Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 61 No. 2: 12 Mar. 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-03-12
DOI: 10.12976/jib/2025.61.2.1
Page range: 31-48
Abstract views: 215
PDF downloaded: 7

Bees, hoverflies and butterflies of Giannutri Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy), with the first record of Eumerus narcissi Smith, 1928 (Syrphidae) for Italy (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila, Diptera: Syrphidae, Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Alessandro Volta 4, Pisa, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Alessandro Volta 4, Pisa, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Entomology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy); NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, 90133, Palermo (Italy)
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Alessandro Volta 4, Pisa, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Alessandro Volta 4, Pisa, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
pollinators distribution insect conservation insular endemism species-area relationship

Abstract

Local pollinator checklists are crucial for biodiversity conservation representing essential foundations for successive ecological and evolutionary studies. The Tuscan Archipelago, protected within a National Park in Italy, hosts a largely undiscovered pollinator diversity, especially on the small Giannutri Island. This study focuses on bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bees on Giannutri are poorly documented, with no comprehensive checklist available, while hoverflies remain understudied across the Archipelago. Although butterfly data are more extensive, they consist mainly of sporadic records. To unveil the pollinator fauna of Giannutri, we sampled the island over four years (2021–2024), recording: 14 bee species (eight new to the island and one new to the Archipelago), 14 hoverfly species (all new to the island, three new to the Archipelago and one new to Italy) and 23 butterfly species (10 new to the island). The presence of Eumerus narcissi Smith, 1928 is of pivotal importance representing a new species for the Italian fauna. Among bees, the presence of Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, 1802) is reported for the first time in the Archipelago, while the new record of Bombus xanthopus (Kriechbaumer, 1870) extends the distribution of this sub-endemic species to a fourth island, following Corsica, Capraia, and Elba. The species richness recorded on Giannutri Island aligned with the expectations based on size and isolation in comparison with the other islands of the Archipelago. Giannutri emerges as a noteworthy component of the Tuscan Archipelago and Mediterranean biodiversity highlighting the importance of checklists in conservation studies.

References

  1. Amiet F. 2004. Apidae. 4: Anthidium, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Dioxys, Heriades, Lithurgus, Megachile, Osmia, Stelis Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Neuchâtel, 273 pp.

  2. Amiet F. 2010. Apidae. 6: Andrena, Melitturga, Panurginus, Panurgus Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune, Neuchâtel, 317 pp.

  3. Amiet F., Herrmann M., Müller A. & Neumeyer R. 2007. Apidae 5: Ammobates, Ammobatoides, Anthophora, Biastes, Ceratina, Dasypoda, Epeoloides, Epeolus, Eucera, Macropis, Melecta, Melitta, Nomada, Pasites, Tetralonia, Thyreus, Xylocopa. Fauna Helvetica 20, 356 pp. [In German and French. Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Neuchâtel.]

  4. Aringoli D., Coltorti M., D’orefice M., Dramis F., Federici P., Foresi L., Graciotti R., Iotti A., Molin P., Moretti S., et al. 2009. Carta geomorfologica dell’Arcipelago Toscano. Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia 86: 7–107.

  5. Balletto E., Bonelli S. & Cassulo L. A. 2007. Insecta Lepidoptera Papilionoidea. Ruffo S. & Stoch F. (eds). Checklist and Distribution of the Italian Fauna 17: 257–261.

  6. Balletto E., Cassulo L. A. & Bonelli S. 2014. An annotated Checklist of the Italian Butterflies and Skippers (Papilionoidea, Hesperiioidea). Zootaxa 3853(1): 1–114. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3853.1.1

  7. Bartomeus I. & Dicks L. V. 2019. The need for coordinated transdisciplinary research infrastructures for pollinator conservation and crop pollination resilience. Environmental Research Letters 14(4): 045017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0cb5

  8. Bertsch A. & Schweer H. 2012. Cephalic labial gland secretions of males as species recognition signals in bumblebees: are there really geographical variations in the secretions of the Bombus terrestris subspecies? (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Beiträge zur Entomologie [Contributions to Entomology] 62(1): 103–124. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.62.1.103-124

  9. Bezzi M. 1926. Materiali per una fauna dell’arcipelago toscano. XVII Ditteri del Giglio. Annali Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Di Genova 50: 291–354.

