Abstract
We update the list of reptiles of Venezuela, reporting a total of 370 species from the country (four of these exotic), arrangedin 122 genera (one exotic), 30 families and three orders. Introduced species and dubious or erroneous records are discussed.Taxonomic, nomenclatural and distributional comments are provided when required. Considering species of probableoccurrence in the country (known to occur in Colombia, Brazil and Guyana at localities very close to the Venezuelan border) and still undescribed taxa, we estimate that the total number of species in Venezuela could exceed 400.Se actualiza la lista de reptiles de Venezuela a un total de 370 especies (cuatro de ellas exóticas), pertenecientes a 122géneros (un exótico), 30 familias y tres órdenes. Se discuten las especies introducidas, los registros dudosos o erróneos yse proporcionan comentarios taxonómicos, nomenclaturales o de distribución en casos necesarios. Después de considerarlas especies de probable presencia en el país (registros conocidos cercanos a la frontera con Colombia, Brasil y Guyana) y los taxones aun no descritos, se estima que el número total de especies en Venezuela podría superar las 400 especies.References
Abuys, A. (2003) De slangen van Suriname en de andere Guyana’s. Gopher Publishers, Groningen, The Netherlands, 592 pp.
Aguilera, M., Azócar, A. & González-Jiménez, E. (2003) Venezuela: un país megadiverso. In: Aguilera, M., Azócar, A. & González-Jiménez, E. (Eds), Biodiversidad en Venezuela. Fundación Polar, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, FONACIT, Caracas, pp. 1056−1072.
Albuquerque, N.R. (2009) New records of Leptophis ahaetulla ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae) for Venezuela, Colombia and the placement of L. a. copei into the synonymy of L. a. ahaetulla. Biota Neotropica, 9, 1−5.
Albuquerque, N.R. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2010) Redescription of Leptophis cupreus (Cope) (Serpentes, Colubridae), a rare South American colubrine snake. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 50, 375−384.
Alemán, G.C. (1953) Contribución al estudio de los reptiles y batracios de la sierra de Perijá. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 35, 205−225.
Amaral, A. do (1929a) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XVII. Valor systematico de varias formas de ophidios neotropicos. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 4, 1−68.
Amaral, A. do (1929b) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XVIII. Lista remissiva dos ophidios da região neotropica. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 4, 126−271.
Ataroff, M. & Sarmiento, L. (2004) Las unidades ecológicas de los Andes Venezolanos. In: La Marca, E. & Soriano, P., Reptiles de los Andes de Venezuela. Catálogo Zoológico de Venezuela Vol. 2. Biogeos, Mérida, pp. 9−26.
Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 599, 1−706.
Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (2005) Reptiles. In: Hollowell, T. & Reynolds, R. (Eds.), Checklist of the Terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield. Biological Society of Washington, Washington, pp. 24–40.
Avila-Pires, T.C.S. & Hoogmoed, M.S. (2000) On two new species of Pseudogonatodes Ruthven, 1915 (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae), with remarks on the distribution of some other sphaerodactyl lizards. Zoologische Mededelingen, 73, 209–223.
Bailey, J.R. & Thomas, R.A. (2006) A revision of the South American snake genus Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Three new species from northern South America, with further descriptions of Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos and Moreno and Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla and Sánchez. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 166, 7–27.
Barrio, C.L. (1998) Sistemática y biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 18, 1−93.
Barrio, C.L. (2001) Geographic distribution. Micrurus dumerilii carinicauda. Herpetological Review, 32, 279.
Barrio, C.L. & Calcaño, D. (2001) Geographic distribution. Stenorrhina degenhardti. Herpetological Review, 32, 280.
Barrio, C. & Navarrete, L.F. (1999) Geographic Distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana. Herpetological Review, 30, 174−175.
Barrio, C., Brewer-Carías, C. & Fuentes, O. (1999) Geographic distribution. Atractus torquatus. Herpetological Review, 30, 53.
Barrio, C.L., Chacón, A. & Díaz de Pascual, A. (2002) Geographic Distribution. Anilius scytale. Herpetological Review, 33, 66−67.
Barrio, C.L., Diaz de Pascual, A. & Chacón, A. (2003) Geographic Distribution. Ptychoglossus nicefori. Herpetological Review, 34, 167.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2007) Crocodylus intermedius, el mayor predador de Suramérica. Reptilia, 62, 32−39.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Brewer-Carías, C. (2008) Herpetological results of the 2002 expedition to Sarisariñama, a tepui in Venezuelan Guayana, with the description of five new species. Zootaxa, 1942, 1–68.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Calcaño, D. 2003. First record of Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) from western Venezuela with comments on coral snakes from the eastern Andean piedmont. Herpetozoa, 16, 73−78.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Díaz de Pascual, A. (2008) Notes on Geographic Distribution. Reptilia: Boidae: Epicrates cenchria cenchria: Distribution Extension. Checklist, 4(3), 243−247.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Molina, C. (2010) Apéndice 8. Catálogo ilustrado de los anfibios y reptiles del ramal de Calderas, Andes de Venezuela. In: Rial, B.A, Señaris, J.C., Lasso, C.A. & Flores, A. (Eds.), Evaluación Rápida de la Biodiversidad y Aspectos Socioecosistémicos del Ramal de Calderas, Andes de Venezuela. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assesment 56. Conservation International, Arlington, VA. USA, pp. 141−156.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Narbaiza, Í. (2008) Turtles of the Venezuelan Estado Amazonas. Radiata, 17, 2–19.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Rivas Fuenmayor, G. (2003) Geographic distribution. Basiliscus basiliscus. Herpetological Review, 34, 165.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Rivas-Fuenmayor, G. (2008) Spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) in Venezuela: a preliminary report. Iguana, 15, 161–163.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L., Chacón-Ortiz, A., Diasparra, J.P., Orellana, A.M., Bautista, J. & Molina, C. (2010) Distribution of Siphlophis compressus (Daudin, 1803) in Venezuela with a remarkable geographic extension. Herpetozoa, 23, 100−103.
Barros, T.R. (2000) Una nueva especie de Atractus (Serpentes: Colubridae) de la sierra de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Anartia, 11, 1−10.
Barros, T. & Pirela, D. (2000) Geographic distribution. Oxybelis fulgidus. Herpetological Review, 31, 57.
Barros, T.R. & Rincón, A.D. (1999) Segundo registro y redescripción de Bachia bicolor (Sauria: Gymnophthalmidae) en Venezuela. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, 33, 111−124.
Barros, T.R., Williams, E.E. & Viloria, A. (1996) The genus Phenacosaurus (Squamata: Iguania) in western Venezuela: Phenacosaurus tetarii, new species, Phenacosaurus euskalerriari, new species, and Phenacosaurus nicefori Dunn, 1944. Breviora, 504, 1−30.
Barros, T.R., Jadin, R.C., Caicedo-Portilla, J.R. & Rivas, G.A. (in press) Discovery of a rare snail-eater snake in Venezuela (Dipsadinae, Dipsas pratti), with additions to its natural history and morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution.
