Abstract
The selenocosmiine genus Psednocnemis gen. nov. is described from the Sundaland region of South-east Asia. The typespecies Psednocnemis davidgohi sp. nov., which the male was incorrectly identified as Coremiocnemis hoggi West &Nunn 2010, is herein described. Cladistic analyses of 46 morphological characters and 39 exemplar taxa from 12 generawere done. The genera analysed were: Reichlingia Rudloff 2001; ingroup: Chilobrachys Karsch 1891; CoremiocnemisSimon 1892; Haplocosmia Schmidt & von Wirth 1996; Lyrognathus Pocock 1895; Orphnaecus Simon 1892; PhlogiellusPocock 1897; Poecilotheria Simon 1885; Psednocnemis gen. nov.; Selenobrachys Schmidt 1999; Selenocosmia Ausserer1871 (in part: Sundaland fauna only); Yamia Kishida 1920. The results presented Psednocnemis gen. nov. as monophyleticbased on presence of a distal embolic spiral curl in males and presence of a distodorsal spiniform brush on the retrolateralsurfaces of coxa IV, as well as the reduction in density of hair type 4, located along the proximoventral abdomen of bothsexes. Two new tribes are described: Chilobrachini trib. nov. and Phlogiellini trib. nov., based upon basal nodes with stron-gest branch support that best reflected natural groups. Selenocosmiini Simon 1889 and Poecilotheriini Simon 1889 arerevised and redescribed. Yamia Kishida 1920 is placed into junior synonymy of Phlogiellus (syn. nov.); ChilocosmiaSchmidt & von Wirth 1992 and Selenobrachys Schmidt 1999 are placed into junior synonymy of Orphnaecus (syn. nov.);Selenocosmia xinping Zhu & Zhang 2008 is transferred to Phlogiellus, makng the new combination Phlogiellus xinping(Zhu & Zhang 2008) comb. nov.; Selenocosmia dichromata (Schmidt & von Wirth 1992) is transferred to Orphnaecus,making the new combination Orphnaecus dichromata (Schmit & von Wirth 1992) comb. nov.; Coremiocnemis brachyra-mosa West & Nunn 2010, Coremiocnemis gnathospina West & Nunn 2010, Coremiocnemis jeremyhuffi West & Nunn2010 and Selenocosmia imbellis (Simon 1891) are transferred to Psednocnemis gen. et comb. nov. Poecilotherinae(Schmidt 1995) is no longer considered a valid subfamily and is replaced into Selenocosmiinae as the tribe Poecilotheriini.Chilocosmia barensteinerae Schmidt et al. 2010 is considered a Selenocosmiinae species incertae sedis. Ischnocolellasenffti Strand 1907 is considered a nomen dubium. All other genera examined were retrieved as monophyletic in the firstcladistic analyses exclusive to Selenocosmiinae genera (Australo-Papuan selenocosmiines are outside the scope of thiswork and are not considered). Biogeography of all Selenocosmiinae is discussed; the group is a potential model North Gondwanan taxon. A key to Psednocnemis species is provided.References
Abraham, H.C. (1924) Some mygalomorph spiders from the Malay Peninsula. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1924, 1091–1124
Ali, J.R. & Aitchison, J.C. (2008) Gondwana to Asia: Plate tectonics, paleogeography and the biological connectivity of the Indian sub-continent from the Middle Jurassic through latest Eocene (166–35 Ma). Earth-Science Reviews, 88, 145–166
Arnqvist, G. (1998) Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection. Nature, 393, 784–786
Assis, L.C.S. (2009) Coherence, correspondence, and the renaissance of morphology in phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics, 25, 528–544
Ayoub, N.A., Garb, J.E., Hedin, M. & Hayashi, C.Y. (2007) Utility of the nuclear protein-coding gene, elongation factor-1 gamma (EF-1γ), for spider systematics, emphasizing family level relationships of tarantulas and their kin (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 394–409
Ayoub, N.A. & Hayashi, C.Y. (2009) Spiders (Araneae). In: Hedges SB, Kumar S, editors. Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, 2009, 255–259.
Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. (2006) Wallace’s line revisited: has vicariance or dispersal shaped the distribution of Malesian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 455–468
Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29–42
Blackburn, D.C., Bickford, D.P., Diesmos, A.C., Iskandar, D.T. & Brown, R.M. (2010) An ancient origin for the enigmatic flat-headed frogs (Bombinatoridae: Barbourula) from the islands of Southeast Asia. PLoS One, 5(8), 1–10
Bremer, K. (1988) The limits of amino-acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42(4), 795–803
Bremer, K. (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.
Brignoli, P.M. (1983) A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 755 pp.
