Abstract
Historical information shows that South American marsupials are irrelevant hosts for South American hard ticks (Ixodidae Murray) of the genera Haemaphysalis Koch, Rhipicephalus Koch and Dermacentor Koch. Twenty two Amblyomma Koch species were occasionally found on Didelphimorphia Gill, but some records are doubtful (i.e., A. dissimile Koch, 1844) and only A. fuscum Neumann, 1907 appears to be a relevant parasite of this type of host. Twelve species of Ixodes Latreille were determined on these hosts, although one of them, I. longiscutatus Boero, 1944, is probably misidentified. Four species, I. amarali Fonseca, 1935b, I. loricatus Neumann, 1899, I. luciae Sénevet, 1940 and I. venezuelensis Kohls, 1953 are usual parasites of Didelphimorphia. These species (I. venezuelensis excluded) have adult ticks feeding mostly on Didelphidae Gray, and sub-adult ticks feeding mostly on Didelphidae and several species of sigmodontine rodents. All parasitic stages of I. venezuelensis were recorded from Didelphimorphia although rodents are also of importance for its life cycle. Records from marsupials and nonmarsupial hosts show that I. amarali is established in eastern Brazil, and I. venezuelensis in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Costa Rica. The alleged southernmost record of I. luciae in Central Argentina was found to be erroneous and its southern limit is located in northwestern Argentina and its way northwards includes Bolivia, Peru, western Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Panama, Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico with unconfirmed but probably valid records for Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. The distribution of I. loricatus has been historically considered to range from southern Argentina to southern Mexico but southernmost and northernmost records are now considered doubtful along with Venezuelan populations for this tick, while the only records for Panama and Colombia were based on wrong tick identifications. Bona fide populations of I. loricatus range from central-eastern Argentina and southern Uruguay to Paraguay up to north-eastern Brazil. Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, the only member of Microbiotheria Ameghino is the exclusive host of Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947. There is only one record of tick infestation (Ixodes jonesae Kohls, Sonenshine & Clifford, 1969) of Paucituberculata Ameghino, indicating that these marsupials are of no apparent importance for maintenance of South American hard ticks. We speculate that the species of Ixodes feeding on Didelphimorphia and Sigmodontinae Wagner are a clade derived from ancestors feeding exclusively on Didelphidae that radiated after the invasion of South America by Sigmodontinae or their ancestors. Ixodes neuquenensis (established in south-western South America) is considered a relatively new species that radiated from Ixodes parasites of Sigmodontinae invaders in southern South America.References
Aitken, T.H.G., Worth, C.B. & Tikasingh, E.S. (1968) Arbovirus studies in Bush Bush Forest,Trinidad, W.I., September 1959 – December 1964. III. Entomological studies. American Journal Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 17, 253–268.
Amrine-Madsen, H., Scally, M., Westernman M., Stanhope, M.J., Krajewski, C. & Springer, M.S. (2003) Nuclear gene sequences provide evidence for the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28, 186–196.
Apanaskevich, D.A., Horak, I.G.., Matthee, C.A. and Matthee, S. (2011) A new species of Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae), a rodent and shrew parasite from South Africa. Journal of Parasitology, 97, 389–398, doi: 10.1645/GE-2366.1, available on line in 2010.
Aplin, K.P. & Archer, M. (1987) Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In: Archer, M. (Ed), Possums and Opossums: Studies in Evolution. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, pp. 15–72.
Aragão H.B. (1908a) Algumas novas especies de carrapatos brazileiros. Brazil Medico, 22, 111–115.
Aragão H.B. (1908b) Mais um novo carrapato brazileiro. Brazil Medico, 22, 431–432.
Aragão H.B. (1911) Notas sobre ixódidas brazileiros. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 3, 145–195.
Aragão H.B. (1918) Notas ixodológicas. Revista do Museu Paulista, 10, 375–417.
Aragão H.B. (1935) Observações sobre os ixodideos da Republica Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 30, 519–533.
Aragão H.B. (1936) Ixodidas brasileiros e de algunos paízes limitrophes. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 31, 759–843.
Aragão H.B. & Fonseca, F. (1951) Notas de ixodologia. I. Duas novas espécies do genero Ixodes e um novo Nome para Haemaphysalis kochi Aragão 1908 (Acari: Ixodidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 567–574.
Armesto, J.J., Rozzi, R., Smith-Ramírez, C. & Arroyo, M.T.K. (1998) Conservation targets in South American temperate forests. Science, 282, 1271–1272.
Arzua, M., Onofrio, V.C. & Barros-Battesti, D.M. (2005) Catalogue of the tick collection (Acari:Ixodida) of the Museu de História Natural Capao da Imbuia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Revista Brasilera de Zoología, 22, 623–632.
Autino, A.G., Nava, S., Venzal, J.M., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2006) La presencia de Ixodes luciae Sénevet en el noroeste argentino y nuevos huéspedes para Ixodes pararicinus y algunas especies de Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 65, 27–32.
Balashov, Yu.S. (1994) Importance of continental drift in the distribution an evolution of ixodid ticks. Entomological Review, 73, 42–50.
Balashov, Yu.S. (2004) The main trends in the evolution of ticks (Ixodida). Entomological Review, 84, 814–824.
Barker, R.W., Kocan, A.A., Ewing, S.A., Wettemann, R.P. & Payton, M.E. (2004) Occurrence of the Gulf Coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild and domestic mammals in North-Central Okalhoma. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, 170–178.
Barros, D.M. & Baggio, D. (1992) Ectoparasites Ixodida Leach, 1817 on wild animals in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 87, 291–296.