  10. Biermann H. 1998. Tabellarische Übersicht über die Tagfalter der tyrrenischen Inseln und des angrenzenden Festlands (Lepidoptera, Hesperoidea, Papilionoidea). Atalanta 28(3/4): 277–287.

  11. Biermann H. 2003. Tabellarische Uebersicht ueber die Tagfalter der tyrrhenischen Inseln und des angrenzenden Festlands (1. Nachtrag). (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea). Atalanta 34: 411–419.

  12. Biermann H. & Hesch F. J. 1982. Beitrag zur Tagelfalterfauna (Lepid., Rhopal. U. Hesp.) von Elba, Capraia und Giglio (Italien). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo N.F. 3(2): 25–50.

  13. Boni C. B., Coppola F., Quaranta M., Giannini F. & Felicioli A. 2023. Bombus terrestris terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) and hybrids with the endemic Bombus xanthopus spotted on Capraia Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy): some conservation management implications. The Science of Nature 110(3): 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-023-01843s-y

  14. Bot S. & Meutter F. V. de van de 2023. Hoverflies of Britain and North-West Europe: A Photographic Guide Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London, 416 pp.

  15. Burgio D., Birtele D. & Sommaggio D. 2015. I Sirfidi (Ditteri): biodiversità e conservazione ISPRA, 182 pp.

  16. Burgio G., Dindo M. L., Pape T., Whitmore D. & Sommaggio D. 2024. Diptera as predators in biological control: applications and future perspectives. BioControl : 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-024-10281-2

  17. Cini A., Benetello F., Bonifacino M., Salvati V., Monterastelli E., Pasquali L., Sistri G., Dani F. R. & Dapporto L. 2022. Simple and informative: applying a basic Anthophila monitoring scheme in a simplified insular ecosystem. Bullectin of Insectology 75(1): 83–95.

  18. Comba M. 2019. Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila of Italy, https://digilander.libero.it/ mario.comba/

  19. Cornalba M., Quaranta M., Selis M., Flaminio S., Gamba S., Mei M., Bonifacino M., Cappellari A., Catania R., Niolu P., et al. 2024. Exploring the hidden riches: Recent remarkable faunistic records and range extensions in the bee fauna of Italy (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila). Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e116014. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e116014

  20. Dapporto L. 2002. Lepidoptera (Insecta) collected with a Malaise trap in Gorgona Island during 1999–2002. Frustula Entomologica 25: 49–56.

  21. Dapporto L. 2003. Two new records of Lepidoptera from Tuscan Archipelago: Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 and Aletia languida (Walker, 1858) (Lycaenidae, Noctuidae) [Due specie di lepidotteri nuove per l’arcipelago toscano: Cacyreus marshalli butler, 1898 e aletia languida (walker, 1858) (Lycaenidae, Noctuidae)]. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie B 110: 1–2.

  22. Dapporto L., Cecchi B., Lo Cascio P. & Sforzi A. 1999. Contributo alla conoscenza dell’artropodofauna dell’lsola di Pianosa (Arcipelago Toscano). II. Prima nota sui macrolepdotteri. Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 131(3): 245–252.

  23. Dapporto L. & Cini A. 2007. Faunal patterns in Tuscan archipelago butterflies (Lepidoptera): The dominant influence is recent geography not paleogeography. European Journal of Entomology 104(3): 497–503. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2007.070

  24. Dapporto L., Cini A., Menchetti M., Vodă R., Bonelli S., Casacci L. P., Dincă V., Scalercio S., Hinojosa J. C., Biermann H., et al. 2017. Rise and fall of island butterfly diversity: Understanding genetic differentiation and extinction in a highly diverse archipelago. Diversity and Distributions 23(10): 1169–1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12610

  25. Dapporto L., Menchetti M., Vodă R., Corbella C., Cuvelier S., Djemadi I., Gascoigne-Pees M., Hinojosa J. C., Lam N. T., Serracanta M., et al. 2022. The atlas of mitochondrial genetic diversity for Western Palaearctic butterflies. Global Ecology and Biogeography 31(11): 2184–2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13579

  26. Dapporto L. & Strumia F. 2008. A rapid assessment of Lepidoptera biogeography in the Tuscan Archipelago using economical Malaise traps. Italian Journal of Zoology 75(2): 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000701867735

  27. Eggleton P. 2020. The State of the World’s Insects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45(1): 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035

  28. European Commission, Directorate General for Environment, Vujić A., Gilbert F., Flinn G. & Englefield E. 2023. Pollinators on the edge: our European hoverflies: the European red list of hoverflies. Publications Office, LU.