Clouse, R.M. & Giribet, G. (2010) When Thailand was an island - the phylogeny and biogeography of mite harvestmen (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Stylocellidae) in Southeast Asia: The biogeography of Southeast Asian mite harvestmen. Journal of Biogeography, 37(6), 1114.
Dunlop, J.A., Harms, D. & Penney, D. (2008) A fossil tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Miocene Chiapas amber, Mexico.Revista ibérica de aracnología, 15, 9–17.
Farris, J.S., Albert, V.A., Kallersjo, M., Lipscomb, D. & Kluge, A.G. (1996) Parsimony jack-knifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics, 12, 99–124.
Fitch, W.M. (1971) Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Systematic Zoology, 20, 404–416.
Gallon, R.C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405–411.
Gavrilets, S. (2000) Rapid evolution of reproductive barriers driven by sexual conflict. Nature, 403, 886–889.
Goloboff, P.A. (1993a) A reanalysis of mygalomorph spider families (Araneae). American Museum Novitates. 3056, 1–32.
Goloboff, P.A. (1993b) Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics, 9, 83–91.
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S. & Nixon, K. (2004) T.N.T. Tree analysis using new technology. Programs and documentation. Available from http:// www.cladistics.org (accessed 24 June 2010).
Gravely, F. H. (1915) Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 11, 257–287.
Gravely, F. H. (1935) Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. II. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 37, 69–84.
Guadanucci, J.P.L. (2005) Tarsal scopula significance in Ischnocolinae phylogenetics (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 33, 456–467.
Hall, R. (2001) Cenozoic reconstructions of Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific: changing patterns of land and sea. In: Metcalfe, I., J.M.B. Smith, M. Morwood & I.D. Davidson (eds), Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in Southeast Asia–Australasia. Balkema, Lisse, Netherlands, pp. 35–56.
Hall, R. (2002) Cenozoic geologic and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 353–431.
Hall, R. (2009) Southeast Asia’s changing palaeogeography. Blumea, 54, 148–161.
Haupt, J. & Schmidt, G. (2004) Description of the male and illustration of the female receptacula of Yamia watasei Kishida, 1920 (Arachnida, Araneae, Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). Spixiana, 27, 199–204.
Hirst, A.S. (1909) On some new or little-known mygalomorph spiders from the Oriental region and Australasia. Records of the Indian Museum. Calcutta, 3(4), 383–390.
Holloway, J.D. & Hall, R. (1998) SE Asian geology and biogeography: an introduction. In: Holloway, J. D. & Hall, R. (eds), Biogeography and evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 1–23.
Huber, S. (2010) Wiederaufstellung der Gattung Ischnocolella Strand 1907 (Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae): ein weiterer Vertreter der ‘Selenocosmiinae ohne Stridulationsorgane’. Arthropoda Scientia, 1(1), 15–20.
Jenner, R.A. (2004) The scientific status of metazoan cladistics: why current practice must change. Zoologica Scripta, 33, 293–310.
Kirk, P.J. (1996) A new species of Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Sri Lanka. British Tarantula Society Journal, 12, 20–30.
Kirk, P.J. (2001) A new species of Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Sri Lanka. British Tarantula Society Journal, 16, 77–88.
Kishida, K. (1920a) Note on Yamia watasei, a new spider of the family Aviculariidae. Zoological Magazine. Tokyo, 32, 299–307.
Kopuchian, C. & Ramírez, M.J. (2010) Behaviour of resampling methods under different weighting schemes, measures and variable resampling strengths. Cladistics, 26, 86–97.
Krehenwinkel, H., Maerklin, T. & Kroes, T. (2007) Ornamentvogelspinne: die Gattung Poecilotheria – Biologie, Pflege, Zucht, Erkrankungen. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 191 pp.
Kulczyński, W. (1908) Symbola ad faunam Aranearum Javae et Sumatrae cognoscendam. I. Mygalomorphae et Cribellatae. Bulletin international de l’Academie des sciences de Cracovie, 1908, 527–581.
Lande, R. (1981) Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 78, 3721–3725.
Latreille, P.A. (1804) Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Paris, 7, 144–305.
Main, B.Y. (1981) Some zoogeographic considerations of families of spiders occurring in New Guinea. In: Gressit, J.L. (ed.), Biogeography and Ecology in New Guinea. Dr W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 583–602.
Marshall, S. D. & West, R.C. (2008) An ontogenetic shift in habitat use by the Neotropical
tarantula Ephebopus murinus (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 14(6), 280–284.
Metcalfe, I. (1998) Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological evolution of the SE Asian region, multidisciplinary constraints and implications for biogeography. In: Hall, R., Holloway, J.D. (eds.), Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 25–41.