Barros-Battesti, D.M. (2008) Biodiversidade de ectoparasitos de pequenos mamíferos e aves silvestres em biomas preservados e degradados no estado do Paraná. Relatório Instituto Ambiental de Paraná, Paraná, Brasil, 54 pp.
Barros-Battesti, D.M. & Knysak, I. (1999) Catalogue of the Brazilian Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) material in the mite collection of Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoología, 41, 49–57.
Barros-Battesti, D.M., Onofrio, V.C, Simons, S.M., Bonoldi, V.L.N. & Yoshinari, N.H. (2000) Oviposition and eclosion periods of Ixodes didelphidis Fonseca and Aragão, 1951 (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 95, 905–908.
Barros-Battesti, D.M., Onofrio, V.C., Labruna, M.B., Martins, J.R. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2005) Redescription of Amblyomma fuscum Neumann, 1907 (Acari: Ixodidae), a rare South America tick confirmed in Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 61, 85–92.
Barros-Battesti, D.M., Arzua, M., Onofrio, V.C. & Labruna, M.B. (2007) Validation and redescription of Amblyomma romitii Tonelli-Rondelli, 1939 (Acari: Ixodidae). Systematic Parasitology, 68, 79–86.
Barros-Battesti, D.M., Onofrio, V.C., Arzua, M. & Labruna, M.B. (2008) Comments on the validity of Haempahysalis cinnabarina Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), a taxon known solely by the specimens from northern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 17, 53–55.
Beldoménico, P.M., Baldi, J.C., Antoniazzi, L.R., Orduna, G.M., Mastropaolo, M., Macedo, A.C., Ruiz, M.F., Orcellet, V., Peralta, J.L., Venzal, J.M., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2003) Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) present at Parque Nacional El Rey, Argentina. Neotropical Entomology, 32, 273–277.
Beldoménico, P.M., Lareschi, M., Nava, S., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2005) The parasitism of immature stages of Ixodes loricatus (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild rodents in Argentina. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 36, 139–148.
Benton, M.J. (2009) Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd edn. Blacwell Science Limited, 455 pp.
Bermúdez, S.E., Miranda, R.J. &Smith, D. (2010) Tick species (Ixodida) in the Summit Municipal Park and adjacent areas, Panama City, Panama. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 52, 439–448.
Black, W.C. & Roehrdanz, R.L. (1998) Mitochondrial gene order is not conserved in arthropods: prostriate and metastriate ticks mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15, 1772–1785.
Boero, J.J. (1944) Notas ixodológicas. I). Ixodes longiscutatum, nueva especie. Revista de la Asociación Médica Argentina, 58, 353–354.
Boero, J.J. (1945) Ixodes brunneus Koch 1844. Nueva especie para la acarofauna argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires), 27, 128–130.
Boero, J.J. (1954) Los ixodoideos de la República Argentina y sus huéspedes. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía Veterinaria, 13, 505–514.
Boero, J.J. & Boehringer, I.K. de (1967) El parasitismo de nuestra fauna autóctona. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 9, 147–148.
Botelho, J.S. & Linardi, P.M. (1996) Interrelações entre ectoparasitos e roedores em ambientes silvestres e urbano de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomología, 40, 425–430.
Botelho, M.C.N., Leite, L.M.R.M., Neto, I.P.B., Silva, L.A.M. da, Campello, M.L.C.B., Aguiar, M.C.A., Serra-Freire, N.M. & Oliveira, J.B. de (2002) Amblyomma dissimile Kock (sic), 1844 (Acari, Ixodidae) em mamíferos silvestres no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Entomología y Vectores, 9, 71–78.
Botelho, M.C.N., Cavalcanti, M.D., Valença, M.M., Cruz, M.A.O.M., Santos, E.R. & Oliveira, J.B. (2004) Ectoparasitos de mamíferos silvestres da reserva ecológica de Gurjaú, Pernambuco. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 13 (suplemento 1), 346.
Brum, J.G.W., Valente, A.L.S., Albano, A.P.N., Coimbra, M.A.C., Greque, G.G. & Ribeiro, M. (2003) Ixodidae de mamíferos silvestres atendidos no núcleo de reabilitação da fauna silvestre, UFPEL. Arquivos do Instituto de Biología, 70, 211–212.
Camicas, J.L. & Morel, P.C. (1977) Position systématique et classification des tiques (Acarida: Ixodida). Acarologia, 18, 410–420.
Camicas, J.-L., Hervy, J.P., Adam, F. & Morel, P.C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades décrits, hôtes, répartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp.
Campbell, C.C., Hobbs, J.H., Marranghello, L., Vargas, M., Shephard, C. & Feldman, R.A. (1979) Un brote de rickettsiosis en Costa Rica, 1974. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 87, 325–333.
Canestrini, G. (1888) Intorno da alcuni Acari ed Opilonidi dell´America. Atti della Societá Veneto-Trentina di Scienze Naturali Residente in Padova, 11, 100–109.
Canestrini, G, & Fanzago, F. (1878) Intorno agli acari italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 4, 69–208.
Cardillo, M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Boakes, E. & Purvis, A. (2004) A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials. Journal of Zoology London, 264, 11–31.
Cerqueira R. & Tribe C.J. (2007) Genus Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758. In: Gardner, A.L. (Ed.), Mammals of South America. Volume 1: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 17-25.
Cifelli, R.L. & Davis, B.M. (2003) Marsupial origin. Science, 302, 1899–1900.
Conil, P.A. (1878) Description d´une nouvelle espèce d´ixode, Ixodes auricularius. Acta de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Argentina, 3, 99–110.
Cooley, R.A. (1946) The genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and Haemaphysalis (Ixodoidea) of the New World. National Institute of Health Bulletin, 187, 1–54.