  29. Fanfani A. & Groppali R. 1979. La fauna di Montecristo. Arcipelago toscano (Studi sulla riserva naturale dell’lsola di Montecristo XXIII). Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di Entomologia dell’Università di Pavia 10: 1–57.

  30. Fattorini S. 2009. Both Recent and Pleistocene geography determine animal distributional patterns in the Tuscan Archipelago. Journal of Zoology 277(4): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00540.x

  31. Favilli L., Piazzini S., Tellini Florenzano G., Perroud B. & Manganelli G. 2011. Nuovi dati sulla distribuzione in toscana d alcuni Lepidotteri Ropaloceri rari o poco noti (Hesperoidea, Papilionidea). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie serie B (118): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2424/ASTSN.M.2011.15

  32. Filippi L. & Strumia F. 2019. Contributo allo studio degli Hymenoptera Apoidea dell’isola di Montecristo. Naturalista sicil. 43(1): 85–90.

  33. Foggi B., Cioffi V., Ferretti G., Dell’Olmo L., Viciani D. & Lastrucci L. 2011. La vegetazione dell’Isola di Giannutri (Arcipelago Toscano, Grosseto). Fitosociologia 48(2): 23–44.

  34. Foggi B., Lastrucci L., Geri F. & Rocchini D. 2015. Recent landscape changes on a small Mediterranean Island. Landscape Research 40(4): 437–450.

  35. Forbicioni L., Filippi L. & Strumia F. 2019. Contributo alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Apoidei dell’Isola d’Elba. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino 35(1–2): 103–120.

  36. Generani M., Pagliano G., Scaramozzino P. L. & Strumia F. 2001. The Hymenoptera fauna of the Capraia, Giglio, Gorgona, Pianosa and Montecristo Islands (Tuscany Archipel) (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Frustula Entomologica 24(37): 51–74.

  37. Ghisbain G., Rosa P., Bogusch P., Flaminio S., Divelec R. L., Dorchin A., Kasparek M., Kuhlmann M., Litman J., Mignot M., et al. 2023. The new annotated checklist of the wild bees of Europe (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). Zootaxa 5327(1): 1–147. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5327.1.1

  38. Gross F. J. 1970. Uber Coenonympha corinna nebst einer neuen Unterart sowie andere Lepidopteren von der Mittelmeerinsel Capraia. Entomologische Zeitschrift 80: 161–168.

  39. Gurel F., Gosterit A. & Eren Ö. 2008. Life-cycle and foraging patterns of native Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the Mediterranean region. Insectes Sociaux 55(2): 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-008-0984-7

  40. Hristov P., Neov B., Shumkova R. & Palova N. 2020. Significance of Apoidea as Main Pollinators. Ecological and Economic Impact and Implications for Human Nutrition. Diversity 12(7): 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12070280

  41. Jensen J. 2001. Faroese Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): Checklist to the Year 2000. Faroese Scientific Journal 48: 125–133.

  42. Jutzeler D. 1997. Ecologie, elevage et statut taxinomique de Coenonympha corinna trettaui (Gross, 1970) de l’Isola di Capraia (Toscane, Italie)(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Linneana Belgica 16(2): 70–78.

  43. Jutzeler D. & Bros E. de 1997. Écologie, élevage et statut taxonomique de Coenonympha corinna trettaui (Gross, 1970) de l’Isola di Capraia (Toscane, Italie) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Linneana Belgica 16(2): 70–78.

  44. Lebard T., Canut M. & Speight M. 2019. Première observation en France d’Ischiodon aegyptius (Wiedemann, 1830) et découverte en Corse d’Eumerus narcissi Smith, 1928 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Revue Française d’Entomologie Générale 1(3): 203–210.