Barros, T.R., Esqueda, L.F., Mijares-Urrutia, A., La Marca, E. & Nicholson, K.E. (2007) The anoline “lost link” rediscovered: variation and distribution of Anolis annectens Williams 1974 (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Tropical Zoology, 20, 41−53.
Bartlett, R.D. & Bartlett, P. (2003) Reptiles and amphibians of the Amazon. An ecotourist’s guide. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 291 pp.
Bérnils, R.S. (2010) Brazilian reptiles - List of species. Available from: http://www.sbherpetologia.org.br. Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia (15 September 2011).
Bisbal, F. (2008) Los vertebrados terrestres de las dependencias federales de Venezuela. Interciencia, 33, 103−111.
Bisbal, F., Sanchez, J. & Rivero, R. (2008) Notas sobre los vertebrados de la Isla de Cubagua, Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 163, 53−65
Boulenger, G.A. (1897) Description of a new snake from the Andes of Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (120), 523.
Boulenger, G.A. (1905) Description of a new snake from Venezuela. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 15 (ser. 7), 561.
Bour, R. & Pauler, I. (1987) Identité de Phrynops vanderhaegei Bour 1973 et des espèces affines. Mésogée, 47, 3−23.
Bour, R. & Zaher, H. (2005) A new species of Mesoclemmys from the open formations of northeastern Brazil (Chelonii, Chelidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 45, 295−311.
Burt, C.E. & Burt, M.D. (1933) A preliminary check list of the lizards of South America. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 28, 1−104.
Cadle, J.E. (2005) Systematics of snakes of the Dipsas oreas complex (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) in western Ecuador and Peru, with revalidation of D. elegans (Boulenger) and D. ellipsifera (Boulenger). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 158, 67−136.
Cadle, J.E. (2009) Comment on the proposed precedence of Anolis chrysolepis Duméril & Bibron, 1837 (Reptilia: Squamata) over Draconura nitens Wagler, 1830. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 66 (1), 1.
Calcaño, D. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2002) Geographic Distribution. Drymobius rhombifer. Herpetological Review, 33, 67.
Calcaño, D. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2003a) Geographic Distribution. Dipsas variegata. Herpetological Review, 34, 388.
Calcaño, D. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2003b) Geographic Distribution. Pseustes shropshirei. Herpetological Review, 34, 389–390.
Calcaño, D. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2010) Geographic distribution. Oxyrhopus leucomelas. Herpetological Review, 41, 381.
Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. (2004) The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 vols. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 870 pp.
Carvajal-Cogollo, J. & Bernal-González, V. (2011) Geographic Distribution. Anolis euskalerriari. Herpetological Review, 42, 111.
Carvalho, C.M. (2002) Descrição de uma nova espécie de Micrurus do estado de Roraima, Brasil (Sepentes, Elapidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 42, 183–192.
Casado, R. & La Marca, E. (1996) Geographic Distribution: Epicrates cenchria maurus. Herpetological Review, 27, 212.
Casado, R. & Zoltan, S. (1996) Geographic distribution. Boa constrictor constrictor. Herpetological Review, 27, 88.
Castro, F. (1994) Anfibios y Reptiles del Llano: Naturaleza de la Orinoquia. 1 Edición. Bogotá. Cristina Uribe Editores Ltda, 94 pp.
Chippaux, J-P. (1987) Les Serpents de la Guyane Française. ORSTOM Faune Tropicale 27, Cayenne, 165 pp.
Cole, C.J. & Kok, P.J.R. (2006) A new species of gekkonid lizard (Sphaerodactylinae, Gonatodes) from Guyana, South America. American Museum Novitates, 3524, 1–13.
Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H. & Markezich, A. (1993) Missing link found: the second ancestor of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Squamata: Teiidae), a South American unisexual lizard of hybrid origin. American Museum Novitates, 3055, 1–13.
Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H., Townsend, C. & Arnold, M. (1990) Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae) in the Neotropics: genetics, origin, and systematics. American Museum Novitates, 2994, 1–29.
Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H., Townsend, C. & Arnold, M. (1995) Kentropyx borckiana (Squamata: Teiidae): a unisexual lizard of hybrid origin in the Guiana region, South America. American Museum Novitates, 3145, 1–23.
Collins, J.T. & Taggart, T.W. (2008) A proposal to retain Masticophis as the generic name for the coachwhip and whipsnakes. Journal of Kansas Herpetology, 27, 12.
Cope, E.D. (1864) Contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166−181.
Cope, E. D. (1899) Contributions to the herpetology of New Grenada and Argentina, with descriptions of new forms. Philadelphia Museum of Science Bulletin, 1, 1−19.
Cornejo, P. & Prieto, A. (2001) Inventario de reptiles en dos zonas semiaridas del noreste de la península de Araya, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Acta Científica Venezolana, 52, 265−271.
Cunha, O.R. & Nascimento, F.P. (1993) Ofídios da Amazônia. As cobras da região leste do Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, série Zoologia 9: 1−191.
Curcio, F.F., Piacentini, V. de Q. &. Fernandes, D.S. (2009a) On the status of the snake genera Erythrolamprus Boie, Liophis Wagler and Lygophis Fitzinger (Serpentes, Xenodontinae). Zootaxa, 2173, 66−68.
Curcio, F.F., Sánchez-Pacheco, S.J., Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2009b) Notes on distribution, variation and characterization of Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus Roze, 1959 (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the first records from Colombia. Zootaxa, 2045, 33–42.
D’Angiolella, A.B., Gamble, T., Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Colli, G.R., Noonan, B.P. & Vitt, L.J. (2011) Anolis chrysolepis Duméril and Bibron, 1837 (Squamata: Iguanidae), revisited: molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the Anolis chrysolepis species group. Bulletin of the Museum of Comprative Zoology, 160, 35−63.
Dixon, J.R. (1973) A systematic review of the teiid lizards, genus Bachia, with remarks on Heterodactylus and Anotosaura. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Miscellaneous publication, 57, 1−47.
Dixon, J.R. (1983a) Systematics of Liophis reginae and L. williamsi (Serpentes, Colubridae), with a description of a new species. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 52, 113−138.
Dixon, J.R. (1983b) Systematics of the Latin American snake, Liophis epinephelus (Serpentes: Colubridae). In: Rhodin, A. & Miyata, K. (Eds.), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams. Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 131–149.
Dixon, J.R. (1987) Taxonomy and geographic variation of Liophis typhlus and related “green” species of South America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 56, 173–191.
Dixon, J.R. (1989) A key and checklist to the Neotropical snake genus Liophis with country lists and maps. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 79, 1–28.
Dixon, J.R. & Hendricks, F.S. (1979) The wormsnakes (Family Typhlopidae) of the Neotropics, exclusive of the Antilles. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 173, 1–39.
Dixon, J.R. & Huey, R.B. (1970) Systematics of the lizards of the gekkonid genus Phyllodactylus of mainland South America. Los Angeles County Museum, Contributions in Science, 192, 1–78.
Dixon, J.R. & Kofron, C.P. (1983) The Central and South American anomalepid snakes of the genus Liotyphlops. Amphibia-Reptilia, 4, 241–264.