Cooley, R.A. & Kohls, G.M. (1945) The genus Ixodes in North America. National Institute of Health Bulletin, (184), 246 pp.
Costa, I.P. da, Bonoldi, V.L.N. & Yoshinari, N.H. (2002) Search for Borrelia sp. in ticks collected from potential reservoirs in an urban forest reserve in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: a short report. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97, 631–635.
Daciuk, J., Cicchino, A.C., Mauri, R. & Capri, J.J. (1981) Notas faunísticas y bioecológicas de Peninsula Valdés y Patagonia. XXIV. Artrópodos ectoparásitos de mamíferos y aves colectados en la Península de Valdés y alrededores (provincia de Chubut, Argentina). Physis, Sección C, 39, 41–48.
D´Elía, G., Pardiñas, U.F.J., Jayat, P. & Salazar-Bravo, J. (2008) Systematics of Necromys (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae): species limits and groups, with comments on historical biogeography. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 778–790.
Díaz, M.M., Nava, S., Venzal, J.M., Sánchez, N. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2007) Tick collections from the Peruvian Amazon, with new host records for species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ornithodoros Koch, 1844 (Acari: Argasidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 12, 127–133.
Díaz, M.M., Nava, S. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2009) The parasitism of Ixodes luciae (Acari: Ixodidae) on marsupials and rodents in Peruvian Amazon. Acta Amazonica, 39, 997–1002.
Díaz Ungría, C. (1957) Nota sobre las especies de Acarina de Venezuela. Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 22, 457–467.
Durden, L.A. & Keirans J.E. (1994) Description of the larva, diagnosis of the nymph and female based on scanning electron microscopy, hosts, and distribution of Ixodes (Ixodes) venezuelensis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8, 310–316.
Durden, L.A. & Keirans J.E. (1996) Nymphs of the genera Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification, key, distribution, hosts, and medical/ veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publication in Entomology: Monographs, (9), 95 pp.
Estrada-Peña, A., Guglielmone, A.A., Mangold, A.J. & Castellá, J. (1993) A description of Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, A. neumanni Ribaga and A. testudinis (Conil) immatures (Acarina: Ixodidae). Folia Parasitologica, 40, 147–153.
Estrada-Peña, A., Venzal, J.M., Mangold, A.J., Cafrune, M.M. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2005) The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae: Amblyomminae) tick group: diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitarsum Neumann, 1901, 16S rDNA sequences, distribution and hosts. Systematic Parasitology, 60, 99–112.
Evans, D.E., Martins, J.R. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2000) A review of the ticks (Acari, Ixodida) of Brazil, their hosts and geographic distribution – 1 – The state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 95, 453–470.
Fabricius, J.C. (1787) Mantisa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Hafniae, 2, 382 pp.
Faccini, J.L.H.,Prata, M.C.A., Daemon, E. & Barros Battesti, D.M. (1999) Características biológicas da fase nao parasitária do Ixodes amarali (Acari: Ixodidae) em gambá (Didelphis sp.) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 51, 267–270.
Faccioli, V. (2011) Garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae y Argasidae) de la colección de invertebrados del Museo Ameghino. Serie de Catálogos del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino, (25), 34 pp
Fairchild, G.B. (1943) An annotated list of the blood sucking insects, ticks and mites known form Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 23, 569–591.
Fairchild, G.B., Kohls, G.M. & Tipton, V.J. (1966) The ticks of Panama (Acarina: Ixodoidea). In: Wenzel, R.L. & Tipton, V.J. (Eds.) Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp. 167–219.
Floch, H. & Fauran, P. (1958) Ixodidés de la Guyane et des Antilles Françaises. Archives de l´Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et de l´Inini, (446), 94 pp.
Fonseca, F. (1935a) Notas de acareologia. XV. Ocorrência de subspecies de Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) no estado de S. Paulo (Acarina, Ixodidae). Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 9, 131–135.
Fonseca, F. (1935b) Notas de acareologia. XVI. Ixodes amarali, sp.n. (Acarina: Ixodidae). Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 9, 137–140.
Fonseca, F. (1958) Notas de acarología. XLIV. Inquérito sôbre a fauna acarológica de parasitas no nordeste do Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 28, 99–186.
Fonseca, F. (1959) Notas de acarología. XLVI. Acarofauna zooparasita na Bolivia. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 29, 89–141.
Fonseca, F. da & Aragão H. B. (1952) Notas de ixodología. II. Uma nova espécie do gênero Amblyomma e uma nova espécie do gênero Ixodes (Acari, Ixodidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 50, 713–726.
Gardner, A.L. (2007) Mammals of South America. Vol. I. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 690 pp.
Giarla, T.C., Voss, R.S. & Jansa, S.A. (2010) Species limits and phylogenetic relationships in the didelphid marsupial genus Thylamys based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 346, 1–67.
Goin, F.J. (2003) Early Marsupial Radiations in South America. In: Jones, M., Dickman, C. & Archer, M (Eds), Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials, CSIRO Publishing, Colingwood, pp. 30–42.
Gómez-Laverde, M., Aguilera, M., Boada, C. & Timm, R. (2008) Proechimys semispinosus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available from: http//www.iucnredlist.org/ (accesed on 07 March 2011).
Gómez, L., Santa Cruz, A.M., Borda, J. & Lombardero, O.J. (2000) Nueva localización en Argentina de Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899 (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitando a Didelphis albiventris. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires), 81, 340–341.
Grimaldi, D.A., Angel, M.S. & Nascimbene, P.C. (2002) Fossiliferous cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361, 1–71.
