Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 31 No. 2: April 2022
Type: Article
Published: 2022-04-13
DOI: 10.12976/jib/2022.31.2.1
Page range: 36-81
Abstract views: 396
PDF downloaded: 9

An annotated catalogue of the Paraguayan Sphingidae (Lepidoptera)

FAUNA Paraguay, Carmen de Lara Castro 422, Encarnación, Paraguay, www.faunaparaguay.com
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Departamento de Arqueología y Paleontología. Secretaría Nacional de Cultura. Asunción, Paraguay
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, (Entomologie), 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005 France (MNHN)
distribution Hawkmoths specimens status taxonomy

Abstract

Although the Sphingidae (hawkmoths) of Paraguay are moderately well-known, comprehensive publications on the fauna are few and far between, and there is no modern taxonomic and biogeographical overview of the available data against which future researchers could work. Here we compile existing published data and review important national collections to provide a preliminary understanding of the distributions of Sphingidae species in the country. The presence of 100 species is documented, with a further three species pending documentation, three species considered to be of potential occurrence and seven species considered to have been erroneously cited. A complete bibliography of Paraguayan Sphingidae is provided, as well as taxonomic discussion, and a first attempt is made to associate sphingid species’ distributions with the ecoregions present in the country. Four species are documented for Paraguay for the first time: Cocytius mephisto Haxaire & Vaglia, 2002, Manduca exiguus (Gehlen, 1942), Erinnyis impunctata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 and Xylophanes marginalis Clark, 1917. Paraguayan specimens previously assigned to Xylophanes porcus (Hübner, [1823]) are re-assigned to the recently described species Xylophanes alineae Haxaire & C. Mielke, 2017 and Xylophanes soaresi Haxaire & C. Mielke, 2017. In addition, specimens of species previously named as Manduca sexta (Linnaeus, 1771) and Protambulyx eurycles (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]) are referred to Manduca paphus (Cramer, 1779) and Protambulyx fasciatus (Gehlen, 1928) respectively. A provisional new taxonomic arrangement of the Paraguayan species of the genus Neogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 is also proposed in which Neogene pictus Clark, 1931 syn. nov. and Neogene intermedia Clark, 1935 syn. nov. are synonymized with Neogene reevei (Druce, 1882), and Neogene albescens Clark, 1929 syn. nov. is synonymized with Neogene steinbachi Clark, 1924.

References

  1. ABC Color. 2005. Masiva tala de ficus por temor a gusano. ABC Color Available from: http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/locales/masiva-tala-de-ficus-por-temor-a-gusano-811277.html (Accessed 26 Mar. 2021).
  2. Benítez Díaz E. A. 1988. Catálogo de Lep¬idópteros coleccionados en el Departamento de Entomología. Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay, 23 pp.
  3. Benítez Díaz E. A. 2002. Listado de nombres científicos y vulgares de plagas agrícolas y forestales de Paraguay. Segunda Edicion. Prodesal, Asunción, 39 pp.
  4. Berg C. 1883. Miscelanea Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la Fauna Argentina y países limítrofes. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 15: 151–169.
  5. Bertoni A. de W. 1924. Noticias Zoológicas. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay 1(6): 90–93.
  6. Bertoni A. de W. 1942. Principales enfermedades de las mandiocas. Cartilla de Propaganda Agropecuaria 18/19: 5–7.
  7. Boisduval J. B. A. E. De. 1859. Quelques autres Lépidoptères nouveaux, recueillis dans la république Argentine par M. Lassaux. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 3(7): clvii–clviii.
  8. Boisduval J. B. A. E. De. 1870. Considerations sur les Lépidoptères envoyés du Guatemala à M. de l’Orza. Oberthür et fils, Rennes. 100 pp.
  9. Boisduval J. B. A. E. De. 1874 [1875]. Histoire naturelle des insectes (Spécies général des lépidoptères – Hétérocères). Tome 1. Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Roret, Paris, 568 pp.
  10. Bryk F. 1953. Lepidoptera aus dem Amazonasgebiete und aus Peru gesammelt von Dr. Douglas Melin und Dr. Abraham Roman. Arkiv för Zoologi 5: 1–268.
