Abstract
The New Zealand spider Clubiona blesti Forster, 1979 is redescribed, with the male described for the first time, and a pre-liminary molecular phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA sequences for eight species ofNew Zealand Clubiona and an outgroup from Tasmania is presented.There is considerable intraspecific variation in C. blesti, both genetic and in the morphology of copulatory organs,which may be explained by its wide distribution. The lack of a geographic structure based on consistent differences be-tween populations may suggest great dispersal ability. Given the limited sample size, further sampling and data on addi-tional genetic markers will be necessary to confirm this.The phylogenetic analysis of seven more species indicated that Clubiona cambridgei is the sister species of C. blestiand confirmed the existence of at least two monophyletic groups among the New Zealand Clubiona: species with a striped abdomen and with a spotted abdomen.References
Astrin, J.J., Huber, B.A., Bernhard, M. & Klutsch, C.F.C. (2006) Molecular taxonomy in pholcid spiders (Pholcidae, Araneae): evaluation of species identification methods using CO1 and 16S rRNA. Zoologica Scripta, 35, 441–457.
Boyer, S.L., Baker, J.M. & Giribet, G. (2007) Deep genetic divergences in Aoraki denticulata (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi): a widespread ‘mite harvestman’ defies DNA taxonomy. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4999–5016.
Brandley, M.C., Schmitz, A. & Reeder, T.W. (2005) Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Systematic Biology, 54, 373–390.
Buckley, T.R., Marske, K.A. & Attanayake, D. (2009) Identifying glacial refugia in a geographic parthenogen using palaeoclimate modelling and phylogeography: the New Zealand stick insect Argosarchus horridus (White). Molecular Ecology, 18, 4650–4663.
Coddington, J.A., Griswold, C.E., Silva Dávila, D., Peñaranda, E. & Larcher, S. F. (1991) Designing and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. In: Dudley, E.C. (Eds), The Unity of Evolutionary Biology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp. 44–66.
Collins, R.A., Boykin, L.M., Cruickshank, R.H. & Armstrong, K.F. (in press) Barcoding's next top model: an evaluation of nucleotide substitution models for specimen identification. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00176.x
Costa-Schmidt, L.E. & de Araujo, A.M. (2010) Genitalic variation and taxonomic discrimination in the semi-aquatic spider genus Paratrechalea (Araneae: Trechaleidae). Journal of Arachnology, 38, 242–249.
Crosby, T.K., Dugdale, J.S. & Watt, J.C. (1998) Area codes for recording specimen localities in the New Zealand subregion. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 25, 175–183.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) Evolutionary trees from DNA-sequences — a maximum-likelihood approach. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 17, 368–376.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
Forster, R.R. (1970) The spiders of New Zealand. Part III. Desidae, Dictynidae, Hahniidae, Amaurobioididae, Nicodamidae. Otago Museum Bulletin, 3, 1–184.
Forster, R.R. (1979) The spiders of New Zealand. Part V. Cycloctenidae, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae. Otago Museum Bulletin, 5, 8–95.
Framenau, V.W., Dupérré, N., Blackledge, T.A. & Vink, C.J. (2010) Systematics of the new Australasian orb-weaving spider genus Backobourkia (Araneae: Araneidae: Araneinae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 68, 79–111.
Gillespie, R.G. & Tabashnik, B.E. (1990) Maintaining a happy face—stable color polymorphism in the spider Theiridion grallator (Araneae, Theridiidae). Heredity, 65, 67–74.
Guindon, S. & Gascuel, O. (2003) A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Systematic Biology, 52, 696–704.
Hedin, M.C. & Maddison, W.P. (2001) A combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18, 386–403.
Huber, B.A. & Astrin, J.J. (2009) Increased sampling blurs morphological and molecular species limits: revision of the Hispaniolan endemic spider genus Tainonia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 281–300.
Jocque, R. (2002) Genitalic polymorphism — a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology, 30, 298–306.
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide-sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
Kuschel, G. (1975) Biogeography and Ecology in New Zealand. W. Junk, The Hague, 689 pp.
Lattimore, V.L., Vink, C.J., Paterson, A.M. & Cruickshank, R.H. (2011) Unidirectional introgression within the genus Dolomedes (Araneae: Pisauridae) in southern New Zealand. Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 70–79.
