Abstract
The aim of this study is to solve taxonomic problems pertaining to Spio filicornis (O.F. Müller, 1776). The original description by O. F. Müller was very brief and type material was not deposited. Based on the literature the confusion about the identity of the species has been tremendous; e.g., it was only recently realized that at least two different species from the North and Baltic Seas could be identified as S. filicornis (Bick et al. 2010). The present study is based on material collected by the authors in 2009 at the type locality in Iluilârssuk, near Paamiut, SW Greenland. Spio filicornis is redescribed in detail and illustrated comprehensively. A neotype has been designated and deposited in the collection of Rostock University. Species formerly referred to as S. cf. filicornis from the North and Baltic Seas (Bick et al. 2010) are formally described as two new species, Spio arndti sp. nov., and S. symphyta sp. nov. The morphological diagnostic characters within Spio are discussed. Information on three molecular markers (16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) is also provided. The genetic divergence between the three Spio species corroborates the taxonomic discrimination.References
Berkeley, E. & Berkeley, C. (1954) Additions to the Polychaete fauna of Canada, with comments on some older records. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11(4), 454–471.
Bick, A. (2001) The morphology and ecology of Dipolydora armata (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the western Mediterranean Sea. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 82, 177–187.
Bick, A. (2005) A new Spionidae (Polychaeta) from North Carolina, and a redescription of Marenzelleria wireni Augener, 1913, from Spitsbergen, with a key for all species of Marenzelleria. Helgoland Marine Research, 59, 265–272.
Bick, A. & Gosselck, F. (1985) Arbeitschlüssel zur Bestimmung der Polychaeten der Ostsee. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 61, 171–272.
Bick, A., Otte, K. & Meißner, K. (2010) A contribution to the taxonomy of Spio (Spionidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) occurring in the North and Baltic Seas, with a key to species recorded in this area. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 161–180.
Blake, J.A. (1984) Four new species of Spionidae (Polychaeta) from New Zealand, with comments on a syntype of Spio aequalis Ehlers from Chatham Island. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 148–159.
Blake, J.A. & Kudenov, J.D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171–280.
Blank, M. & Bastrop, R. (2008) Phylogeny of the mud worm genus Marenzelleria (Polychaeta, Spionidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta, 38 (3), 313–321, Doi:10.1111/j.1463–6409.2008.00370.
Bobretzky, N.V. (1870) Materialy dlja fauny Tschernovo Morya. Annelidy (Annelida, Polychaeta). Zapisy Kievskovo obshestva estestroispytatelej, 1, 188–274.
Böggemann, M. (1997) Polychaeten aus der Deutschen Bucht. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 202, 1–315.
Buzhinskaja, G.N. (1990) Polychaetes off the coast of Jankich Island (Ushishir Islands, Kuril Islands). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 218, 18–35.
Chlebovitsch, V.V. (1959) Species of Polychaeta worms from the Kurile Islands, which are new or recorded for the first time in the USSR fauna. In Russian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 38(1), 167–181.
Cotta-Schønberg, M. (2007) Natursyn - Fra fabeldyr til systemer (Understanding Nature – from fables to systems). Exhibition catalogue of the Royal Library, København, Denmark, http://www.kb.dk/da/dia/udstillinger/tidligere/natursyn.html
Czerniavsky, V. (1881) Material ad zoographiam Ponticam. Fasc. III Vermes. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 55, 211–363.
Fabricius, O. (1780) Fauna Groenlandica, systematica sistens, Animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quad nomen specificum, triviale, vernaculumque; synonyma auctorum plurium, descriptionem, locom victum, generationem, mores, usum, capturamque singuli; prout detegendi occasion fuit, maximaque parti secundum proprias observations. Hafniae et Lipsiae, Ioannis Gottlob Rothe, Aulae atque Univers. Reg. Bibliopolae. Copenhagen & Leipzig, 452 pp.
Fabricius, O. (1785) Von dem Spio-Geschlecht einem neuen Wurmgeschlecht Nereis seticornis und Nereis filicornis. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft der naturforschenden Freunde zu Berlin, 6, 256–270.