  11. Bridges C. A. 1993. Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Sphingidae of the world. Privately published, Urbana, Illinois, unpaginated [282 pp.] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15283
  12. Burmeister H. 1855. Systematische uebersicht der Sphingidae brasiliens. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 3(4) (Sber.): 68–74.
  13. Butler A. G. 1871. Descriptions of some new species of exotic Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 79–83.
  14. Butler A. G. 1875. Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known species of Sphingidae in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 3–16.
  15. Cadiou J.-M. 1997. A new sphingid from southern Brasil: Pachygonidia mielkei (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Lambillionea 97: 515–518.
  16. Carcasson R. H. & Heppner, J. B. 1996. Sphingoidea 118. Sphingidae, pp. 50–62. In: Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist 4B: Drepanoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea (J. B. Heppner, editor). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, 87 pp.
  17. Cardozo R., Palacios F. Rodas, O. & Yanosky A. 2013. Cambio en la cobertura de la tierra del Gran Chaco Americano en el año 2012. Paraquaria Natural 1(2): 43–49.
  18. Cary M. M. 1949. Sphingidae collecting in north central Venezuela in June, 1949. Lepidopterists’ News 3: 78.
  19. Clark B. P. 1920. Sixteen new Sphingidae. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 7: 65–78. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12093
  20. Clark B. P. 1922. Twenty-five new Sphingidae. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 8: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3998
  21. Clark B. P. 1924. Twelve new Sphingidae. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 9: 11–21.
  22. Clark B. P. 1929. Sundry notes on Sphingidae, descriptions of sixteen new species, and of one new genus. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 11: 7–24.
  23. Clark B. P. 1931. Descriptions of seven new Sphingidae and a note on one other. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 12: 77–83.
  24. Clark B. P. 1935. Descriptions of twenty new Sphingidae and notes on three others. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 15: 19–39.
  25. Clark B. P. 1938. Eight new Sphingidae and notes on two others. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 17: 37–44.
  26. Cramer P. [& Stoll C.] 1775–[1782]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. S. J. Baalde & Barthelmy Wild, Amsteldam & Utrecht. 4 vols (vol. 1: 16 + 155 pp.; vol. 2: 151 pp.; vol. 3: 176 pp.; vol. 4: 192 pp.).
  27. d’Abrera B. 1986 [1987]. Sphingidae Mundi. Hawkmoths of the World. E.W. Classey, Faringdon, UK, 226 pp.
  28. Debauche H. 1934. Notes sur les Sphingides du Musée de Bruxelles. Bulletin du Musée Royal d´Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 10: 1–10.
  29. Drechsel U. 1994. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sphingidenfauna von Paraguay (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 104: 265–276.
  30. Drechsel U. 2014a. Protambulyx eurycles (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1854) new record from Paraguay (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Paraguay Biodiversidad 1: 19–21.
  31. Drechsel U. 2014b. Biodiversity Research in “Reserva Natural Dimas”. Paraguay Biodiversidad 1: 38–43.
  32. Drechsel U. 2014c. Preliminary studies of the biodiversity in Garay Cue “Reserva Natural Privada Cerrados del Tagatiya”. Paraguay Biodiversidad 1: 51–60.
  33. Drechsel U. 2014d. The early stages of Aellopos clavipes (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae). Paraguay Biodiversidad 1: 70–74.
  34. Drechsel U. 2014e. Sphingidae. PYbio. Available from: http://www.pybio.org/en/5614/sphingidae-1/ (Accessed 26 Jan. 2022).
  35. Drechsel U. 2014f. Fauna de Lepidoptera, Saturniidae y Sphingidae, del Refugio Biológico Carapá en el Departamento de Kanindejú, Paraguay. PYbio. Available from: http://www.pybio.org/01/AP%202%20Fauna%20Carapa.htm (Accessed 26 Jan. 2022).
  36. Druce H. 1878. Descriptions of six new species of Sphingidae. Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine 14: 248–249.
  37. Druce H. 1882. Descriptions of new species of Aegeriidae and Sphingidae. Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine 19: 15–18.
  38. Drury D. 1770 [1773]. Illustrations of Natural History Volume 1. B. White, London, 132 pp.
  39. Drury D. 1773. Illustrations of Natural History Volume 2. B. White, London, 92 pp.
  40. Eitschberger U. 2001. Die Gattung Callionima Lucas, 1857 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 51: 153–224.