Mishler, B.D. (1994) Cladistic analysis of molecular and morphological data. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 94:143–156.
Moss, S.J. & Wilson, M.E.J. (1998) Biogeographic implications of the Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo. In: Hall, R., Holloway, J.D. (eds.), Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 133–163.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858.
Nixon, K.C. & Carpenter, J.M. (1993) On outgroups. Cladistics, 9, 413–426.
Nixon, K.C. (1999) The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics, 15, 407–414.
Pérez-Miles, F. (1994) Tarsal scopula division in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae): its systematic significance. Journal of Arachnology, 22, 46–53.
Pérez-Miles, F., Lucas, S.M., da Silva Jr., P.I. & Bertani, R. (1996) Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33–68.
Pérez-Miles, F., Gabriel, R., Miglio, L., Bonaldo, A., Gallon, R., Jimenez, J.J. & Bertani, R. (2008) Ami, a new theraphosid genus from Central and South America, with the description of six new species (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa, 1915, 54–68.
Platnick, N.I. (2012) The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History. New York, New York. Available from http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html (accessed 01 Feb 2012).
Pocock, R.I. (1895a) On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6)15, 165–184.
Pocock, R.I. (1895b) Notes on the identity of some of the types of Mygalomorphae in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6)16, 223–230.
Pocock, R.I. (1899a) The genus Poecilotheria: its habits, history and species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7)3, 82–96.
Pocock, R. I. (1899b) Diagnoses of some new Indian Arachnida. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 12, 744–753.
Pocock, R.I. (1900a) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. London, 279 pp.
Pocock, R.I. (1900b) Great Indian spiders. The genus Poecilotheria: its habits, history and species. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 121–133 (reprint of 1899).
Prendini, L. (2001) Species or supraspecific taxa as terminals in cladistic analysis? Groundplans versus specimens revisited. Systematic Biology, 50, 290–300.
Ramírez, M.J. (2003) The spider subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): a phylogenetic revision at the generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 277, 1–262.
Raven, R.J. (1985) The spider infraorder mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1–180.
Raven, R.J. (1986) A revision of the spider genus Sason Simon (Sasoninae, Barychelidae, Mygalomorphae) and its historical biogeography. Journal of Arachnology, 14, 47–70.
Raven, R.J. (2000) Taxonomica Araneae I: Barychelidae, Theraphosidae, Nemesiidae and Dipluridae (Araneae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 45, 569–575.
Raven, R.J., Baehr, B.C. & Harvey, M.S. (2002) An interactive key to Australian spider subfamilies. Australian Biological Resources Study: CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (compact disc).
Raven, R.J. (2005) A new tarantula species from northern Australia (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa, 1004, 15–28.
Reichling, S.B. (1997) A diminutive new species of Acanthopelma from Belize (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 10, 337–340.
Roewer, C.F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen, 1: 1040 pp.
Sanmartín, I. & Ronquist, F. (2004) Southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology, 53(2), 216–243.
Schmidt, G. (1995) Die Stellung der Gattung Poecilotheria im System. Arachnida, 10(3), 1–2.
Schmidt, G. (1999) Selenobrachys philippinus gen. et sp. n. (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae), eine neue Theraphosidae sp. von der Insel Negros (Philippinen). Arachnologisches Magazin, 7(5/6), 1–13.
Schmidt, G. (2002) Selenocosmia lanipes Ausserer, 1875 gehört zur Gattung Phlogius Simon, 1887 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae). Arachnologisches Magazin, 10(5), 1–5.
Schmidt, G. (2003) Die Vogelspinnen: Eine weltweite Übersicht. Neue Brehm-Bücherei. Hohenwarsleben, 383 pp.
Schmidt, G. (2010) Key to the identification of the females of the South East Asian genus of dwarf tarantulas, Yamia (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Selencosmiinae). Tarantulas of the World, 142, 42–47.
Schmidt, G., Hettegger, S. & Matthes, J. (2010) Ein Weibchen von Chilocosmia barensteinerae sp. n. aus Kalimantan (Borneo) (Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae). Tarantulas of the World, 142, 4–14.
Schmidt, G. & von Wirth, V. (1992) Beschreibung des Weibchens von Chilocosmia dichromata gen. n. sp. n. und des Männchens von Chilocosmia arndsti (Schmidt & von Wirth) 1991 (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae). Arachnologisches Magazin, 3(11), 9–16.
Schmidt, G. & von Wirth, V. (1996) Haplocosmia nepalensis gen. et sp. n., die erste Vogelspinne aus Nepal (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Selenocosmiinae). Arthropoda, 4, 12–15.
