) Forebrain and midbrain organization in lizards and its phylogenetic significance. In: Greenberg, N. & MacLean, P.D. (Eds) , Behavior and Neurology of Lizards. National Institutes of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland, U. S. A, pp. 11–64.
Pelegrino, K.C., Rodrigues, M.T.,Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. & Sites, J.W., Jr. (2001) A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 315–338.
Péres, Jr., A.K. & Colli, G. R. (2004) The taxonomic status of Tupinambis rufescens and T. duseni (Squamata: Teiidae), with a redescription of the two species. Occasional Papers Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 15, 1–12.
Peters, J.A. (1964) The lizard genus Ameiva in Ecuador. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 63, 113–127.
Peters, J.A. & Donoso-Barros, R. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. lizards and amphisbaenians. United States National Museum Bulletin, 297, viii–293.
Pietruszka, R.D. (1981) Use of scutellation for distinguishing sexes in bisexual species of Cnemidophorus. Herpetologica, 37, 244–249.
Presch, W.F. (1970) The Evolution of Macroteiid Lizards: An Osteological Interpretation. Ph.D. Dissertaion. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 255 pp.
Presch, W.F. (1971) Tongue structure of the teiid lizard genera Ameiva and Cnemidophorus with a reallocation of Ameiva vanzoi. Journal of Herpetology, 5, 183–185.
Presch, W.F. (1973) A review of the tegus, lizard genus Tupinambis (Sauria: Teeidae) from South America. Copeia, 1973, 740–746.
Presch, W.F. (1974a) Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of the macroteiid lizards (Family Teiidae, Subfamily Teiinae). Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, 72, 23–32.
Presch, W.F. (1974b) A survey of the dentition of the macroteiid lizards (Teiidae: Lacertilia). Herpetologica, 30, 344–349.
Rieppel, O. (1980) The trigeminal jaw adductor musculature of Tupinambis, with comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Teiidae (Reptilia, Lacertilia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69, 1–29.
Rivas, G., Ugueto, G., Miralles, A. & Rivero, R. (2005) The herpetofauna of Isla de Margarita, Venezuela: new records and comments. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 346–351.
Rocha, C.F.D., Araújo, A.F.B., Vrcibradic, D. & da Costa, E. M. M. (2000) New Cnemidophorus (Squamata; Teiidae) from coastal Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Copeia, 2000, 501–509.
Ruibal, R. (1952) Revisionary studies of some South American teiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 106, 477–529.
Ruthven, A.G. (1924) The subspecies of Ameiva bifrontata. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 155, 1–6.
Savage, J.M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. 934 pp.
Schall, J.J. (1974) Population structure of the Aruban Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus arubensis, in varied habitats. Herpetologica, 30, 38–44.
Schmidt, K.P. (1957) Notes on lizards of the genus Dicrodon. Fieldiana. Zoology, 39, 65–71.
Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. (1991) Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., 720 pp.
Smith, E.N. & Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. (2001) Generalized frequency coding: a method of preparing polymorphic multistate characters for phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology, 50, 156–169.
Spix, J.B. (1825) Animalia nova sive Species novae lacertarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspicious Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit Dr. J.B. de Spix. F.S. Hübschmann, Munich, Germany, 26 pp., 28 plates.
Steindachner, F. (1877) Über zwei neue Eidechsen-Arten aus Süd-Amerika und Borneo. Denkschriften (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse), 38, 93–96.
Stuart, L.C. (1942) Comments on the undulata group of Ameiva (Sauria). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 55, 143–150.
Sullivan, R.M. & Estes, R. (1997) A reassessment of the fossil Tupinambinae. In: Kay, R.F., Madden, R.H., Cifelli, R.L. & Flynn, J.J. (Eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., pp. 100–112.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (unpaginated)
Teixeira, R.D. (2003) Análise Filognética da Família Teiidae (Squamata, Reptilia), a Ultraestrutura de Espermatazóide e a sua utilidade filogenética. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, 206 pp.
The Morphobank Project (2012) Morphobank. Homology of Phenotypes over the Web. Stony Brook University, Department of Medical Informatics and Department of Information Technology. Available from http://www.morphobank.org/index.php/Home/Index. (accessed June, 2012).
Troje, N.F. & Frost, B.F. (2000) Head-bobbing in pigeons: how stable is the hold phase? Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 935–940.