  41. Eitschberger U. 2006. Revision der Gattungen Amphimoea Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, Cocytius auct. (nec. Hübner, [1819]) und Neococytius Hodges, 1971 mit der Neugliederung der Gattung Cocytius auct. (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 59: 171–288.
  42. Eitschberger U. 2014. Zur Verbreitung von Manduca chinchilla (Gehlen, 1942) - Erstnachweis für Argentinien (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 124(4): 227–228.
  43. Eitschberger U. 2015. Die Gattung Protambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 mit der Beschreibung von zwei neuen Arten (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 70: 153–187.
  44. Eitschberger U. & Melichar T. 2014. Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Manduca chinchilla (Gehlen, 1942) und der zu dieser nahe verwandten Arten (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 69: 19–47.
  45. Fabricius J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae: Sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 832 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36510
  46. Fabricius J. C. 1777. Genera Insectorum eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm et proportionem omnium partium oris adiecta mantissa specierum nuper detectarum. Mich. Friedr. Bartschii, Chilonii. 310 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119827
  47. FAUNA Paraguay. 2006 onwards. Checklist of Paraguayan hawkmoths. FAUNA Paraguay. Available from: http://www.faunaparaguay.com/listsphingidae.html (Accessed 26 Mar. 2021).
  48. Gehlen B. 1928. Neue Sphingidae-Arten, -Unterarten und -Formen. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 22: 13–18.
  49. Gehlen B. 1942. Neue Sphingiden. Entomologische Zeitschrift 56 (16): 127–128.
  50. Gehlen B. 1943. Neue Sphingiden. Entomologische Zeitschrift 57: 49–51.
  51. Grote A. R. & Robinson C. T. 1866. Lepidopterological contributions. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 8: 351–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1867.tb00323.x
  52. Guérin-Méneville F. E. [1844]. Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier (Insectes). J.B. Ballière, Paris, 576 pp.
  53. Guérin-Méneville F. E. & Percheron, A. 1835. Genera des Insectes. J.B. Ballière, London, 392 pp.
  54. Haber W. A. & Frankie G. W. 1989. A tropical hawkmoth community: Costa Rican dry forest Sphingidae. Biotropica 21: 155–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388706
  55. Haxaire J. 1995. Systématique et répartition des Manduca du groupe lefeburei (Guerin), (Lépidoptera Sphingidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 100 (3): 277–286.
  56. Haxaire J. 1996. Les genres Pachygonidia Fletcher, Nyceryx Boisduval et Perigonia Herrich-Schäffer en Guyane Française. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). Lambillionea 96: 342–350.
  57. Haxaire J. & Herbin D. 1999. Les Lépidoptères Sphingidae de Bolivie; écologie et systématique. 1ère partie: sous-famille des Sphinginae Latreille. Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 8: 69–79.
  58. Haxaire J. & Herbin D. 2000. Les Lépidoptères Sphingidae de Bolivie; écologie et systématique. 2ème partie: les sous-familles des Smerinthinae et Macroglossinae pro parte (1). Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 9: 4–19.
  59. Haxaire J. & Vaglia T. 2002. Description d´un nouveau Sphingidae du sud-est Brésilien: Cocytius mephisto (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Lambillionea 102: 481–485.
  60. Haxaire J. & Mielke C. G. C. 2018. Two new species of hawkmoth of the Xylophanes porcus (Hübner, [1823]) group from Brazil and Paraguay (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The European Entomologist 9(2): 61–76.
  61. Haxaire J. & Mielke C. G. C. [2020]. A revised and annotated checklist of the Brazilian Sphingidae with new records, taxonomical notes, and a description of one new species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The European Entomologist 11(3–4): 101–187.
  62. Haxaire J., Rougerie R., Mielke C. G. C. & Kitching I. J. 2015. Manduca exiguus (Gehlen, 1942): a valid species from southern and southeastern Brazil, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des entomologische Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 36(1): 49–54.
  63. Hayes F. 1995. Status, distribution and biogeography of the birds of Paraguay. American Birding Assocation, Monographs in Field Ornithology 1, Albany, New York, USA, 230 pp.
  64. Herrich-Schaffer G. A. W. [1854]. Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge. G.J. Manz, Regensburg. 84 pp.