Guerrero, R. (1996) Las garrapatas de Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea). Listado de especies y claves para su identificación. Boletín de la Dirección de Malariología y Saneamiento Ambiental, 36, 1–24.
Guglielmone, A.A. & Nava, S. (2005) Las garrapatas de la familia Argasidae y de los géneros Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes y Rhipicephalus (Ixodidae) de la Argentina: distribución y hospedadores. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 34 (2), 123–141.
Guglielmone, A.A. & Nava, S. (2010a) Rodents of the subfamily Caviinae as hosts for hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Mastozoología Neotropical, 17, 279–286.
Guglielmone, A.A. & Nava, S. (2010b) Hosts of Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844. Zootaxa, 2548, 27–49.
Guglielmone, A.A. & Nava, S. (2011) Rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae as hosts for South American hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) with hypothesis on life history. Zootaxa, 2904, 45–65.
Guglielmone, A.A., Estrada-Peña, A., Luciani, C.A., Mangold, A.J. & Keirans J.E. (2003a) Hosts and distribution of Amblyomma auricularium (Conil 1878) and Amblyomma pseudoconcolor Aragão 1908 (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 29, 131–139.
Guglielmone, A.A., Estrada-Peña, A., Keirans J.E. & Robbins, R.G. (2003b) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region. Special Publication of the Integrated Consortium on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, Atalanta, Houten, The Netherlands, 174 pp.
Guglielmone, A.A., Estrada-Peña, A., Mangold, A.J., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Labruna, M.B., Martins, J.R., Venzal, J.M., Arzua, M. & Keirans J.E. (2003c) Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772) and Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae): DNA sequences, hosts and distribution. Veterinary Parasitology, 113, 273–288.
Guglielmone, A.A., Venzal, J.M, Amico, G, Mangold, A.J. & Keirans J.E. (2004) Description of the larva and redescription of the nymph and female of Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1847 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of the endangered species Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1847 (Microbiotheria: Microbiotheriidae). Systematic Parasitology, 57, 211–219.
Guglielmone, A.A., González-Acuña, D., Autino, A.G., Venzal, J.M., Nava, S. & Mangold, A.J. (2005) Ixodes sigelos Keirans Clifford & Corwin, 1976 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Argentina and southern Chile. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 10, 37–40.
Guglielmone, A.A., Venzal, J.M., González-Acuña, D., Nava, S., Hinojosa, A. & Mangold, A.J. (2006) The phylogenetic position of ixodes stilesi Neumann, 1911 (Acari: Ixodidae): morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16SrDNA sequences. Systematic Parasitology, 65, 1–11.
Guglielmone, A.A., Nava, S., Mangold, A.J. & Caparrós, J.A. (2007a) Las garrapatas del norte de Córdoba, Argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires), 88, 57–61.
Guglielmone, A.A., Nava, S., González-Acuña, D., Mangold, A.J. & Robbins, R.G. (2007b) Additional observations on the morphology and hosts of Ixodes stilesi Neumann, 1911 (Acari: Ixodidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 12, 135–139.
Guglielmone, A.A., Nava, S., Bazán-León, E.A. & Mangold, A.J. (2010a) Redescription of the male and description of the female of Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1916 (Acari: Ixodidae). Systematic Parasitology, 77, 153–160.
Guglielmone, A.A., Robbins, R.G., Apaneskevich, D.A., Petney, T.N., Estrada-Peña, A., Horak, I.G., Shao, R. & Barker, S. (2010b) The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names. Zootaxa, 2528, 1–28.
Guimaraes, L.R. (1945) Sobre algunos ectoparasitos de aves e mamíferos do litoral paranaense. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, 4, 179–190.
Guzmán-Cornejo, C. & Robbins, R.G. (2010) The genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico: adult identification keys, diagnoses, hosts and distribution. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 81, 289–298
Guzmán-Cornejo, C., Pérez, T.M., Nava, S. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2006a) First records of the ticks Amblyomma calcaratum and A. pacae (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing mammals of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 77, 123–127.
Guzmán-Cornejo, C., Pérez, T.M., Nava, S. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2006b) Confirmation of the presence of Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 11, 47–50.
Guzmán-Cornejo, C., Robbins, R.G. & Pérez, T.M. (2007) The Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of Mexico: parasite-host and host-parasite checklists. Zootaxa, 1553, 47–58.
Hoogstraal, H. (1973) Redescription of the type material of Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) cinnabarina (revalidated) and its junior synonym H. (A.) sanguinolenta described by Koch in 1844 from Brazil (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 59, 379–383.
Hoogstraal, H. & Aeschlimann, A. (1982) Tick-host specificity. Bulletin de la Societé Entomolgique Suisse, 55, 5–32.
Horovitz, I, Martin, T., Bloch, J., Ladevèze, S., Kurz, C. & Sánchez-Villagra, M.R. (2009) Cranial Anatomy of the Earliest Marsupials and the Origin of Opossums. PLoS ONE, 4 (12), 9 pp.
Horta, M.C., Pinter, A., Schumaker, T.T.S. & Labruna, M.B. (2006) Natural infection, transovarial transmission, and transtadial survival of Rickettsia bellii in the tick Ixodes loricatus (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1078, 285–290.
Horta, M.C., Labruna, M.B., Pinter, A., Linardi, P.M. & Schumaker, T.T.S. (2007) Rickettsia infection in five areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 102, 793–801.
Ivancovich, J.C. (1973) Las garrapatas del Chaco y Formosa. Primera comunicación. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Serie 4 Patología Animal, 10, 9–24.
Ivancovich, J.C. & Luciani, C.A. (1992) Las garrapatas de Argentina. Monografía de la Asociación Argentina de Parasitología Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, 95 pp.