Tuck, R.G., Jr. & Hardy, J.D., Jr. (1973) Status of the Ober Tobago Collection, Smithsonian Institution, and the proper allocation of Ameiva suranamensis tobaganus Cope (Sauria: Teiidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 86, 231–242.
Ugueto, G.N. & Harvey, M.B. (2010) Southern Caribbean Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): Description of new species and taxonomic status of C. murinus ruthveni Burt. Herpetological Monographs, 24, 111–148.
Ugueto, G.N. & Harvey, M.B. (2011) Revision of Ameiva ameiva Linnaeus (Squamata: Teiidae) in Venezuela: recognition of four species and status of introduced populations in southeastern Florida, USA. Herpetological Monographs, 25, 113–170.
Ugueto, G.N. & Rivas, G.A. (2010) Amphibians and Reptiles of Margarita, Coche and Cubagua. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, Germany. 350 pp.
Ugueto, G.N., Harvey, M.B. & Rivas, G. A. (2009) Two new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from islands of the northeastern coast of Venezuela. Herpetological Monographs, 24, 111–148.
Uzzell, T. (1970) Teiid lizards of the genus Proctoporus from Bolivia and Peru. Postilla, 142, 1–39.
van Buurt, G. (2005) Field guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 160 pp.
van Buurt, G. (2011) The teiid lizards of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire (Dutch Caribbean), and the Península del Paraguaná (Venezuela). IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians, 18, 93–104.
van Damme, R. & Castilla, A.M. (1996). Chemosensory predator recognition in the lizard Podarcis hispanica: effects of predation pressure relaxation. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22, 13–23.
van Wyk, J.H. & Mouton, N.F. (1992) Glandular epidermal structures in cordylid lizards. Amphibia-Reptilia, 13, 1–12.
Varela, RO. & Bucher, E.H. (2002) The lizard Teius teyou (Squamata: Teiidae) as a legitimate seed disperser in the dry Chaco forest of Argentina. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 37, 115–117.
Vanzolini, P.E. (1986) Addenda and Corrigenda to Part II Lizards and Amphisbaenia (Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 25 pp.
Vanzolini, P.E. & Valencia, J. (1965) The genus Dracaena, with a brief consideration of macroteiid relationships (Sauria, Teiidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 13, 7–46.
Vanzolini, P.E., Ramos-Costa, A. M.M. & Vitt, L.J. (1980) Repteis das Caatingas. Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 161 pp.
Vega-Redondo, F. & Hasson, O. (1993) A game-theoretic model of predator-prey signaling. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 162, 309–319.
Veronese, L.B. & Krause, L. (1997) Esqueleto pré-sacral e sacral dos lagartos teiídeos (Squamata, Teiidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 14, 15–34.
Vitt, L.J. (1983) Reproduction and sexual dimorphism in the tropical teiid lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer. Copeia, 1983, 359–366.
Wagler, J.G. (1828 and 1833) Descriptiones et icones amphibiorum. Tres partes cum XXXVI tabulis. J.G. Cotta, Monaco, Stuttgart, and Tübingen.
Wagler, J.G. (1830) Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vögel. J.G. Cotta, Stuttgart und Tübingen, Germany. 354 pp., 9 plates.
Werneck, F. de P., Giugliano, L.G., Collevatti, R. G. & Colli, G. R. (2009) Phylogeny, biogeography and evolution of clutch size in South American lizards of the genus Kentropyx (Squamata: Teiidae). Molecular Ecology, 18, 262–278.
Wiens, J.J. (1995) Polymorphic characters in phylogenetic systematics. Systematic Biology, 47, 381–397.
Wright, J.W. (1993) Evolution of whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). In: Wright, J.W. & Vitt, L.J. (Eds), Biology of Whiptail Lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, Oklahoma, pp. 21–81.
Yoke, M. M., Morando, M., Avila, L.J. & Sites, J.W., Jr. (2006) Phylogeography and genetic structure in the Cnemidophorus longicauda complex (Squamata, Teiidae). Herpetologica, 62, 420–434.
Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1–168.
Zaher, H. & Prudente, A. L.C. (2003) Hemipenes of Siphlophis (Serpentes, Xenodontinae) and techniques of hemipenial preparation in snakes: a response to Dowling. Herpetological Review, 34, 302–307.