  65. Hübner J. [1819]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge. J. Hübner, Augsburg, 431 pp.
  66. Hübner J. 1825 [1831]. Zuträge zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmettlinge. J. Hübner, Augsburg, 48 pp.
  67. Janzen D. H. 1985. A host plant is more than its chemistry. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 33:141–165.
  68. Jones E. D. 1908. Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from south-east Brazil. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1908: 143–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1908.tb02142.x
  69. Jordan K. 1911. Some new Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 13: 135–136.
  70. Kernbach K. 1957. Die Gattung Epistor Boisd. und die Protoparce-Arten lefeburei Guérin und incisa Walker (Lep. Sphingidae) Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.) 4: 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800040111
  71. Kevan P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of the environment: species, activity and diversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-50019-9.50021-2
  72. Kitching I. J. & Cadiou J.-M. 2000. Hawkmoths of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Revisionary Checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Cornell University Press & The Natural History Museum, Ithaca & London, 226 pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/93.5.1195g
  73. Kitching I., Ledezma J. & Baixeras J. 2001. An annotated checklist of the Sphingidae of Bolivia. Una lista comentada de los Sphingidae de Bolivia (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Gayana 65(2): 79–111. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-65382001000200001
  74. Kitching I. J., Rougerie R., Zwick A., Hamilton C. A., St Laurent R. A., Naumann S., Ballesteros Mejia L. & Kawahara A. Y. 2018. A global checklist of the Bombycoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e22236. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e22236
  75. Kochalka J. A., Torres D., Garcete B. & Aguilar C. 1996. Lista de invertebrados de Paraguay pertenecientes a las colecciones del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, pp. 69–283. In: Colecciones de Flora y Fauna del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay (O. Romero Martínez, editor). Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, San Lorenzo, Paraguay, 573 pp.
  76. Lichy R. 1968. Documentos para servir al estudio de los Sphingidae de Venezuela (Lepidoptera, Heterocera) (12a nota). Boletín de Entomologia Venezolana 18: 31–42.
  77. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tri naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differintiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Animalia. 10th Edition. Laurenti Salvii, Holmiae, 864 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  78. Linnaeus C. 1771. Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI. & specierum editionis II. Laurentiis Salvii, Holmiae, 587 pp.
  79. Martin A., Soares A. & Bizarro J. 2011. Guia dos Sphingidae da Serra dos Orgãos, sudeste do Brasil. REGUA/Information Press, Oxford. 143 pp.
  80. Mendoza C. A. C, Enciso Garay C. R., Tullo Arguello C. C. & González Villalba J. D. 2019. Guía Técnica Cultivo de Mandioca. FCA/UNA, Asunción, 56 pp.
  81. Mereles F. 2013. Acerca de las extensions de Cerrados y Cerradones en el Paraguay. Paraquaria Natural 1(1): 35–38.
  82. Mielke C. G. C. & Haxaire J. 2013. A hawk moths fauna of southern Maranhão state, Brazil, with description of a new species of Orecta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 and the female of Nyceryx mielkei Haxaire, 2009 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 34(3): 109–116.
  83. Miyake T., Yamaoka R. & Yahara T. 1998. Floral scents of hawkmoth pollinated flowers in Japan. Journal of Plant Research 111: 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02512170
  84. Moré M., Kitching I. J. & Cocucci A. A. 2005. Sphingidae: Esfíngidos de Argentina. LOLA, Buenos Aires, 166 pp.
  85. Moss A. M. 1920. Sphingidae of Para, Brazil. Early stages, food-plants, habits, etc. Novitates Zoologicae 27: 333–424.
  86. Nilsson L. A. & Rabakonandrianina E. 1988. Hawk-moth scale analysis and pollination specialization in the epilithic Malagasy endemic Aerangis ellisii (Reichenb. fil.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01686.x
  87. Perty J. A. M. [1833]. Delectus animalium articulatorum quae in itinere per Brasilam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto. C.F.P. de Martius, Monachii, 224 pp.
  88. Podtiaguin B. 1941. Notulae Entomologicae. III. Notas Lepidopterológicas. Algunos pequeños datos sobre los Esfíngidos de Asunción y sus alrededores. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay 5(3): 64–72.
  89. Podtiaguin B. 1944. Notulae Entomologicae. Insectos que atacan a las plantas cultivadas en el Paraguay, entrega 2. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay 6(4): 3–16.