Dixon, J.R. & Lamar, W.W. (1981) A new species of microteiid lizard (genus Neusticurus) from Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 15, 309–314
Dixon, J.R. & Markezich, A. (1992) Taxonomy and geographic variation of Liophis poecilogyrus (Wied) from South America (Serpentes: Colubridae). The Texas Journal of Science, 44, 131–166.
Dixon, J.R. & Michaud, E.J. (1992) Shaw´s black-backed snake (Liophis melanotus) (Serpentes: Colubridae) of northern South America. Journal of Herpetology, 26, 250−259.
Dixon, J.R., Wiest, J.A. & Cei, J.M. (1993) Revision of the Neotropical snake genus Chironius Fitzinger (Serpentes, Colubridae). Museo regionale di Scienze naturali, Torino, monografia, 13, 1–279.
Doan, T.M. (2003) A new phylogenetic classification for the gymnophthalmid genera Cercosaura, Pantodactylus and Prionodactylus (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137, 101−115.
Doan, T.M. & Castoe, T.A. (2005) Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 405–416.
Doan, T.M. & Schargel, W.E. 2003. Bridging the gap in Proctoporus distribution: a new species (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of Venezuela. Herpetologica, 59, 68−75.
Donnelly, M.A. & Myers, C.W. (1991) Herpetological Results of the 1990 expedition to the summit of Cerro Guaiquinima, with new tepui reptiles. American Museum Novitates, 3017, 1–54.
Donnelly, M.A., McDiarmid, R.W. & Myers, C.W. (1992) A new lizard of the genus Arthrosaura (Teiidae) from Southern Venezuela. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105, 821–833.
Donoso-Barros, R. (1968) The lizards of Venezuela (checklist and key). Caribbean Journal of Science, 8(3−4), 105−122.
Duellman, W.E. (1958) A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus Leptodeira. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 114, 1–152.
Esqueda, L.F. (2005) Un nuevo Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) de la reserva forestal de Caparo, estado Barinas, Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 2, 33−42.
Esqueda, L.F. & La Marca, E. (1999) New reptilian species records from the Cordillera de Mérida, Andes of Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 30, 238–240.
Esqueda, L.F. & La Marca, E. (2004) Geographic distribution. Corallus ruschenbergerii. Herpetological Review, 35, 190.
Esqueda, L.F. & La Marca, E. (2005) Revisión taxonómica y biogeográfica (con descripción de cinco nuevas especies) del genero Atractus (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) en los Andes de Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 2, 1−31.
Esqueda, L.F., La Marca, E. & Bazó, S. (2005) Un nuevo colúbrido semifosorial del género Atractus (Disapdinae) de la vertiente lacustre de los Andes de Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 2, 87−93.
Esqueda, L.F., La Marca, E. & Praderio, M.J. (2004) Una nueva especie de lagarto altotepuyano del genero Riolama (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) del cerro Marahuaca, estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 1, 11−17.
Esqueda, L.F., La Marca, E., Natera, M. & Battiston, P. (2001) Noteworthy reptilian state records and a lizard species new to the herpetofauna of Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 32, 198−200.
Esqueda, L.F., Natera, M., La Marca, E. & Ilija-Fistar, M. (2005) Nueva especie de serpiente (Reptilia: Colubridae: Liophis) de un bosque tropical relictual en el estado Barinas, Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 2, 95−103.
Etheridge R.E. (1960) The relationships of the anoles (Reptilia: Sauria, Iguanidae): An interpretation based on skeletal morphology. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 236 pp.
Etheridge, R.E. (1970) A review of the South American iguanid lizard genus Plica. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 19, 237−256.
Fenwick, A., Gutberlet Jr., R., Evans, J. & Parkinson, C. (2009) Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 617−140.
Fernándes, D., Germano, V., Fernandes, R. & Franco, F. (2002) Taxonomic status and geographic distribution of the lowland species of the Liophis cobella group with comments on the species from the Venezuelan tepuis (Serpentes, Colubridae). Boletim do museu nacional, 481, 1−14.
Fernández, A. (1968) La Tortuga arrau. El Lago, 10, 148−151.
Flores, D. & Esqueda, L.F. (2008) First record of the spiny-tailed Iguana Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 4(1), 41.
Franz, R., Reid, S. & Puckett, C. (1985) The discovery of a population of Orinoco crocodile, Crocodylus intermedius, in southern Venezuela. Biological Conservation, 32, (1985), 137−147.
Fuentes, O. (2003) Geographic distribution. Liophis miliaris. Herpetological Review, 34, 265.
Fuentes, O. & Barrio, C.L. (1999a) Geographic distribution. Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus. Herpetological Review, 30, 53.
Fuentes, O. & Barrio, C.L. (1999b) Geographic distribution. Liophis poecilogyrus. Herpetological Review, 30, 54.
Fuentes, O. & Rivas Fuenmayor, G. (2000) Geographic distribution. Euspondylus goeleti. Herpetological Review, 31, 181–182.
Fuentes, O. & Rodriguez-Acosta, A. (1997) A new record of Bothrops brazili Hoge, 1953 (Serpentes: Crotalidae) in Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 17, 71−77.
Gallagher, D.S. & Dixon, J.R. (1992) Taxonomic revision of the South American lizard genus Kentropyx Spix (Sauria: Teiidae). Bolletino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali, Torino, 10, 125−171.
Galvis Peñuela, P.A., Mejía Tobón, A. & Rueda Almonacid, J.V. (2011) Fauna Silvestre de la Reserva Forestal Protectora Montes de Oca, La Guajira, Colombia. Corpoguajira, Colombia, 822 pp.
Gamble, T., Bauer, A.M, Greenbaum, E. & Jackman, T. (2008a) Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 88−104.
Gamble, T., Bauer, A.M, Greenbaum, E. & Jackman, T. (2008b) Out of the blue: a novel trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata). Zoologica Scripta, 37(4), 355−366.
Gans, C. (1962) Notes on amphisbaenids (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). 5. A redefinition and bibliography of Amphisbaena alba Linné. American Museum Novitates, 2105, 1−31.
Gans, C. & Mathers, S. (1977) Amphisbaena medemi, an interesting new species from Colombia (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia), with a key to the amphisbaenians of the Americas. Fieldiana Zoology, 72(2), 21−46.
García-Pérez, J.E. (1995a) Una nueva especie del complejo de Ameiva bifrontata (Sauria: Teidae) del bolsón árido de Lagunillas, Cordilera de Mérida, Venezuela. Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnología, 13, 127−144.
García-Pérez, J.E. (1995b) Una nueva especie de cascabel (Serpentes: Crotalidae) para el bolsón árido de Lagunillas, Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. Revista de Ecología Latinoamericana, 3, 7−12.
García, J.E. & La Marca, E. (1989) Geographic distribution. Anadia pamplonensis. Herpetological Review, 20, 12.
García-Pérez, J.E. & Yustiz, E. (1995) Una nueva especie de Proctoporus (Sauria: Gymnophthalmidae) de los Andes de Venezuela. Revista de Ecología Latinoamericana, 4, 1−5.
Geurgas, S.R., Rodrigues, M.T. & Moritz, C. (2008) The genus Coleodactylus (Sphaerodactylinae, Gekkota) revisited: a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 49, 92−101.