  45. Lecocq T., Brasero N., De Meulemeester T., Michez D., Dellicour S., Lhomme P., De Jonghe R., Valterová I., Urbanová K. & Rasmont P. 2015. An integrative taxonomic approach to assess the status of Corsican bumblebees: implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 18(3): 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12164

  46. Lieftinck M. A. 1980. Prodrome to a Monograph of the Palaearctic Species of the Genus Melecta Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) 220 pp.

  47. Mathiasson M. E. & Rehan S. M. 2019. Status changes in the wild bees of north‐eastern North America over 125 years revealed through museum specimens. Insect Conservation and Diversity 12(4): 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12347

  48. Montgomery G. A., Dunn R. R., Fox R., Jongejans E., Leather S. R., Saunders M. E., Shortall C. R., Tingley M. W. & Wagner D. L. 2020. Is the insect apocalypse upon us? How to find out. Biological Conservation 241: 108327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108327

  49. Nath R., Singh H. & Mukherjee S. 2023. Insect pollinators decline: an emerging concern of Anthropocene epoch. Journal of Apicultural Research 62(1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2088931

  50. Nieto A., Roberts S. P. M., Kemp J., Rasmont P., Kuhlmann M., García Criado M., Biesmeijer C., Bogusch P., Dathe H. H., De la Rúa P., et al. 2014. European Red List of Bees Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.

  51. Ollerton J. 2017. Pollinator Diversity: Distribution, Ecological Function, and Conservation. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48(1): 353–376. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919

  52. Ollerton J., Winfree R. & Tarrant S. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos 120(3): 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x

  53. Pagliano G. 1995. Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana. Fasc. 106. Hymenoptera, Apoidea. Ministero dell ‘Ambiente a Comitato Scientifico per la Fauna d’Italia, Ed.”: 1–25.

  54. Paparatti B. 1997. Diptera, Syrphidae. In Zapparoli M. (Ed.), 1997. Gli Insetti di Roma. , Comune di Roma, Dip. X. Area Risorsa Suolo e Tutela Ambietale, Quaderni dell’Ambiente, 6: 360 pp.

  55. Potts S. G., Biesmeijer J. C., Kremen C., Neumann P., Schweiger O. & Kunin W. E. 2010. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25(6): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007

  56. Quaranta M. & Felicioli A. 2012. First report of Bombus terrestris xanthopus Kriechbaumer on the Italian peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 48(3–4): 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2012.10697783

  57. Raineri V. 1986. Materiali per una fauna dell’Arcipelago Toscano. XXVII. I Lepidotteri dell’lsola di Montecristo. Doriana suppl. agli Annali del Museo civico di Storia Naturale ‘G. Doria’ 6(257): 1–6.

  58. Rasmont P. 1995. Les Anthophores de France du Sous-Genre Lophanthophora Brooks Avec la Redescription de Trois Espèces au Statut Confus (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophorinae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 31(1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1995.12277716

  59. Rasmont P. & Adamski A. 1996. Les Bourdons de la Corse (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Bombinae). Notes fauniques de Gembloux 31: 3–87.

  60. Rasmont P., Ghisbain G. & Terzo M. 2021. Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions NAP éditions, Verrières-le-Buisson, 632 pp.

  61. Rasmont P. & Quaranta M. 1997. I Bombi dell’Arcipelago Toscano (Hymenoptera Apidae). Bollettino della Società entomologica Italiana 129: 31–38.

  62. Razzauti A. 1917. Contributi alla conoscenza delle Isole Toscane. I. Isola di Capraia. Memorie della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali di Pisa 31: 196–224.

  63. Reverté S., Miličić M., Ačanski J., Andrić A., Aracil A., Aubert M., Balzan M. V., Bartomeus I., Bogusch P., Bosch J., et al. 2023. National records of 3000 European bee and hoverfly species: A contribution to pollinator conservation. Insect Conservation and Diversity 16(6): 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12680

  64. Rocci U. & Turati E. 1925. Materiali per una fauna dell’arcipelago Toscano XVIII, Lepidotteri dell’lsola del Giglio. Annali del Museo civico di storia Naturale ‘G. Doria’ 10: 355–362.