  90. Poey P. 1832. Centurie de lépidoptères de l’Ile de Cuba contenant la description et les figures coloriées de cent espèces de papillons nouveaux ou peu connus, réprésentés d’après nature, souvent avec la chenille, la chrysalide, et plusieurs détails microscopiques, 1. J. A. Merklein, Paris, 54 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11778
  91. Poulard J. 1983. Colección de Lepidopteros de las zonas de Caaguazú, Isla Yacyretá y Cerro León, Paraguay. Informes Cientificos 4: 128–129.
  92. Racheli T. & Racheli L. 1994. Observations on Ecuadorian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Atalanta 25: 261–273.
  93. Ríos Díaz S. D. 2014. Catálogo de los Sphingidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) depositados en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 18: 111–124.
  94. Ríos S. D. & Drechsel U. 2017. Nuevos registros de Pseudosphinx tetrio (Linnaeus, 1771) en el Paraguay (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Paraguay Biodiversidad 4(4): 60–65.
  95. Ríos Quintana E. 2015. Confirmación, listado y datos adicionales de las especies de mariposas de la familia Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) presentes en el Ñeembucú. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Nacional de Pilar, 75 pp.
  96. Rodríguez-Ramírez J. 2014. Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) preserved at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires: Catalog of the types and checklist of Argentinean species. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Nueva Serie 16: 185–200. https://doi.org/10.22179/REVMACN.16.391
  97. Rothschild L. W. 1894a. Additional notes on Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 1: 664–665. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24563
  98. Rothschild L. W. 1894b [1895]. Descriptions of new Sphingidae in the collection of Dr. Otto Staudinger. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 7: 297–302.
  99. Rothschild L. W. 1894c. Notes on Sphingidae with descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae 1: 65–98. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24563
  100. Rothschild L. W. 1904. New Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 435–440. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.26840
  101. Rothschild L. W. & Jordan K. 1903. A revision of the Lepidopterous family Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 9 (Suppl.): 1–972.
  102. Rothschild L. W. & Jordan K. 1906. New Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 13: 178–185. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22797
  103. Rothschild L. W. & Jordan K. 1916. Further corrections and additions to our “Revision of the Sphingidae”. Novitates Zoologicae 23: 247–263.
  104. Schade F. 1927. Entomologische Skizzen aus Paraguay. IV. Sphingidae. Entomologische Rundschau 44 (5–6): 20, 23–24.
  105. Schade F. 1928. Die Kolonie Independentia (sic!) als Sammelgebiet. Entomologische Rundschau 45(2): 6–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/juru.1928.1928.4.45
  106. Schaus W. 1890. New species of Mexican Lepidoptera. Entomologica Americana 6: 18–20.
  107. Schaus W. 1895. Some notes on American Sphingidae II. Entomological News 6: 141–144.
  108. Schaus W. 1898. Notes on American Sphingidae II. Entomological News 9: 134–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s9-II.33.136h
  109. Smith P., Ríos S. D., Petko O., Atkinson K. & Smith R. L. 2017. The hawkmoths (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) of Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca, Departamento San Pedro, Paraguay with documentation of five new country records. Revista del Museo de La Plata 2: 77–96. https://doi.org/10.24215/25456377e043
  110. Soares A. 1993. Nota sôbre o gênero Callionima Lucas, 1856 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae, Dilophonotini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 37: 35–39.
  111. Stoll C. 1790. Aanhangsel van het werk, Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in der drie Waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. Vol. 2. S. J. Baalde, Amsterdam & Uterecht, 162 pp.
  112. Sulzer J. H. 1776. Abgekürtze Geschichte der Insecten nach dem linnaeischen System. Vol. 1. H. Steiner, u. comp., Winterthur, 274 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11198
  113. Tuttle J. P. 2007. The Hawk Moths of North America. A Natural History Study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., xviii + 253 pp.
  114. Vaglia T. & Haxaire J. 2005. Révision des Adhemarius du complexe gannascus (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). Lambillionea 105 (1): 3–39.
  115. Vaglia T. & Haxaire J. 2009. Description d´un nouveau Sphingidae néotropical Xylophanes crenulata (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). The European Entomologist 1(3–4): 95–102.
  116. Walker F. 1856. Sphingidae. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 8. British Museum, London, 271 pp.