Foster, N.M. (1971) Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 36, 1–150.
Grube, A.E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 16, 249–364.
Grube, A.E. (1851) Die Familien der Anneliden mit Angabe ihrer Gattungen und Arten. Ein systematischer Versuch. Nicolai’sche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 164 pp. [pp. 1–116 first published 1850, Archiv für Naturgeschichte Berlin, 16, 249–364]
Hall, T.A. (1999) BIOEDIT: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
International Commisssion on Zoological Nomenclature (2000) Internationale Regeln für die Zoologische Nomenklatur. Angenommen von International Union of Biological Sciences, offizieller deutscher Text. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (NF), 34, Artikel 75, 129–132.
Jelsing, J. (2002) Ultrastructural investigations on the cephalic and metameric nuchal organs of Spio cf. filicornis (Polychaeta, Spionidae). Zoomorphology, 121, 213–220.
Johnson, P.G. (1984) Chapter 6. The Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Uebelacker, J.M. & Johnson, P.G.(Eds.), Taxonomic Guide to the polychaetes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Final Report to the Minerals Management Service, contract 14-12-001-29091. Barry A. Vittor & Associates, Inc., Mobile, Alabama. Vol. II, pp.60.
Johnston, G. (1865) A catalogue of the British non-parasitical worms in the collection of the British Museum. London, U.K. Trustees of the British Museum, 1–365.
Kessing, B., Croom, H., Martin, A., McIntosh, C. & Owen McMillan, W. (1989) The Simple Fool’s Guide to PCR. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
Kuhlgatz, T. (1898) Untersuchungen über die Fauna der Schwentinemündung, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Cope-poden des Planktons. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen Kiel, n. F., 3, 93–155.
Maciolek, N.J. (1990) A redescription of some species belonging to the genera Spio and Microspio (Polychaeta: Annelida) and descriptions of three new species from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Natural History, 24, 1109–1141.
Mahon, A.R., Mahon, H.K., Dauer, D.M. & Halanych, K.M. (2009) Discrete genetic boundaries of three Streblospio (Spionidae, Annelida) species and the status of S. shrubsolii. Marine Biology Research, 5, 172–178.
Malmgren, A.J. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiae, Groenlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae hactenus cognita. Öfversigt af K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 24, 1–127.
McIntosh, W.C. (1915) Monograph of the British marine annelids. Vol. III. Part I. - Text. Polychaeta, Opheliidae to Ammocharidae. Ray Society London, 1–366.
Meißner, K. & Blank, M. (2009) Spiophanes norrisi sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Spionidae)–a new species from the NE Pacific coast, separated from the Spiophanes bombyx complex based on both morphological and genetic studies. Zootaxa, 2278, 1–25.
Müller, O.F. (1776) Zoologicae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. Hallageriis. Havniae [Copenhagen], i-xxxii, 1–282.
Örsted, A.S. (1843) Annulatorum danicorum conspectus fasc. I. Maricolae. (Quæstio ab universitate Hafniensi ad solvendum, Proposita et Proemio ornata.). Hafniæ, Koebenhaven, 1–52.
Quatrefages, M.A. de (1866) Histoire naturelle des annelés marins et d‘eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. Tome II. Paris: Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, 305–308 [imprinted publication date 1865 incorrect, see Wright, E.P., 1867, Zoological Record, 3, 578.
Sikorski, A.V. (2001) Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Jirkov, I.A. (Ed.), Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Moskva, Yanus – K., 271–332.
Söderström, A (1920) Studien über die Polychaeten familie Spionidae. PhD thesis, Uppsala, 286 pp.
Thulin, G. (1957) Über einige Spioniden (Polychaeta) aus dem Öresund. Kungl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Förhandlingar, 27, 49–59.
Verrill, A.E. (1873) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the United States Commission for Fisheries, 1871–72, 295–778.
Williams, J.D. & Radashevsky, V.I. (1999) Morphology, ecology and reproduction of a new Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51 (2), 115–127.
Worsaae, K. (1999) On the taxonomy of Spio filicornis (Spionidae, Polychaeta) - Nipisat, Disco, Greenland. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 330, 164–169.