Abstract
The list of crane flies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae, Tipuloidea, Trichoceridae) known from Great Smoky Mountains National Park is updated. Sampling in association with the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Great Smoky Mountains National Park resulted in the addition of 107 new Park records, bringing the current list to 250 species. This species assemblage is much richer than those of surrounding areas, although similar in composition. Total richness is estimated to be between 450 and 500 species for Great Smoky Mountains National Park.References
Alexander, C.P. (1919) The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy of the adult flies. Cornell University Agricultural Station Memoir, 25, 766–933.
Alexander, C.P. (1920) The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Station Memoir, 38: 695–1133.
Alexander, C.P. (1940) Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera). Part I. Tipulomorpha of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. American Midland Naturalist, 24, 602–644.
Alexander, C.P. (1941) Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera). Part II. Tipulomorpha of mountainous western North Carolina. American Midland Naturalist, 26, 281–319.
Alexander, C.P. (1942) Family Tipulidae. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey, 64, 196–509.
Alexander, C.P. & Byers, G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J.F. et al., (Eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 1, Agriculture Canada Research Branch Monograph 27, pp. 153–190.
Barnes, H.F. (1925) The ecological distribution of adult crane flies in Carnarvonshire. Journal of Ecology, 13, 138–148.
Boetsch, J., Defoe, D., Dellinger, R., Langdon, K. & Rock, J. (1998) Vascular Plants of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Checklist for the Vascular Plants of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association.
Borror, D.J., Triplehorn, C.A. & Johnson, N.F. (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Philadelphia, 875 pp.
Byers, G.W. (1961) The crane fly genus Dolichopeza in North America. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 42 (6), 665–924.
Byers, G.W. (1983) The crane fly genus Chionea in North America. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 52 (6), 59–195.
Byers, G.W. (1996) Tipulidae. In: Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 549–570.
Byers, G.W. (2002) Summer crane flies (Tipulidae) of the Mountain Lake Vicinity, Virginia. Banisteria, 20, 3–30.
Colwell, R.K. (1997) EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 6. Available from http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates (accessed 13 June 2001).
Freeman, B.E. (1968) Studies on the ecology of adult Tipulidae (Diptera) in southern England. Journal of Animal Ecology, 37, 339–362.
Gelhaus, J.K. (2002) Manual for the Identification of Aquatic Crane Fly Larvae for Southeastern United States. Carolina Area Benthological Workshop, Durham, N.C., USA, 205 pp.
Hynes, C.D. (1996) Tipulomorpha of the Great Smokey Mountains National Park. (unpublished report).
MacKenzie, M.D. & White, J.S. (1998) Vegetation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1935-1938. Castanea, 63, 323–336.
Merritt, R.W. & Lawson, D.L. (1981) Adult emergence patterns and species distribution and abundance of Tipulidae in three woodland floodplains. Environmental Entomology, 10, 915-921.
Morse, J.C., Harrington, R.C., & Jones, D.R. (2002) Aquatic Insects of Raven Fork, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain County, North Carolina, USA. Prepared for Wetland Natural Resource Consultants, Inc, Waynesville, NC, 22 pp.
Oosterbroek, P. (1984) A revision of the crane fly genus Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 in North America (Diptera, Tipulidae). Part II: The non-Dorsalis Species-Groups. Beaufortia, 34 (5), 117–180.
Oosterbroek, P. (2005) Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World. Available from http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/ccw/ (accessed 11March 2005).
Petersen, M.J. (2002) Crane Flies (Tipulomorpha; Diptera) Collected During the All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina: An Ecological Study. Masters Thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 140 pp.
Petersen, M.J. & Gelhaus, J.K. (2004) New species and records of crane flies (Tipuloidea, Diptera) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U. S. A. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 130, 439–455.
Pritchard, G. (1983) Biology of Tipulidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 1–22.
Pyle, C. (1988) The type and extent of anthropogenic vegetation disturbance in the Great Smoky Mountains before National Park Service acquisition. Castanea, 53, 183–196.
Rogers, J.S. (1930) The summer crane-fly fauna of the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 215, 1–50.
Sharkey, M.J. (2001) The all taxa biological inventory of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Florida Entomologist, 84, 556–564.
Tangelder, I.R.M. (1983) A revision of the crane fly genus Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 in North America (Diptera, Tipulidae). Part I: The Dorsalis Species-Group. Beaufortia, 33 (8), 111–205.
Townes, H. (1972) A lightweight Malaise trap. Entomological News, 18, 239–247.
White, P. & Morse, J. (2000) The science plan for the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee. Available from http://dlia.org/atbi/Science Plan.pdf (accessed 5 January 2005).
White, R.D., Patterson, K.D., Weakley, A., Ulrey, C.J. & Drake, J. (2003) Vegetation Classification of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Unpublished report submitted to BRD-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program. NatureServe: Durham, NC.
Willott, S.J. (2001) Species accumulation curves and the measure of sampling effort. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 484–486.
Young, C.W. (1987) A revision of the crane fly genus Dicranoptycha in North America. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 53 (5), 215–274.
Young, C.W. & Gelhaus, J.K. (2000) Crane flies of Pennsylvania: Preliminary Checklist and Database Development with emphasis on Aquatic Species. Report submitted to The Wild Resource Conservation Fund (Harrisburg, PA) and PA Fish & Boat Commission (Bellefonte, PA).