Jeyaprakash, A. & Hoy, M.A. (2009) First divergence time estimates of spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks (subphylum: Chelicerata) inferred from mithochondrial phylogeny. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 47, 1–18.
Johnson, C.N. (2006) Australia's Mammal Extinctions. A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 288 pp.
Jones, E.K., Clifford, C.M., Keirans J.E. & Kohls, G.M. (1972) The ticks of Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a key to the species of Amblyomma in the Western Hemisphere. Brigham Young University, Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 17, 1–40.
Keirans J.E. (1982) The tick collection (Acarina: Ixodidae) of the Hon. Nathaniel Charles Rotschild deposited in the Nuttall and general collections of the British Musem (Natural History). Bulletin British Museum Natural History Zoology Series, 42, 1–36.
Keirans JE. (1985) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Miscelaneous Publication, (1438), 1785 pp.
Keirans J.E. & Hillyard, P.D. (2001) A catalogue of type specimens of Ixodida (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, (13), 74 pp.
Keirans J.E. & Restifo, R.A. (1973) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (Acari: Ixodidae), a Neotropical tick species, found in Ohio. Journal of Medical Entomology, 30, 1074–1075.
Keirans J.E., Clifford, C.M. & Corwin, D. (1976) Ixodes sigelos, n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents in Chile, with a method for preparing ticks for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Acarologia, 18, 217–225.
Keirans J.E., Clifford, C.M., Guglielmone, A.A. & Mangold, A.J. (1985) Ixodes (Ixodes) pararicinus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a South American cattle tick long confused with Ixodes ricinus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 22, 401–407.
Koch, C.L. (1844) Systematische Ubersicht uber die Ordnung der Zecken, Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 10, 217–239.
Kohls, G.M. (1953) Ixodes venezuelensis, a new species of ticks from Venezuela, with notes on Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 39, 300–303.
Kohls, G.M. (1960) Records and new synonymy of New World Haemaphysalis ticks, with descriptions of the nymph and larva of H. juxtakochi Cooley. Journal of Parasitology, 46: 355–361.
Kohls, G.M. (1969) Ixodes taglei n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae) a parasite of the deer, Pudu pudu (Wol.), in Chile. Journal of Medical Entomology, 6, 280–283.
Kohls, G.M., Sonenshine, D.E. & Clifford, C.M. (1969) Ixodes (Exopalpiger) jonesae sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents in Venezuela. Journal of Parasitology, 55, 447–452.
Labruna, M.B., Silva, J.C.R., Menezes, A.C., Oliveira, M.F., Matsuoi, M.Y. & Martins, R. (1997) Ixódides em animais silvestres no município de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 6 (Suplemento 1), 159.
Labruna, M.B., Camargo, L.M.A., Terrassini, F.A., Schumaker, T.T.S. & Camargo, E.P. (2002a) Notes on parasitism by Amblyomma humerale (Acari: Ixodidae) in the state of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39, 814–817.
Labruna, M.B., Marrelli, L.T., Heinemann, M.B., Fava, A.B., Cortez, A., Soares, R.M., Sakamoto, S.M., Richtzenhain, L.J., Marinotti, O. & Schumaker, T.T.S. (2002b) Taxonomic status of Ixodes didelphidis (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 39, 135–142.
Labruna, M.B., Silva, M.N.J. da, Oliveira, M.F. de, Barros-Battesti, D.M. & Keirans J.E. (2003) New records and laboratory-rearing data for Ixodes schulzei (Acari: Ixodidae) in Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40, 116–118.
Labruna, M.B., Teixeira, R.H.F. & Walker, D.H. (2004) Rickettsia belli infectando carrapatos Ixodes loricatus em São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 13 (suplemento 1), 362.
Labruna, M.B., Camargo, L.M., Terrassini, F.A., Ferreira, F., Schumaker, T.T.S. & Camargo, E.P. (2005a) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from the state of Rondônia, western Amazon, Brazil. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 10, 17–32.
Labruna, M.B., Keirans J.E., Camargo, L.M.A., Ribeiro, A.F., Soares, R.M. & Camargo, E.P. (2005b) Amblyomma latepunctatum, a valid tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) long misidentified with both Amblyomma incisum and Amblyomma scalpturatum. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 527–541.
Labruna, M.B., Cabrera, R.C. & Pinter, A. (2009) Life cycle of Ixodes luciae (Acari : Ixodidae) in the laboratory. Parasitology Research, 105, 1749–1753.
Lahille, F. (1916) Descripción de un nuevo ixódido chileno. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 20, 107–108.
Lareschi, M. (1996) Estudio preliminar de la comunidad de roedores (Rodentia: Muridae) y sus ectoparásitos (Acari, Phthripatera y Siphonaptera) en Punta Lara (Buenos Aires). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 55, 113–120.
Lareschi, M. (2000) Ectoparasite occurrence associated with males and females of wild rodents Oligoryxomys flavescens (Waterhouse) and Akodon azarae (Fischer) (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) in the Punta lara wetlands, Argentina. Neotropical Entomology, 39, 818–822.
Lareschi, M. & Sánchez López, M.I. (2000) Ectoparásitos (Phthiraptera y Acari) de roedores (Rodentia: Muridae: Sigmodontinae) en el delta bonaerense del río Paraná, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 59, 17–19.
Lareschi, M., Notarnicola, J., Navone, G. & Linardi, P.M. (2003) Arthropod and filaroid parasites associated with wild rodents in the northeast marshes of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 673–677.
Latreille, P.A. (1806) Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familia disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Paris et Argentorati, (1), 302 pp.
