Abstract
In Brazil, 66 flatworm species of the order Polycladida are known, most of which collected from the southeastern Braziliancoast. The present study includes morphological descriptions of five species from Rio Grande do Norte State, BrazilianNortheastern coast: Enchiridium evelinae, Phrikoceros mopsus, Pseudobiceros evelinae, Thysanozoon brocchii and Hop-loplana divae. These findings represent the first record of Polycladida for this region of Brazil. Also, for the first timeEnchiridium evelinae, Pseudobiceros evelinae and Hoploplana divae are illustrated with color photographs of live spec-imens and histological details. Association with compound ascidians and encrusting bryozoan were observed and com-mented. Our data suggest that knowledge about Brazilian polyclads is underestimated and emphasizes the necessity of further studies to better understand the Polycladida biodiversity in Brazil.References
Ang, H.P. & Newman, L.J. (1998) Warning colouration in pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida). A preliminary study. Hydrobiologia, 383, 29−33.
Bahia, J. & Padula, V. (2009) First record of Pseudoceros bicolor and Pericelis cata (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2, 1−5.
Bock, S. (1913) Studien über Polycladen. Zoologiska Bijdrag från Uppsala, 2, 31–344.
Bolaños, D.M., Quiroga, S.Y. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2007) Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the wider Caribbean. Zootaxa, 1650, 1−23.
Brusa, F., Damborenea, C. & Quiroga, S. (2009) First records of the Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa, 2283, 51−59.
Bulnes, V.N., Albano, M.J., Obenat, S.M. & Cazzaniga, N.J. (2011) Three pseudocerotid (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) species from the Argentinian coast. Zootaxa, 2990, 30 – 44.
Dias, Jr. E.A., Souza, A.S. & Molina, W.F. (2007) Lack of interpopulation genetic structure in the genus Stegastes (Perciformes) with indication of local introgression. Genetics and Molecular Research, 6(4), 1097−1106.
Egger, B., Gschwentner, R. & Rieger, R. (2007) Free-living flatworms under the knife: past and present. Development genes and evolution, 217, 89-104.
Faubel, A. (1983) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part I. The Acotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 80, 17−121.
Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 81, 189−259.
Grube, A.E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Würmer des adriatischen und Mittelmeers, nach eigenen Sammlungen beschrieben. Königsberg, 92pp.
Hyman, L.H. (1939) Acoel and Polyclad Turbellaria from Bermuda and the Sargassum. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 7(1), 1−35.
Hyman, L.H. (1953) The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 100(2), 265-392.
Hyman, L.H. (1955) Some Polyclad flatworms from the West Indies and Florida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 104(3341), 115−150.
Laidlaw, F.A. (1902) The marine Turbellaria. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1(3), 282-312.
Lang, A. (1884) Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna Flora Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 11, ix+668pp.
Lanna, E., Cavalcanti, F.F., Cardoso, L., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2009) Taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Potiguar Basin, NE Brazil. Zootaxa, 1973, 1−27.
Litvaitis, M.K., Bolaños, D.M. & Quiroga, S.Y. (2010) When names are wrong and colours deceive: unraveling the Pseudoceros bicolor species complex (Turbellaria: Polycladida). Journal of Natural History, 44, 829−845.
Litvaitis, M.K. & Newman, L.J. (2001) A molecular framework for the phylogeny of the Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida). Hydrobiologia, 444, 177−182.
Marcus, E. (1947) Turbelários marinhos do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia, 12, 99−206.
Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia, 14, 7−155.
Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69−190.
Marcus, E. (1952) Turbellaria brasileiros (10). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia, 17, 5−186.
Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1951) Contributions to the Natural History of Brazilian Turbellaria. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 63(3), 1−25.
Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curaçao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1−133.
Newman, L.J. & Cannon, L.R.G. (1996) New genera of pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes; Polycladida) from Australian and Papua New Guinean coral reefs. Journal of Natural History, 30(10), 1425−1441.