  65. Ruzzier E., Forbicioni L., Gentili R., Tormen N., Dondina O., Orioli V. & Bani L. 2021. From Island Biogeography to Conservation: A Multi-Taxon and Multi-Taxonomic Rank Approach in the Tuscan Archipelago. Land 10(5): 486. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050486

  66. Sánchez-Bayo F. & Wyckhuys K. A. G. 2019. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation 232: 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020

  67. Sánchez‐Bayo F. & Wyckhuys K. A. G. 2021. Further evidence for a global decline of the entomofauna. Austral Entomology 60(1): 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12509

  68. Smit J. 2018. Identification key to the European species of the bee genus Nomada Scopoli, 1770 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), including 23 new species. Entomofauna 3: 1–253.

  69. Sommaggio D. 2006. Insecta Diptera Syrphidae (Syrphinae, Syrphini), pp. 241–242. In: Checklist and distribution of Italian fauna (S. Ruffo and F. Stoch., editors). Verona, Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 303 pp.

  70. Speight M. C. D. 2024. Species accounts of European Syrphidae The database of European Syrphidae (Diptera). 314 pp.

  71. Speight M., Fisler L., Pétremand G. & Hauser M. 2021. A key to the males of the Eumerus species known from Switzerland & surrounding parts of central Europe (Diptera: Syrphidae) Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae, 1–36 pp.

  72. Speight M., Hauser M. & Withers P. 2013. Eumerus narcissi Smith (Diptera, Syrphidae), presence in Europe confirmed, with a redescription of the species. Dipterist Digest 20: 17–32.

  73. Strumia F. 2019. Contributo allo studio degli astropodi dell’isola di Montecristo: Hymenoptera Chrysididae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae, Gasteruptiidae e Pompilidae. Naturalista siciliano 43(1): 71–84.

  74. Thomas S., Harrow M. & Falk S. 2023. Eumerus narcissi Smith (Diptera, Syrphidae) confirmed as British from the Isles of Scilly and mainland Cornwall. Dipterists Digest 30: 134–139.

  75. Todesco M., Pascual M. A., Owens G. L., Ostevik K. L., Moyers B. T., Hübner S., Heredia S. M., Hahn M. A., Caseys C., Bock D. G., et al. 2016. Hybridization and extinction. Evolutionary Applications 9(7): 892–908. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12367

  76. Trematerra P., Zilli A., Valentini V. & Mazzei P. 1997. Cacyreus marshalli, un lepidottero sudafricano dannoso ai gerani in Italia. Cacyreus marshalli, a new pest of geranium in Italy. Informatore Fitopatologico 47(7/8): 2–6.

  77. van Tongeren E., Sistri G., Bonifacino M., Menchetti M., Pasquali L., Salvati V., Balletto E., Bonelli S., Cini A., Portera M., et al. 2023. Unstructured citizen science reduces the perception of butterfly local extinctions: the interplay between species traits and user effort. Biodiversity and Conservation 32(14): 4701–4718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02721-9

  78. Vanbergen A. J. & The Insect Pollinators Initiative 2013. Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(5): 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1890/120126

  79. Vicidomini S. S. 2003. Distribuzione della Tribù Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae) in Italia: rassegna delle segnalazioni bibliografiche italiane. NATURA BRESCIANA, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 33: 67–79. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2322.2727

  80. Wagner D. L., Grames E. M., Forister M. L., Berenbaum M. R. & Stopak D. 2021. Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(2): e2023989118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118

  81. Wiemers M., Balletto E., Dincă V., Fric Z. F., Lamas G., Lukhtanov V., Munguira M. L., van Swaay C. A. M., Vila R., Vliegenthart A., et al. 2018. An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 811: 9–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.811.28712

  82. Williams P. H., Brown M. J. F., Carolan J. C., An J., Goulson D., Aytekin A. M., Best L. R., Byvaltsev A. M., Cederberg B., Dawson R., et al. 2012. Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 10(1): 21–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2012.664574

  83. Zattara E. E. & Aizen M. A. 2021. Worldwide occurrence records suggest a global decline in bee species richness. One Earth 4(1): 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.005

  84. Zavattari E. 1905. Hymenoptera of the Island of Elba and Pianosa. Bulletin of the Museums of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of the Royal University of Turin 20(493): 1–4.