Lemos, E.R.S., Machado, R.D., Coura, J.R., Guimaraes, M.A.A., Serra Freire, N.M., Amorim, A. & Gazeta, G.S. (1997) Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista de la Sociedad de Brasilera de Medicina Tropical, 30, 181–185.
Liljesthrom, G.G. & Lareschi, M. (2002) Estudio preliminar de la comunidad de ectoparásitos de roedores sigmondontinos en el partido de Berisso, provincia de Buenos Aires. Red Argentina de Estudio de Artrópodos Vectores de Enfermades Humanas, Serie Enfermedades Transmisibles, Publicación Monográfica, 2, 253–256.
Linardi, P.M., Botelho, J.R., Ximenez, A. & Padovani, C.R. (1991) Notes on ectoparasites of some small mammals from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28, 183–185.
López, G. & Parra, D. (1985) Amblyomma neumanni, Ribaga 1902. Primera comprobación en Colombia y claves para las especies de Amblyomma. Revista del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, 20, 152–162.
Lou, Z.-X., Ji, Q., Wible, J.R. & Yuan, C.-X. (2003) An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science, 302, 1934–1940.
Manzoli, D.E., Mastropaolo, M., Acosta, N., Antoniazi, L., Barengo, E., Chiossone, J., Correa, A., Pérez, L. & Beldoménico, P.B. (2006) Hallazgo de larvas de Ixodes loricatus (Acari: Ixodidae) en nidos de roedores (sigmodontinos) en la reserva natural de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe. 1ª Jornada Nacional de Ectoparasitología Veterinaria, setiembre 2006, Corrientes, Argentina, p. 42.
Marín-Vial, P., González-Acuña, D., Cellis-Diez, J.L., Cattan, P.E. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2007) Presence of Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947 (Acari: Ixodidae) on the endangered Neotropical marsupial monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides, Thomas, 1894, Microbiotheria: Microbiotheriidae) at Chiloé island, Chile. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 53, 73–75.
Marques, S., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Onofrio V.C., Famadas, K.M., Faccini, J.L.H. & Keirans J.E. (2004) Redescription of larva, nymph and adults of Ixodes (I.) loricatus Neumann, 1899 (Acari: Ixodidae) based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Systematic Parasitology, 59, 135–146.
Martins, T.F., Danta-Torres, F., Nieri-Bastos, F.A., Marcili, A., Siquiera, D.B., Aléssio, F., Silva, J.C.R. & Labruna, M.B. (2010) Host records for the immature stages of Amblyomma fuscum (Acari: Ixodidae), a South American tick species. Entomological News, 120, 170–174.
Marshall, L.G., Case J.A., & Woodburne M.O. (1990) Phylogenetic relationships of the families of marsupials. In: Genoways, H.H. (Ed), Current mammalogy, Volume 2. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 433–505.
Massi Pallarés, R. & Benítez Usher, C.A. (1982) De la distribución de Ixodina (Vander Hammen, 1968) en el Paraguay. Revista Paraguaya de Microbiología, 17, 49–52.
Mauri, R. & Navone, G. (1988) Algunos ectoparásitos (Acarina-Suctoria) de marsupiales argentinos. Neotropica, 36, 125–131.
Méndez Arocha, M. & Ortiz, I. (1958) Revisión de las garrapatas venezolanas del género Ixodes Latreille, 1795 y estudio de un nuevo Amblyomma (Acarina: Ixodidae). Memorias de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 18, 196–208.
Miziara. S.R., Paiva, F. Andreotti, R., Koller, W.W., Lopes,V.A., Pontes, N.T. & Bittencourt, K. (2008) Ocorrência de Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899 (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitando Didelphis albiventris (Lund, 1841), (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae), em Campo Grande, MS. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 17, 158–160.
Monroy Lefebre, C. & Cejas González, J.V. (1988) Diversidad de garrapatas descritas en la República de Guatemala. Boletín del Laboratorio Central de Diagnóstico en Sanidad Animal, 2, 42–43.
Moraes-Filho, J., Marcili, A., Nieri-Bastos, F.A., Richrzenhain, L.J. & Labruna, M.B. (2011) Genetic analysis of ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group in Latin America. Acta Tropica, 117, 51–55.
Muller, G., Brum, J.G.W., Langone, P.Q., Michels, G.H., Sinkoc, A.L., Ruas, J.L. & Berne, M.E.A. (2005) Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1841, parasitado por Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899, e Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772) (Acari: Ixodidae) no Rio Grande do Sul. Arquivos do Instituto de Biología, 72, 319–324.
Nava, S., Lareschi, M. & Voglino, D. (2003) Interrelationship between ectoparasites and wild rodents from northeastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 45–49.
Nava, S., Lareschi, M., Beldoménico, P.M., Zerpa, C., Venzal, J.M., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2004) Sigmodontinae rodents as hosts for larvae and nymphs of Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899 (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasite, 11, 411–414.
Nava, S., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2006) The natural hosts of larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 140, 124–132.
Nava, S., Szabo, M.P.J., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2008) Distribution, hosts, 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic position of the Neotropical tick Amblyomma parvum (Acari: Ixodidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102, 409–425.
Nava, S., Venzal, J.M., Labruna, M.B., Mastropaolo, M., González, E.M., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2010) Hosts, distribution and genetic divergence (16S rDNA) of Amblyomma dubitatum (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51, 335–351.
Nava, S., Mangold, A.J., Mastropaolo, M., Venzal, J.M., Fracassi, N. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2011) Seasonal dynamics and hosts of Amblyomma triste (Acari: Ixodidae) in Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 181, 301–308.
Need, J.T., Dale, W.E., Keirans J.M. & Dasch, G.A. (1991) Annotated list of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae: Argasidae) reported in Peru: distribution, hosts, and bibliography. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28, 590–597.