González S., L.A., Prieto Arcas, A., Molina, C. & Velásquez, J. (2004) Los reptiles de la península de Araya, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Interciencia, 29, 428−434.
González Sponga, M. (1971) Atractus emigdioi (Serpentees: Colubridae) nueva especie para los Andes de Venezuela. Monografias Científicas Augusto “Pi Suñer”, Instituto Pedagogico, 3, 1−11.
González Sponga, M. & Gans, C. (1971) Amphisbaena gracilis Strauch rediscovered (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Copeia, 1971 (4), 589−595.
Gorzula, S. (1985) Geographic distribution. Amphisbaena gracilis. Herpetological Review, 16, 83.
Gorzula, S. (1989) Geographic distribution. Chelonoides carbonaria. Herpetological Review, 20, 56.
Gorzula, S. (1992) La herpetofauna del macizo del Chimantá. In: Huber, O. (Ed.), El Macizo del Chimantá, Escudo de Guayana, Venezuela. Un Ensayo Ecológico Tepuyano. Oscar Todtmann Editores, Caracas, pp. 267–280.
Gorzula, S. & Arocha-Piñango, C. (1975) Amphibians and reptiles collected in the Orinoco Delta. British Journal of Herpetology, 5, 687.
Gorzula, S. & Ayarzagüena, J. (1996 dated 1995) Dos nuevas especies del género Thamnodynastes (Serpentes; Colubridae) de los tepuyes de la Guayana Venezolana. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Amigos de Doñana, 6, 1−17.
Gorzula, S. & Señaris, J. C. (1999 dated 1998) Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guyana I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae, 8, 1−269.
Gutberlet, R.L., Jr. & Campbell, J.A. (2001) Generic recognition for a neglected lineage of South American pitvipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of a new species from the Colombian Chocó. American Museum Novitates, 3316, 1−15.
Harris, D.M. (1982) The Sphaerodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) of South America. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 704, 1−31.
Harris, D.M. (1994) Review of the teiid lizard genus Ptychoglossus. Herpetological Monograph, 8, 226−275.
Harvey, M.B. (2009 dated 2008) New and poorly known Dipsas (Serpentes: Colubridae) from northern South America. Herpetologica, 64, 422–451.
Harvey, M.B. & Embert, D. (2009 dated 2008) Review of Bolivian Dipsas (Serpentes: Colubridae), with comments on other South American species. Herpetological Monograph, 22, 54–105.
Harvey, M.B., Aparicio, J.E. & González, L.A. (2003) Revision of the venomous snakes of Bolivia: part 1. The coralsnakes (Elapidae: Micrurus). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 72, 1–52.
Harvey, M.B., Rivas, G.A. & Manzanilla, J. (2004) Redescription of Stenocercus erythrogaster (Hallowell). Copeia, 2004, 940–944.
Harvey, M.B., Rivas Fuenmayor, G., Caicedo Portilla, J.R. & Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (2009 dated 2008). Systematics of the enigmatic dipsadine snake Tropidodipsas perijanensis Alemán (Serpentes: Colubridae) and review of morphological characters of Dipsadini. Herpetological Monograph, 22, 106–132.
Hedges, S.B. (2011) The type species of the threadsnake genus Tricheilostoma Jan revisited (Squamata, Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 3027, 63–64.
Hedges, S.B., Couloux, A. & Vidal, N. (2009) Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Zootaxa, 2067, 1–28.
Hellmich, W. (1953a) Contribuciones al conocimiento de los ofidios de Venezuela. 1. Spilotes pullatus pullatus (Linne). Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 1, 141–145.
Hellmich, W. (1953b) Contribuciones al conocimiento de los ofidios de Venezuela. 2. Sobre la subespecie venezolana de Coluber (Masticophis) mentovarius (D. et B.). Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 1, 146–154.
Hernández, V.M. & de Rada, M. (1992) Contribución al conocimiento del genero Mastigodryas (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 13, 67–81.
Hernández-Camacho, J., Álvarez-León, R. & Renjifo-Rey, J.M. (2005) Pelagic snake Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Hydrophiidae) is found on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 164, 143–152.
Hernández-Ruz, E.J. (2005) Notas taxonómicas y biológicas de Cercosaura ampuedai (Lancini, 1968) (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) en la vertiente oriental de la cordillera oriental de Colombia. Publicações Avulsas do Instituto Pau Brasil de História Natural, Sao Paulo, 8-9, 1–14.
Hillis, D.M. (1985) Evolutionary genetics of the Andean lizard genus Pholidobolus (Sauria: Gymnophthalmidae): Phylogeny, biogeography, and a comparison of tree construction techniques. Systematic Zoology, 34, 109–126.
Hollis, J.L. (2006) Phylogenetics of the genus Chironius Fitzinger, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) based on mophology. Herpetologica, 62, 435–453.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Suriman IV.- The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. The Hague, 419 pp.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1977) On a new species of Leptotyphlops from Surinam, with notes on the other Surinam species of the genus (Leptotyphlopidae, Serpentes).- notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam V. Zoologische Mededelingen, 51, 99−123.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1979) The herpetofauna of the Guianan region. In: Duellman, W.E. (Ed.), The South American herpetofauna: its origin, evolution, and dispersal. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, pp. 241−279.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1980) Revision of the genus Atractus in Surinam, with the resurrection of two species (Colubridae, Reptilia). Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam VII. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 175, 1−47.
Hoogmoed, M.S. & Dixon, J.R. (1977) A new species of Bachia (Teiidae, Sauria) from Estado Bolivar, Venezuela, with notes on the zoogeography of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 51, 25–31.
Hoogmoed, M.S., Cole, C.J. & Ayarzagüena, J. (1992) A new cryptic species of lizard (Sauria: Teiidae: Gymnophthalmus) from Venezuela. Zoologische Mededelingen, 66, 1–18.
Horton, D. (1973) A new species of Mabuya (Larcertilia: Scincidae) from Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology, 7, 75–77.
Infante-Rivero, E. (2009) Primer registro de Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii Schlegel, 1841, en la Guajira Venezolana, con comentarios sobre el género y la distribución en el estado Zulia. Herpetotropicos, 5, 25−28.
Infante-Rivero, E.E., Delgado, P.V. & Rojas-Runjaic, F.J.M. (2005) Geographic distribution. Drymarchon caudomaculatus. Herpetological Review, 36, 203.
Infante-Rivero, E.E., Velozo, P. & Rojas-Runjaic, F.J.M. (2009) Primer registro del lagarto Anolis apollinaris para Venezuela. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, 43, 299−304.
Jackson, J.T., Starkey, D.E., Guthrie, R.W & Forstner, M.R.J. (2008) A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of extant species of the genus Trachemys with resulting taxonomic implications. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 7, 131−135.
Jadin, R.C., Altamirano, M.A., Yánez-Muñoz, M.H. & Smith, E.N. (2009) First record of the common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) in Ecuador. Applied Herpetology, 6, 193−195.
Johnson, J. & Dixon, J.R. (1984) Taxonomic status of the Venezuelan Macagua, Bothrops colombiensis. Journal of Herpetology, 18, 329−332.
Kaiser, H., Barrio-Amorós, C.L., Rivas, G. & Grismer, L. (2003) Geographic Distribution. Siphlophis compressus. Herpetological Review, 34, 170.