Selden, P.A. & Gall, J.–C. (1992) A Triassic mygalomorph spider from the northern Vosges, France. Palaeontology, 35, 211–235.
Selden, P.A. (2002) First Mesozoic spider from Cretaceous amber of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Palaeontology, 45, 973–983.
Selden, P.A. & Penney, D. (2010) Fossil spiders. Biological Reviews, 85:171–206.
Sereno, P.C. (2007) Logical basis for morphological characters in phylogenetics. Cladistics, 23, 565–587.
Sereno, P.C. (2009) Comparative cladistics. Cladistics, 25, 624–659.
Simon, E. (1889) Arachnides. In: Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (décembre 1887–avril 1888). 4e Mémoire. Annales Société entomologique de France. Paris, (6)9, 169–220.
Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 1, 1–256.
Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 2(4), 669–1080.
Smith, A.M. (1986) The tarantula: classification and identification guide. Fitzgerald Publishing. London, 178 pp.
Smith, A.M. (1987) The tarantula: classification and identification guide (second edition). Fitzgerald Publishing. London, 178 pp.
Smith, A.M. (1988) Lyrognathus robustus, a new species of theraphosid spider from Malaysia. British Tarantula Society Journal, 4 (2), 15–19.
Smith, A.M. (1990) Baboon spiders: Tarantulas of Africa and the Middle East. Fitzgerald Publishing. London, 142 pp.
Smith, A.M. (2004) A new species of the arboreal theraphosid, genus Poecilotheria, from southern India (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) with notes on its conservation status. British Tarantula Society Journal, 19, 48–61.
Smith, A.M. (2006) A new species of Poecilotheria from northern peninsular India (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) with notes on its distribution and conservation status. British Tarantula Society Journal, 21, 83–94.
Song, H. & Bucheli, S.R. (2010) Comparison of phylogenetic signal between male genitalia and non–genital characters in insect systematics. Cladistics, 26, 23–35.
Starr, C.K. & Schoenig, E. (1983) USC-VISCA Biological expedition to Palawan, May–June 1982: Entomological record. The Philippine Scientist, 20, 129–138.
Strand, E. (1907) Aviculariidae und Atypidae des Kgl. Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahresbericht des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Wüttemberg. Stuttgart, 63, 1–100.
Svenson, G.J. & Whiting, M.F. (2009) Reconstructing the Origins of Praying Mantises (Dictyoptera, Mantodea): The Roles of Gondwanan Vicariance and Morphological Convergence. Cladistics, 25, 468–514.
Swofford, D.L. (1990) PAUP—Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony. Ver. 3.0. Illinois Natural History Survey. Champaign, Illinois.
Thorell, T. (1897) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXXIII. Secondo saggio sui Ragni birmani. I. Parallelodontes. Tubitelariae. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, (2) 17[=37], 161–267.
Tol, J. von (2007) The Platystictidae of the Moluccas and Misool (Odonata). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 54(1), 3–26.
Vogt, L., Bartolomaeus, T. & Giribet, G. (2010) The linguistic problem of morphology: structure versus homology and the standardization of morphological data. Cladistics, 26, 301–325.
Wallace, A.R. (1860) On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago [communicated by Charles Darwin to the LSL meeting of 3 Nov. 1859]. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society Zoology, 4, 172–184.
West, R.C. (1991) A new theraphosid spider from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30, 615–619.
West, R.C, Marshall, S.D., Fukushima, C.S. & Bertani, R. (2008) Review and cladistic analysis of the neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae. Zootaxa, 1849, 35–58.
West, R.C. & Nunn, S.C. (2010a) A taxonomic revision of the tarantula spider genus Lyrognathus Pocock 1895 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with notes on the Selenocosmiinae. Zootaxa, 2362, 1–43.
West, R.C. & Nunn, S.C. (2010b) A taxonomic revision of the tarantula spider genus Coremiocnemis Simon 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with further notes on the Selenocosmiinae. Zootaxa, 2443, 1–64.
Wheeler, W.C. (1995) Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Systematic Biology, 44, 321–331.
Wirth, V. von & Striffler, B.F. (2005) Neue Erkenntnisse zur Vogelspinnen—Unterfamilie Ornithoctoninae, mit Beschreibung von Ornithoctonus aureotibialis sp. n. und Haplopelma longipes sp. n. (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arthropoda, 13(2), 2–27.
Wunderlich, J. (2004) The fossil mygalomorph spiders (Araneae) in Baltic and Dominican amber and about extant members of the family Micromygalidae In: Wunderlich, J. (ed.) Beiträge zur Araneologie, 3, 595–631.
Zhu, M.S. & Zhang, R. (2008) Revision of the theraphosid spiders from China (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Journal of Arachnology, 36, 425–447.