Neumann, L.G. (1897) Révision de la famille des ixodidés (2e mémoire). Mémoires de la Societé Zoologique de France, 10, 324–420.
Neumann, L.G. (1899) Révision de la familie des ixodidés (3e mémorie). Mémoires de la Societé Zoologique de France, 12, 107–294.
Neumann, L.G. (1901) Révision de la familie des ixodidés (4ª mémorie). Mémoires de la Societé Zoologique de France, 14, 249–372.
Neumann, L.G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodidés. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444–464.
Neumann, L.G. (1906) Notes sur les Ixodidés. IV. Archives de Parasitologie, 10, 195–219.
Neumann, L.G. (1907) Quatre espèces nouvelles d´ixodidés. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 29, 88–100.
Neumann. L.G. (1910) Sur quelques espéces d´Ixodidae nouvelles ou insuffisamment connues. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie Animale, Serie 9, 12, 161–176.
Neumann, L.G. (1911) Note rectificative à propos de deux espèces d´Ixodinae. Archives de Parasitologie, 14, 415.
Nuttall, G.H.F. (1910) New species of ticks (Ixodes, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus). Parasitology, 3, 408–416.
Oliveira, J. A, & Bonvicino. C. R. (2006) Ordem Rodentia. In: Reis, N.R., Peracchi, A.L., Pedro, W.A. & Lima, I.P. (Eds), Mamíferos do Brasil. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, pp. 347–406.
Onofrio, V.C., Brescovit, A.D. & Barros Battesti, D.M. (2002). Occurrence of Ixodes luciae Senevet, 1940 (Acari: Ixodidae) for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Center – West region, Brazil. 11th International Congress of Acarology, September 2002, Mérida, p. 247.
Onofrio, V.C., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Marques, S., Faccini, J.L.H., Labruna, M.B., Beati, L. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2008) Redescription of Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Systematic Parasitology, 69, 137–144.
Onofrio, V.C., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Labruna, M.B. & Faccini, J.L.H. (2009) Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 143–157.
Onofrio, V.C., Labruna, M.B., Faccini, J.L.H. & Barros-Battesti, D.M. (2010) Description of immature stages and redescription of adults of Ixodes luciae Sénevet (Acari: Ixodidae). Zootaxa, 2495, 53–64.
Osorno Mesa, E. (1942) Las garrapatas de la República de Colombia. Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agicultura Medellín, 5, 57–103.
Packard, A.S. (1869) List of hymenopterous and lepidopterous insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to South America, under Prof. James Orten; appendix to report on Articulates. Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of Sciences, pp. 56–69.
Pallas, P.S. (1772) Spicilegia Zoologica, vol. 40, fasc. 9, 87 pp.
Pardiñas, U.F.J., Teta, P. & D´Elía, G. (2010) Roedores sigmodontinos de la región pampeana: historia evolutiva, sistemática y taxonomía. In: Polop, J.J., Busch, M. (Eds.) Biología y ecología de pequeños roedores en la región pampeana argentina: enfoques y perspectivas. Editorial de la Universida Nacional de Córdoba, pp 9–36.
Patton, J.L. & Silva da, M.N.F. (2007) Genus Philander Brisson, 1762. In: Gardner, A.L. (Ed), Mammals of South America. Vol. I. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 27–35.
Pérez, C.A., Almeida, A.F. de, Almeida, A., Carvalho, H.B. de, Balestrin, D.C., Guimaraes, M.S., Costa, J.C., Ramos, L.A., Arruda-Santos, A.D., Espíndola, C.P-M. & Barros-Battesti, D.M. (2008) Carrapatos do genero Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) e suas relações com os hospedeiros em área endémica para febre maculosa no Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Parasitología Veterinária, 17, 210–217.
Pine, R.H. & Handley, C.O. (2007) Genus Monodelphis Burnett, 1830. In: Gardner, A.L. (Ed), Mammals of South America. Vol. 1. Marsupialia, Insectivora, Edentata, Chiroptera. Chicago Chicago University Press, pp. 82–107.
Pinter, A., Onofrio, V.C., Lima, E.M.C., Pires, T.C., Marcili, A., Silveira, L.F. & Labruna, M.B. (2005) Levantamento da ixodofauna em animais silvestres de um área endémica para febre maculos brasileira no estado de Sao Paulo. 19º Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitología, novembro 2005, Porto Alegre, 1 p. CD version.
Ringuelet, R. (1947) La supuesta presencia de Ixodes brunneus Koch en la Argentina y descripción de una nueva garrapata Ixodes neuquenensis nov. sp. Noticias del Museo de La Plata, 12, 207–216.
Robinson, L.E. (1926) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part IV. The genus Amblyomma. Cambridge Univiversity Press, London, 302 pp.
Sabatini, G.S., Pinter, A., Nieri-Bastos, F.A., Marcilli, A. & Labruna, M.B. (2010) Survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and their Rickettsia in an Atlantic rain forest reserve in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 47, 913–916.
Salvador, C.H., Carvalho-Pinto, C., Carvalho, R., Graipel, M.E. & Simões-Lopes, P.C. (2007) Interação parasito-hospedeiro entre ectoparasitos (Ixodida & Siphonaptera) e gambás Didelphis aurita Wied-Neuwied, 1826 (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia), no continente e em ilhas do litoral de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Biotemas, 20, 81–90.
Sánchez, J.P., Nava, S., Lareschi, M., Udrizar Sauthier, D.E., Mangold, A.J. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2010a) Host range and geographical distribution of Ixodes sigelos (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 52, 199–205.
Sánchez, J.P., Nava, S., Lareschi, M., Ortiz, P.E. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2010b) Finding of an ixodid tick inside a late Holocene owl pellet from northwestern Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 96, 820–822.
Santa Cruz, A.M., Prieto, O., Lombardero, O.J., Gómez, L. & Schleiber, N. (1998) First finding of Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806 (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. 23º Congreso de la Asociación Mundial de Médicos Veterinarios de Pequeños Animales, Buenos Aires, Octubre, 1998, Volume 2, 787.
Santos Abel, I. dos, Almeida, D.E. de, Fonseca, A.H. de., Soares, C.O. &, Ishikawa, M.M. (2000) Borrelia sp. in naturally infected Didelphis aurita (Wied, 1826) (Marsupialia: Didelphidae). Brazilian Archives of Biological Techniques, 43, 307–312.
Santos Dias, J.A.T. (1954) Um novo nome para o Ixodes loricatus spinosus Nuttall, 1910 (nomen bis lectum). Documentário Moçambique, (79), 79–81.
Santos Dias, J.A.T. (1955) Identidade e sinonímia da éspecie Amblyomma extraoculatum Neumann, 1899 (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Memória e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidad de Coimbra, (229), 6 pp.
Santos Dias, J.A.T. (1956) Invalidação de algumas espécies ixodológicas originalmente determinadas em resultado de indevida rotulagem de material. Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 13, 199–208.
Schumaker, T.T.S., Labruna, M.B., Abel, I.D.S. & Clerici, P.T.S. (2000) Life cycle of Ixodes (Ixodes) loricatus (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Medical Entomology, 37, 714–720.
Sénevet, G. (1940) Quelques ixodidés de la Guyane française. Espèce nouvelles d´Ixodes et d´Amblyomma. 6º Congreso Internacional de Entomología, Madrid, España, setiembre 1935, pp. 891–898.
Souza, C.E., Rodrigues Neto, E.J. & Souza, S.S.A.L. (2006) Levantamento da fauna de ixodídeos em Didelphis sp. de algumas localidades paulistas. 14º Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitología Veterinária, Ribeirão Preto, setembro 2006, p. 198.
Souza, S.S.A.L. & Souza, C.E. (2008) Os pequenos mamíferos do parque ecológico Hermógenes de Freitas Leitão Filho-Campinas-S.P. e o seu papel na cadeia epidemiológica da febre maculosa brasileira. 2° Symposio Brasileiro de Acarología, Poços de Caldas, fevreiro 2008, p. 104.
Stoll, O. (1894) Arachnida Acaridea. Biologia Centrali-Americana. London, 55 pp.
Szalay, F.S. (1982) A new appraisal of marsupial phylogeny and classification. In: Archer, M. (Ed), Carnivorous Marsupials. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 621–640.
Tonelli-Rondelli, M. (1939) Ixodoidea. Parte II. Contributo alla conoscenza della fauna ixodologica Sud-americana. Rivista di Parassitologia, 3, 39–55.
Vaughan, T.A., Ryan J.M. & Czaplewski N.J. (2010) Mammalogy, 5th Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, 750 pp.
Vázquez, L. (1946) Ixodes scuticrenatus, una nueva especie de garrapata de México (Acarina: Ixodidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, 17, 237–245.
Venzal, J.M., Castro, O., Cabrera, P.A., Souza, C.G. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2003) Las garrapatas de Uruguay: especies, hospedadores, distribución e importancia sanitaria. Veterinaria (Montevideo), 38, 17–28.
Venzal, J.M., Estrada-Peña, A., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Onofrio, V.C. & Beldoménico, P.M. (2005) Ixodes (Ixodes) pararicinus Keirans & Clifford, 1985 (Acari: Ixodidae): description of the immature stages, distribution, hosts and medical/ veterinary importance. Systematic Parasitology, 60, 225–234.
Venzal, J.M., Estrada-Peña, A., Castro, O., Souza, C.G. de, Félix, M.L., Nava, S. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2008a) Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae): hosts and seasonality of the vector of Rickettsia parkeri in Uruguay. Veterinary Parasitology, 155, 104–109.
Venzal, J.M.,Nava, S., Beldoménico, P.M., Barros-Battesti, D.M., Estrada-Peña, A. & Guglielmone, A.A. (2008b) Hosts and distribution of Ixodes longiscutatus Boero, 1944. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 13, 102–108.
Vogelsang, E.G. & Cordero, E.H. (1940) Las garrapatas (Ixodidae) de Venezuela. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria y Parasitología, 2, 71–75.
Voss, R.S. & Jansa, S.A. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials, an extant radiation of New World metatherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (322), 177 pp.
Warburton, C. (1933) On five new species of ticks (Arachnida Ixodoidea). Ixodes petauristae, I. ampullaceus, Dermacentor imitans, Amblyomma laticaudae and Aponomma draconis, with notes on three previously described species, Ornithodorus (sic) franchinii Tonelli – Rondelli, Haemaphysalis cooleyi Bedford and Rhipicephalus maculatus Neumann. Parasitology, 24, 558–568.
Weksler, M., Percequillo, A.R. & Voss, R.S. (2006) Ten new genera of oryzomyne rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae). American Museum Novitates, 3537, 1–29.
Wells, E.A., D´Alessandro, A., Morales, G.A. & Angel, D. (1981) Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 17, 153–162.
Whitaker, J.O. & Abrell, D.B. (1987) Notes on some ectoparasites from mammals of Paraguay. Entomological News, 98, 198–204.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (2005) Mammals species of the World. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2142 pp.
Wolffhugel, K. (1933) Ixodes loricatus Neumann en Uruguay. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 37, 183.