Kizirian, D.A. & McDiarmid, R.W. (1998) A new species of Bachia (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with plesiomorphic limb morphology. Herpetologica, 54, 245−253.
Klaczko, J., Andrade Machado, F. de, Scrocchi, G., & Zaher, H. (2010) Taxonomic status of Chironius multiventris and Chironius cochranae (Serpentes). Herpetologica, 66, 476–484.
Klauber, L.M. (1941) A species of rattlesnake from Venezuela. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 30, 333−336.
Klauber, L.M. (1956) Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. 2 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1476 pp.
Kluge, A. (1967) Higher taxonomic categories of gekkonid lizards and their evolution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 135, 1–59.
Kluge, A. (1969) The evolution and geographic origin of the New World Hemidactylus mabouia-brookii complex (Gekkonidae, Sauria). Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 138, 1–78.
Kok, P.J.R. (2006) A new snake of the genus Atractus Wagler, 1828 (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana, northeastern South America. Zootaxa, 1378, 19−35.
Kok, P. & Rivas, G. (2008) Typhlophis ayarzaguenai Señaris, 1998 is a junior synonym of Typhlophis squamosus (Schlegel, 1839). Amphibia-Reptilia, 29, 555–558.
Kok, P.J.R. & Rivas, G.A. (2011) A new species of Anadia (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Venezuelan 'Lost World', northern South America. European Journal of Taxonomy, 3, 1–18.
Kok, P.J.R., Rivas-Fuenmayor, G.A. & Pauwels, O.S.G. (2007) The taxonomic status of the Venezuelan snakes Atractus matthewi and A. nororientalis (Serpentes, Colubridae). Zootaxa, 1493, 66–68.
Kornacker, P.M. (1998) Erstnachweis von Waglerophis merremii (Wagler 1824) für Venezuela–nebst einigen Angaben zur Art. Herpetofauna, 20(113),14−18.
Kornacker, P.M. (1999) Checklist and Key to the Snakes of Venezuela/Lista Sistemática y Claves para las Serpientes de Venezuela. PaKo-Verlag, Rheinbach, 270 pp.
Kornacker, P.M. (2001a) Geographic distribution. Hemidactylus palaichthus. Herpetological Review, 32, 119.
Kornacker, P.M. (2001b) Geographic distribution. Pseudoboa neuwiedii. Herpetological Review, 32, 124.
Kornacker, P.M., Rivas, G. & Fuentes, O. (2002) Erstnachweis von Liophis miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Colubridae) für Venezuela. Herpetofauna, 24(138), 29−32, 34.
Krysko, K.L., Wayne King, F., Enge, K.M. & Reppas, A.T. (2003) Distribution of the introduced black spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) on the southwestern coast of Florida. Biological Sciences, 66, 74−79.
Lamar, W.W. & Medem, F. (1982) Notes on the chelid turtle Phrynops rufipes in Colombia. Salamandra, 18, 305–321.
La Marca, E. (1995) Geographic distribution. Anolis jacare. Herpetological Review, 26, 44.
La Marca, E. (1997) Lista actualizada de los reptiles de Venezuela. In: La Marca, E. (Ed.), Vertebrados Actuales y Fósiles de Venezuela. Serie Catalogo Zoológico de Venezuela. Vol. 1. Museo de Ciencia y Tecnología de Mérida, pp. 123−142.
La Marca, E. & García, J.E. (1986) Geographic distribution. Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus. Herpetological Review, 17, 27.
La Marca, E. & García P., J.E. (1987) New herpetological records from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 18, 57.
La Marca, E. & García-Pérez, J.E. (1990) Prionodactylus ampuedai (Sauria: Teiidae): a new lizard record for Colombia, with taxonomic comments on the species. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 26(3), 111–115.
La Marca, E. & García-Pérez, J.E. (1990) A new species of high Andean Anadia (Sauria: Teiidae) from Paramo El Riecito, estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Herpetologica, 46, 275–282.
La Marca, E. & Milano, J.J. (1995) Geographic distribution. Basiliscus basiliscus barbouri. Herpetological Review, 26, 108.
La Marca, E. & Soriano, P. (1995) Geographic distribution. Epicrates cenchria cenchria. Herpetological Review, 26, 109.
La Marca, E. & Soriano, P. (2000) Geographic distribution. Spilotes pullatus. Herpetological Review, 31, 57–58.
La Marca, E. & Soriano, P. (2004) Reptiles de los Andes de Venezuela. Catálogo Zoológico de Venezuela Vol. 2. Biogeos, Mérida, 173 pp.
La Marca, E., Esqueda, L.F. & Manzanilla, J. (2004) Geographic distribution. Ninia atrata. Herpetological Review, 35, 192.
La Marca, E., Soriano, P. & Casado, R. (1995) Geographic distribution. Drymarchon corais melanurus. Herpetological Review, 26, 109.
Lancini, A.R. (1962a) Contribución al conocimiento de los ofidios del Cordón Litoral. Los ofidios de Curupao, estado Miranda (Venezuela). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 3, 161–172.
Lancini, A.R. (1962b) Notas taxonomicas sobre una pequeña colección de serpientes del río Palmar (Venezuela). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 3, 195–200.
Lancini, A.R. (1963a) Una nueva especie del genero Anadia (Sauria: Teiidae) de Venezuela. Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 4, two unnumbered pages.
Lancini, A.R. (1963b) Una nueva especie del genero Amphisbaena (Sauria: Amphisbaenidae) de Venezuela. Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 6, three unnumbered pages.
Lancini, A.R. (1963c) Herpetofauna de la isla de Patos (Golfo de Paria, Venezuela). Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 103, 247–254.
Lancini, A.R. (1964) Contribución al conocimiento de la distribución en Venezuela de Helicops scalaris y descripción de Helicops hogei (Serpentes: Colubridae), nueva especie de serpiente semiacuatica para la ciencia. Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 7, three unnumbered pages.
Lancini, A.R. (1965) Notas sôbre as diferentas existentes entre as sub-espécies venezuelanas de Coluber (Masticophis) mentovarius (Dum. Bibr. et Dum. 1854). Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 32, 9–14.
Lancini, A.R. (1967 dated 1966) Crotalus vegrandis Klauber, redescripción y distribución. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 33, 725–734.
Lancini, A.R. (1968) El género Euspondylus (Sauria: Teiidae) en Venezuela. Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 12, 1−8.
Lancini, A.R. (1969) Atractus mariselae, una nueva especie de serpiente minadora de los Andes de Venezuela (Serpentes: Colubridae). Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 15, 1−6.
Lancini, A.R. (1979) Serpientes de Venezuela. Armitano, Caracas, 262 pp.
Lancini, A.R. & Kornacker, P.M. (1989) Die Schlangen von Venezuela. Armitano, Caracas, 381 pp.
Lemoine, K., Rivas, G. & Manzanilla, J. (1998) Geographic distribution. Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis. Herpetological Review, 29, 115.
Leviton, A., Gibas, R., Heal, E. & Dawson, C. (1985) Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in Herpetology and Ichthyology. Copeia, 1985, 802–832.
Lotzkat, S., Natera-Mumaw, M., Hertz, A., Sunyer, J. & Mora, D. (2008) New state records of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril 1854) (Serpentes: Colubridae) from northern Venezuela, with comments on natural history. Hepetotropicos, 4, 25−29.
Lynch, J.D. (2009) Snakes of the genus Oxyrhopus (Colubridae: Squamata) in Colombia: taxonomy and geographic variation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49, 319−337.
MacCulloch, R.D., Lathrop, A., Kok, P.J.R., Ernst, R. & Kalamandeen, M. (2009) The genus Oxyrhopus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) in Guyana: morphology, distributions and comments on taxonomy. Papéis Avulsos de Zoología, 49, 487−495.
Mägdefrau, H. (1991) Plica nigra, ein neuer Leguan vom Guaiquinima Tepui (Venezuela). Spixiana, 14, 229–234.
Mägdefrau, H., Mägdefrau, K. & Schlüter, A. (1991) Herpetologische Daten vom Guaiquinima-tepui, Venezuela. Herpetofauna, 13, 13–26.
Manzanilla, J. & Natera, M. (2003) Geographic distribution. Porthidium lansbergii. Herpetological Review, 34, 389.
Manzanilla, J. & Sánchez, D. (2004) Una nueva especie de Thamnodynastes (Serpentes: Colubridae) del macizo del Turimiquire, noreste de Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 161–162, 61−75.
Manzanilla, J., Cornieles, R. & Fernández-Badillo, A. (1998a) Geographic distribution. Ameiva bifrontata. Herpetological Review, 29, 109−110.
Manzanilla, J., Fernández-Badillo, A. & Visbal, R. (1996) Fauna del parque nacional Henri Pittier, Venezuela: composición y distribución de los reptiles. Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 47, 191–204.
Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. & Esqueda, L.F. (2001) Geographic distribution. Dipsas latifrontalis. Herpetological Review, 32, 195.
Manzanilla, J., Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Rivero, R. (1998b) Geographic distribution. Rhadinaea fulviceps. Herpetological Review, 29, 115.
Manzanilla, J., Rivero, R. & Natera, M. (1997) Geographic distribution. Kentropyx striata. Herpetological Review, 28, 50.
Manzanilla, J., Mijares-Urrutia, A., Rivero, R. & Natera, M. (1999) Primer registro de Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1871) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Caribbean Journal of Science, 35, 150–151.
Marcuzzi, G. (1950a) Breves apuntes sobre algunos lagartos de Venezuela septentrional. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 26, 73−110.
Marcuzzi, G. (1950b) Ofidios existentes en las colecciones de los museos de Caracas (Venezuela). Novedades Cientificas, contribuciones ocasionales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, serie zoología, 3, 1−20.
Markezich, A. (2001a) Geographic distribution. Clelia clelia. Herpetological Review, 32, 122.
Markezich, A. (2001b) Geographic distribution. Hydrops triangularis. Herpetological Review, 32, 123.
Markezich, A. (2002) New distribution records of reptiles from western Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 33, 69–74.
Markezich, A. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2004) A new specie of Atractus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Northeastern Venezuela. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 40, 111−121.
Markezich, A. & Dixon, J.R. (1979) A new South American species of snake and comments on the genus Umbrivaga. Copeia, 1979, 698−701.
Markezich, A. & Rossman, D. (1992) Geographic distribution. Helicops pastazae. Herpetological Review, 23, 124.
Markezich, A. & Taphorn, D. (1993) A variational analysis of populations of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae) from Western Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology, 27, 248–254.
Markezich, A. & Taphorn, D. (1994) A new Lepidoblepharis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela, with comments on its conservation status. Herpetologica, 50, 7–14.
Markezich, A., Cole, C.J. & Dessauer, H.C. (1997) The blue and green whiptail lizards (Squamata: Teiidae: Cnemidophorus) of the Peninsula de Paraguana, Venezuela: systematics, ecology, descriptions of two new taxa, and relationships to whiptails of the Guianas. American Museum Novitates, 3207, 1−60.
MARN (2001) Estrategia Nacional sobre Diversidad Biológica y su Plan de Acción. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales. Oficina Nacional de Diversidad Biológica. Caracas, 135 pp.
Massary, J.-C. de (2004) Les lézards de Guyane. Editions Roger Le Guen. L´Estéou, France, 55 pp.
Massary, J.-C. de & Hoogmoed, M.S. (2001) Crocodilurus amazonicus Spix, 1825: the valid name for Crocodilurus lacertinus auctorum (nec Daudin, 1802) (Squamata: Teiidae). Journal of Herpetology, 35, 353−357.
Mattei, R. & Barrio, C.L. (1999) Geographic distribution. Oxyrhopus formosus. Herpetological Review, 30, 55.
Maturana, H.R. (1962) A study of the species of the genus Basiliscus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 128, 1–33.
Mausfeld, P., Schmitz, A., Böhme, W., Misof, B., Vrcibradic, D. & Rocha, C.F.D. (2002) Phylogenetic affinities of Mabuya atlantica Schmidt, 1945, endemic to the Atlantic Ocean Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil): necessity of partitioning the genus Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241, 281–293.
McBee, K., Sites Jr., J.W., Engstrom, M.D., Rivero-Blanco, C. & Bickham, J.W. (1984) Karyotypes of four species of Neotropical gekkos. Journal of Herpetology, 18, 83−85.
McCord, W.P., Joseph-Ouni, M. & Lamar, W.W. (2001) A taxonomic reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49, 715−764.
McCrystal, H.K. & Dixon, J.R. (1987) A new species of Cnemidophorus from the llanos of Colombia and Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology, 21, 245–254.
McDiarmid, R.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (2005) The herpetofauna of the Guayana highlands: amphibians and reptiles of the lost world. In: Donnelly, M.A., Crother, B.I., Guyer, C., Wake, M.H. & White, M.E. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics: a herpetological perspective. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 461−560.
McDiarmid, R.W. & Paolillo, A. (1988) Herpetological collections: Cerro de La Neblina. In: Brewer-Carías, C. (Ed.), Cerro de La Neblina, resultados de la expedición 1983−1987. Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, Caracas, pp. 667−670.
Medem, F. (1983) Los Crocodylia de Sur América. Volumen II. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colciencias, Bogotá, 270 pp.
Meek, S.E. (1910) Notes on batrachians and reptiles from the islands north of Venezuela. Field Museum Natural History, Zoolological Series, 7, 415−418.
Mendoza, J. & Fernández Lucero, M. (2009) Geographic distribution. Drymarchon caudomaculatus. Herpetological Review, 40, 455.
Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7, 170−171.
Mertens, R. (1954) Zur kenntnis der schildkrötenfauna Venezuelas. Senckenbergiana biologica, 35, 3−7.
Métrailler, S. & Le Gratiet, G. (1996) Tortues Continentales de Guyane Française. Bramois, Switzerland, 127 pp.
Michaud, E.J. & Dixon, J.R. (1987) Taxonomic revision of the Liophis lineatus complex (Reptilia: Colubridae) of Central and South America. Contribution in biology and geology, Milwaukee Public Museum, 71, 1−26.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. (2000) Taxonomía de algunos microtéidos de Venezuela (Squamata), II: situación nomenclatural de Prionodactylus ampuedai y Prionodactylus phelpsorum. Revista de Biología Tropical, 48(2/3), 681−688.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, A.R. (1992) Geographic distribution. Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides. Herpetological Review, 23, 122−123.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends R., A. (1995) Aportes al conocimiento de Gonatodes falconensis Shreve 1947 (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) del noroeste de Venezuela. Amphibia-Reptilia, 16, 203−210.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, A. (1997) Un nuevo Mabuya (Squamata: Scincidae) de la costa semiárida del noroeste de Venezuela. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 57, 595−601.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, A.R. (1999a) Additional new regional and local records of amphibians and reptiles from the state of Falcón, Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 30, 115.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, A.R. (1999b) El género Anolis (Squamata: Polychrotidae) en el estado Falcón, noroeste de Venezuela: lista de especies, variación y distribución. Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Rio Grande do Sul, Serie Zoologia, 12, 45–70.
Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, A.R. (2000) Herpetofauna of Estado Falcón, Northwestern Venezuela: a checklist with geographical and ecological data. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 123,1–30.
Mijares-Urrutia, A., Señaris J.C. & Arends, A.R. (1992) Anolis tigrinus Peters 1863 (Lacertilia: Polychridae): redescripción y distribución en Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 138, 123−132.
Mijares-Urrutia, A., Señaris J.C. & Arends, A. (2000) Taxonomía de algunos microtéidos (Squamata) de Venezuela, I: variación y distribución geográfica de Euspondylus acutirostris y descripción de un nuevo Euspondylus del nordeste de Venezuela. Revista de Biología Tropical, 48(2/3), 671−680.
Miralles, A. & Carranza, S. (2010) Systematics and biogeography of the Neotropical genus Mabuya, with special emphasis on the Amazonian skink Mabuya nigropunctata (Reptilia, Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 857-869.
Miralles, A., Rivas, G. & Schargel, W.E. (2005a) A new species of Mabuya (Squamata, Scincidae) from the Venezuelan Andes. Zootaxa, 895, 1−11.
Miralles, A., Rivas Fuenmayor, G. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2005b) Taxonomy of the genus Mabuya (Reptilia, Squamata, Scincidae) in Venezuela. Zoosystema, 27, 825−837.
Miralles, A., Rivas Fuenmayor, G., Bonillo, C., Schargel, W.E., Barros, T., García-Pérez, J.E. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2009) Molecular systematics of Caribbean skinks of the genus Mabuya (Reptilia, Scincidae), with descriptions of two new species from Venezuela. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 598-616.
Molina C. (1998) Primer registro de Mabuya carvalhoi (Squamata: Scincidae) para Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 149, 149–150.
Molina C. (2001a) Geographic distribution. Pseudogonatodes guianensis. Herpetological Review, 32, 193.
Molina, C. (2001b) Geographic distribution. Bachia flavescens. Herpetological Review, 32, 275.
Molina, C. (2001c) Geographic distribution. Bachia guianensis. Herpetological Review, 32, 275.
Molina, C. (2001d) Geographic distribution. Cercosaura ocellata ocellata. Herpetological Review, 32, 275.
Molina, C. (2004) Biología, ecología y conservación de la iguana verde en Venezuela. Natura, 125, 31−35.
Molina R., C.R. & Rivas F., G.A. (1996) Geographic Distribution. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. Herpetological Review, 27, 155.
Molina, C. & Rivero, R. (2003) Geographic distribution. Uracentron azureum werneri. Herpetological Review, 34, 386.
Molina, C. & Señaris, J.C. (2001) Una nueva especie del género Riolama (Reptilia: Gymnophthalmidae) de las tierras altas del estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 155, 5–19.
Molina, C., La Marca, E. & Señaris, C. (2003a) Geographic distribution. Anolis ortonii. Herpetological Review, 34, 383.
Molina, C., Pérez-Eman, J. & Sharpe, C.J. (2002a) Geographic distribution. Micrurus psyches (Northern Coral Snake). Herpetological Review, 33, 228
Molina, C., Señaris, J.C. & Ayarzagüena, J. (2002b) Contribution to the knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of Leposoma hexalepis (Reptilia; Gymnophthalmidae) in Venezuela. Herpetologica, 58, 485−491.
Molina, C., Señaris, C. & La Marca, E. (2003b) Geographic distribution. Anolis punctatus. Herpetological Review, 34, 261.
Molina, C., Señaris, J.C. & Rivas, G. (2004 dated 2003) Los Reptiles del Delta del Orinoco. Memoria de la Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 159−160, 235−264.
Moreno-Arias, R., Medina, F. & Caicedo, J.R. (2006) Geographic Distribution. Dipsas pratti. Herpetological Review, 37, 108.
Myers, C.W. (1997) Preliminary remarks on the summit herpetofauna of Auyantepui, eastern Venezuela. Acta Terramaris, 10, 1–8.
Myers, C.W. (2008) Anolis chrysolepis Duméril & Bibron, 1837 (Reptilia, Squamata): proposed precedence over Draconura nitens Wagler, 1830. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 65(3), 205−213.
Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (1996) A new herpetofauna from Cerro Yaví, Venezuela: first results of the Robert G. Goelet American Museum-Terramar expedition to the northwestern tepuis. American Museum Novitates, 3172, 1−56.
Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (1997) A Tepui herpetofauna on a granitic mountain (Tamacuari) in the borderland between Venezuela and Brazil: report from the Phipps Tapirapecó expedition. American Museum Novitates, 3213, 1−71.
Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (2001) Herpetofauna of the Yutajé-Corocoro massif, Venezuela: second report from the Robert G. Goelet American Museum-Terramar Expedition to the northwestern tepuis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 261, 1−85.
Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (2008) The summit herpetofauna of Auyantepui, Venezuela: report from the Robert G. Goelet American Museum–Terramar expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 308, 1–147.
Myers, C.W., Rivas Fuenmayor, G. & Jadin, R.C. (2009) New species of lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with notes on "microteiid" hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). American Museum Novitates, 3660, 1–31.
Myers, C.W., Williams, E.E. & McDiarmid, R.W. (1993) A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, southern Venezuela. American Museum Novitates, 3070, 1–15.
Natera-Mumaw, M. (2008) Nuevos registros geográficos y notas bioecológicas de Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) y Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters, 1863) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela, con comentarios sobre la taxonomía de Dendrophidon nuchale. Herpetotropicos, 4, 11−16.
Natera-Mumaw, M. & Battiston, P. (2008) Nuevos registros de distribución geográfica con notas bioecológicas sobre Dipsas indica Laurenti, 1768 (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 4, 3−5.
Natera-Mumaw, M. & Manzanilla, J. (2000) Nuevos registros geográficos y notas bioecológicas de Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 153, 51−59.
Natera-Mumaw, M., Acosta, J.C., Battiston, P. & Hidalgo, O. (2006a) Distribution extension and new state record for Micrurus lemniscatus diutius Burger, 1955 (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 3, 59.
Natera-Mumaw, M., Gutierrez, S., Hidalgo, O.O. & Battiston, P. (2006b) New local and regional records for Liophis poecilogyrus schotti (Schlegel, 1837) in Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 3, 60.
Navarrete, L.F., López-Johnston, J.C. & Blanco Dávila, A. (2009) Guía de las serpientes de Venezuela: biología, venenos, conservación y listado de especies. Zoocriadero Ecopets C.A., Caracas, 102 pp.
Navarrete, L.F., Rodríguez-Acosta, A., Contreras, Y. & Briceño, J.M. (2005) Stenorrhina degenhardtii ocellata Jan, 1976 in Venezuela. Herpetozoa, 18, 89−91.
Nicholson, K.E. (2002) Phylogenetic analysis and a test of the current infrageneric classification of Norops (beta Anolis). Herpetological Monographs, 16, 93–120.
Oliveros, O., Prieto, A. & Cornejo, P. (2000) Reptiles de cerro Colorado y sus alrededores, Cumana, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Acta Científica Venezolana, 51, 104−108.
Orejas-Miranda, B.R. (1966) Notas sobre la familia Leptotyphlopidae, I-II. Comunicaciones Zoological del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, IX (108), 1−13.
Orejas-Miranda, B.R. (1967) El genero “Leptotyphlops” en la región Amazónica. Atas do Simpósio sôbre a Biota Amazônica 5 (Zoologia): 421−442.
Orejas-Miranda, B.R. (1969) Tres nuevos Leptotyphlops (Reptilia: Serpentes). Comunicaciones Zoological del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, X (124), 1−11.
Paolillo, A. (1984) First record of the colubrid snake Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied), for Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 15, 22–23.
Paolillo, A. (1985) Geographic distribution. Tretioscincus agilis. Herpetological Review, 16, 31.
Paolillo, A. (1986) Geographic distribution. Helicops hagmanni. Herpetological Review, 17, 49.
Parker, H. (1935) A collection of reptiles and amphibians from the upper Orinoco. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 12(26), 1–4.
Passos, P. & Fernandes, D. (2005) Variation and taxonomic status of the aquatic coral snake Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Sepentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa, 953, 1−14.
Passos, P. & Fernandes, R. (2008) Revision of the Epicrates cenchria complex (Serpentes: Boidae). Herpetological Monograph, 22, 1–30.
Passos, P., Rivas Fuenmayor, G. & Barrio-Amorós, C. (2009) Description of two new species from Venezuela in the highly diverse dipsadine genus Atractus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 30, 233–243.
Pauler, I. & Trebbau, P. (1995) Erstnachweis von Podocnemis lewyana Duméril, 1852 (Testudines) in Venezuela. Salamandra, 31, 181–186.
Péfaur, J.E. (1992) Checklist and bibliography (1960−85) of the Venezuelan herpetofauna. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 89, 1−54.
Péfaur, J.E. & Rivero, J. (2000) Distribution, species-richness, endemism, and conservation of Venezuelan amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 2(2), 42−70.
Peloso, P.L. & Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (2010) Morphological variation in Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger, 1912 and the status of Ptychoglossus nicefori (Loveridge, 1929) (Squamata, Gymnophtalmidae). Herpetologica, 66, 357−372.
Pérez, M., Rada, D. & Bello, R. (1997) Contribución al conocimiento taxonómico de Crotalus durissus cumanensis y Crotalus pifanorum (Serpentes, Viperidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 17, 25–35.
Pérez-Bidó, M. (1992) Contribución al conocimiento taxonómico de Crotalus durissus cumanensis y Crotalus pifanorum (Serpentes, Viperidae). Trabajo Especial de Grado, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Pérez-Bravo, G. (1978 dated 1976/77) Segundo hallazgo de Helicops hogei Lancini, 1964 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 40/41, 313–315.
Pérez-Santos, C. & Moreno, A. (1988) Ofidios de Colombia. Museo regionale di Scienze naturali, Torino, monografia, 6, 1−517.
Peters, J.A. (1960) The snakes of the subfamily Dipsadinae. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 114, 1–224.
Peters, J.A. & Donoso-Barros, R. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. United States National Museum Bulletin, 297, viii+1−293.
Peters, J.A. & Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part I. Snakes. United States National Museum Bulletin, 297, viii+1−347.
Pifano, F., Romer, M. & Sandner-Montilla, F. (1950). Serpientes ponzoñosas de Venezuela. III.–Bothrops schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) Jan, 1875: sus existencia en Venezuela. Archivos Venezolanos de patología tropical y parasitología médica, 2, 261–264.
Poe, S. (2004) Phylogeny of anoles. Herpetological Monograph, 18, 37−89.
Prado, A. (1940) Notas ofiologicas 6. Uma nova especie de colubrideo aglifo da Colombia. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 14,13−16.
Prado, A. (1941) Algumas serpentes Colombianas, com a descricao de uma nova especie do genero Dipsas. Ciencia, 2, 345.
Pritchard, P. (2008) Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider 1783)–Matamata turtle. In: A. Rhodin, A., Pritchard, P., van Dijk, P., Saumure, R., Buhlmann, K. and Iverson, J. (Eds.). Conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5. Pp. 1–20
Pritchard, P. & Trebbau, P. (1984) The Turtles of Venezuela. Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles, contribution to herpetology 2: 1−414.
Prudente, A.L.C. & Passos, P. (2008) New species of Atractus Wagler (Serpentes: Dipsadinae) from Guyana Plateau in Northern Brazil. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 723–732.
Rada, D. & Hernández, M. (1999) Contribución al conocimiento del genero Leptodeira (Serpentes, Colubridae) en Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 19, 11–18.
Reeder, T.W., Cole, C.J. & Dessauer, H. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. American Museum Novitates, 3365, 1–61.
Rivas, G. (2001) Sobre la presencia de Taeniophallus brevirostris (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Cuadernos de Herpetología, 15, 83−84.
Rivas, G. & Oliveros, O. (1997) Herpetofauna del estado Sucre, Venezuela: lista preliminar de reptiles. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 147, 67–80.
Rivas, G., Señaris, J.C. & La Marca, E. (2001) Erstnachweis von Hemidactylus mabouia (Sauria: Gekkonidae) für die Insel Margarita (Estado Nueva Esparta), Venezuela, nebst Angaben zur geographischen Verbreitung. Herpetofauna, 23 (134), 5–8.
Rivas, G., Schargel, W.E. & Meik, J.M. (2005) A new species of Riama (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), endemic to the Península de Paria, Venezuela. Herpetologica, 61, 461−468.
Rivas, G., McCord, W.P., Barros, T.R. & Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (2007) Rhinoclemmys diademata (Mertens, 1954) or “Galápago de Maracaibo” (Testudines; Geoemydidae), an unprotected turtle in the Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Radiata, 16, 16−23.
Rivas, F., G.A. & Rojas-Runjaic, F.J.M. (2006) Geographic Distribution. Coleodactylus septentrionalis. Herpetological Review, 37, 106.
Rivas, G.A. & Schargel, W.E. (2008) Gecko on the rocks: an enigmatic new species of Gonatodes (Sphaerodactylidae) from Inselbergs of the Venezuelan Guayana. Zootaxa, 1925, 39−50.
Rivas F., G.A., Rojas-Runjaic, F