Malumbres-Olarte, J., Vink, C.J., Ross, J.G., Cruickshank, R.H., Paterson, A.M. (in press) The role of habitat complexity on spider communities in native alpine grasslands of New Zealand. Insect Conservation and Diversity. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00195.x
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858.
Oxford, G.S. & Gillespie, R.G. (1996) Genetics of a colour polymorphism in Theridion grallator (Araneae: Theridiidae), the Hawaiian happy-face spider, from Greater Maui. Heredity, 76, 238–248.
Paquin, P. & Vink, C.J. (2009) Testing compatibility between molecular and morphological techniques for arthropod systematics: a minimally destructive DNA extraction method that preserves morphological integrity, and the effect of lactic acid on DNA quality. Journal of Insect Conservation, 13, 453–457.
Paquin, P., Vink, C.J. & Dupérré, N. (2010) Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, vii +118 pp.
Patrick, B.H., Sirvid, P.J. & Vink, C.J. (2000) Obituary: Raymond Robert Forster D. Sc., F.E.S. N.Z., Q.S.O. 19 June 1922–1 July 2000. New Zealand Entomologist, 23, 95–99.
Platnick, N.I. (2011) The World Spider Catalog, version 11.5., American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available online at http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog (accessed 31 May 2011).
Pons, J., Fujisawa, T., Claridge, E.M., Savill, R. A., Barraclough, T.G. & Vogler, A.P. (2011) Deep mtDNA subdivision within Linnean species in an endemic radiation of tiger beetles from New Zealand (genus Neocicindela). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 251–262.
Posada D. (2003) Using Modeltest and PAUP* to select a model of nucleotide substitution. In: Baxevanis, A.D., Avison, D.B., Page, R.D.M., Petsko, G.A., Stein, L.D. & Stormo, G.D. (Eds), Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 6.5.1–6.5.14.
Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253–1256.
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology, 53, 793–808.
R Development Core Team (2011) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Rambaut, A. (2009) FigTree. Tree figure drawing tool version 1.3.1. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 1 February 2011)
Reillo, P.R. (1989) Color polymorphism in the spider Enoplognath ovata (Araneae, Theridiidae) — broad-scale morph-frequency variation in northeastern North-America. American Midland Naturalist, 122, 199–203.
Robinson, E.A., Blagoev, G.A., Hebert, P.D.N. & Adamowicz, S.J. (2009) Prospects for using DNA barcoding to identify spiders in species-rich genera. Zookeys, 27–46.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial-DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 512–526.
Tavaré, S. (1986) Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences, 17, 57–86.
Trewick, S.A. (2000) Mitochondrial DNA sequences support allozyme evidence for cryptic radiation of New Zealand Peripatoides (Onychophora). Molecular Ecology, 9, 269–281.
Vink, C.J. (2002) Lycosidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Fauna of New Zealand, 44, 1–94.
Vink, C.J. & Dupérré, N. (2010) Pisauridae (Arachnida: Araneae). Fauna of New Zealand, 64, 1–60.
Vink, C.J., Dupérré, N., Paquin, P., Fitzgerald, B.M. & Sirvid, P.J. (2009) The cosmopolitan spider Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart 1886) (Araneae: Theridiidae): redescription, including COI sequence, and new synonymy. Zootaxa, 2133, 55–63.
Vink, C.J., Fitzgerald, B.M., Sirvid, P.J. & Dupérré, N. (2011) Reuniting males and females: redescriptions of Nuisiana arboris (Marples 1959) and Cambridgea reinga Forster and Wilton 1973 (Araneae: Desidae, Stiphidiidae). Zootaxa, 2739, 41–50.
Vink, C.J., Sirvid, P.J., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Griffiths, J.W., Paquin, P. & Paterson, A.M. (2008) Species status and conservation issues of New Zealand’s endemic Latrodectus spider species (Araneae: Theridiidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 589–604.
Vink, C.J., Thomas, S.M., Paquin, P., Hayashi, C.Y. & Hedin, M.C. (2005) The effects of preservatives and temperatures on arachnid DNA. Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 99–104.
Wang, J.F. & Qiao, G.X. (2009) DNA barcoding of genus Toxoptera Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae): identification and molecular phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial COI sequences. Insect Science, 16, 475–484.
Yang, Z.H. (1994) Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA-sequences with variable rates over sites — approximate methods. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 39, 306–314.