Newman, L.J. & Cannon, L.R.G. (1997) Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45(2), 341−368.
Newman, L.J. & Cannon, L.R.G. (1998) Pseudoceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific with twelve new species from the Australia and Papua New Guinea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46(2), 293−323.
Newman, L.J. & Cannon, L.R.G. (2003) Marine flatworms: The world of polyclads. Collingwood: Csiro. 112 pp
Newman, L.J., Cannon, L.R.G. & Brunckhorst, D.J. (1994) A new flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) which mimics a phyllidiid Nudibranch (Mollusca: Nudibranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110, 19−25.
Newman, L.J., Norenburg, J.L. & Reed, S. (2000) Taxonomic and biological observations on the tiger flatworm Maritigrella crozieri (Hyman, 1939), new combination (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Euryleptidae) from Florida waters. Journal of Natural History, 34, 799−808.
Newman, L.J. & Schupp, P. (2002) A new species of pseudocerotid flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific. Micronesica, 34(2), 177−184.
Palombi, A. (1928) Report on the Turbellaria (Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22, 579 – 632.
Pearse, A.S. & Wharton, G.W. (1938) The Oyster "Leech," Stylochus inimicus Palombi, Associated with Oysters on the Coasts of Florida. Ecological Monographs, 8(4), 605−656.
Pérez-Portela, R. & Turon, X. (2007) Prey preferences of the polyclad flatworm Prostheceraeus roseus among Mediterranean species of the ascidian genus Pycnoclavella. Hydrobiologia, 592, 535−539.
Prudhoe, S. (1985) A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. London/Oxford: British Museum of Natural History and Oxford University Press. 259 pp
Quiroga, S.Y., Bolaños, D.M. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2004a) Policládidos (Platyhelminthes: “Turbellaria”) del Atlántico Tropical Ocidental. Biota Colombiana, 5(2), 159−172.
Quiroga, S.Y., Bolaños, D.M. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2004b) A checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. Zootaxa, 633, 1−12.
Quiroga, S.Y., Bolaños, D.M. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2006) First description of deep-sea polyclad flatworms from the North Pacific: Anocellidus n. gen. profundus n. sp. (Anocelidae, n. fam.) and Oligocladus voightae n. sp. (Euryleptidae). Zootaxa, 1317, 1−19.
Quiroga, S.Y., Bolaños, D.M. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2008) Two new species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88(7), 1363−1370.
Rawlinson, K.A. (2007) Biodiversity of coastal polyclad flatworm assemblages in the wider Caribbean. Marine Biology, 153, 769−778.
Rawlinson, K.A. & Litvaitis, M.K. (2008) Cotylea (Polycladida): a cladistic analysis of morphology. Invertebrate Biology, 127(2), 121−138.
Ritson-Williams, R., Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Paul, V.J. (2006) Ecological functions of tetrodotoxin in a deadly polyclad flatworm. PNAS, 103(9), 3176–3179.
Rocha, R.M. (1995) Abundance and distribution of sessile invertebrates under intertidal boulders (São Paulo, Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 43(1), 71−88.
Schupp, P., Steubeb, K., Meyerb, C. & Proksch, P. (2001) Anti-proliferative effects of new staurosporine derivatives isolated from a marine ascidian and its predatory flatworm. Cancer Letters, 174, 165−172.
Smith, E.H. (1960) On a new polyclad commensal of prosobranchs. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 32(3/4), 385−390.
Souza, L.L.G., Chellappa, S. & Gurgel, H.C.B. (2007) Biologia reprodutiva do peixe-donzela Stegastes fuscus Cuvier, em arrecifes rochosos no nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24(2), 419−425.
Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E. Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S.A., Martin, K.D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C.A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57(7), 573−583.
Stummer-Traunfels, R.von (1933) Polycladida (continued). pp. 3485–3596. In Bronn, H.G. (ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig).