Abstract
A taxonomic diagnosis of chironomid larvae collected from Precambrian Shield headwater streams, Canada, is providedfor 51 species. In addition, the Nearctic distribution is given for each species, including 17 new records, along with and information on their ecology and habitat.References
Ashe, P. & O'Connor, J.P. (2009) A world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 445 pp.
Ashe, P. & O'Connor, J.P. (in press) A world Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2. Orthocladiinae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin.
Berg, M.B. & Hellenthal, R.A. (1991) Secondary production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a north temperate stream. Freshwater Biology, 25, 497–505.
Bode, R.W. (1983) Larvae of North American Eukiefferiella and Tvetenia (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 452, 40 pp.
Bracken, J.J. & Murray, D.A. (1973) Insect emergence data from four small lakes in south and southwest of Ireland. Irish Fisheries Investigations Series, A, 11, 3–17.
Caldwell, B.A. (1984) Two new species and records of other chironomids from Georgia (Diptera: Chironomidae) with some observations on ecology. Georgia Journal of Science, 42, 81–96.
Coffman, W.P. (1973) Energy flow in a woodland stream ecosystem: II the taxonomic composition and phenology of the Chironomidae as determined by the collection of pupal exuviae. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 71, 281–322.
Cranston, P.S. (1982) The metamorphosis of Symposiocladius lignicola (Kieffer) n. gen., n. comb., a wood mining Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica scandinavica, 13, 419–429.
Cranston, P.S. & Oliver, D.R. (1988) Aquatic xylophagous Orthocladiinae—systematics and ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana supplement, 14, 143–154.
Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1983) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region—Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of Holarctic region Keys and diagnosis Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica scandinavica supplement, 19, 149–291.
Ekrem, T. (2007) A taxonomic revision of the genus Stempellinella (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Natural History, 41, 1367–1465.
Epler, J.H. (2001) Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States including Florida. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Division of Water Quality, Special Publication SJ2001-SP13, 530 +iv pp.
Ferrington, Jr. L.C., Kavanaugh, R.G., Schmidt, F.J. & Kavanaugh, J.L. (1995) Habitat separation among Chironomidae (Diptera) in big springs. Journal of the Kansas entomological Society, 68, 152–165.
Fiorentino, J.F. (2005) Charles River Watershed 2002 Biological Assessment, pp. 1–39. Massachusetts Department of Environmatal Protection Division of Watershed Managment, Massachusetts.
Fittkau, E.J & Roback, S.S. (1983) The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region—Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of Holarctic region Keys and diagnosis Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica scandinavica supplement, 19, 33–110.
Grodhaus, G. (1987) Endochironomus Kieffer, Tribelos Townes, Synendotendipes, n. gen., and Endotribelos, n. gen. (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Nearctic region. Journal of the Kansas entomological Society, 60, 167–247.
Hestenes, T.C. & Sæther, O.A. (2000) Three new Nearctic Thienemanniella Kieffer species with review of the Nearctic species, In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.) Late 20th century research on Chironomidae: an anthology from the 13th International Symposium on Chironomidae Freiburg, 5–9 September 1997, Shaker Verlag, Aachen pp. 103–127.
Hudson, P.L., Lenat, D.R., Caldwell, B.A. & Smith, D. (1990) Chironomidae of the southeastern United States: a checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution, and habitat. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research, 7, 46 pp.
Jacobsen, R.E. (1998) Taxonomy of the genus Platysmittia Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae), with comments on its ecology and phylogenetic position. Aquatic Insects, 20, 239–256.
Makarchenko, E.A. (1985) Chironomids of far eastern USSR of the subfamilies Podonominae, Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). DVNC AN SSSR, Vladivostok, 200 pp. + 8 pl. [In Russian]
McSchaffrey, D. & Olive, J.H. (1985) Ecology and distribution of chironomid larvae from Carroll County, Ohio (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Ohio Journal of Science, 85, 190–198.
Moller Pillot, H.K.M. (1984) De larven der Nederlandse Chironomidae (Diptera) (Orthocladiinae sensu lato). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 1B, Stichting European Survey, Leiden, 175 pp.
Oliver, D.R. & Dillon, M.E. (1997) Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Yukon Arctic North Slope and Herschel Island. In: Danks, H.V. & Downes, J.A. (Eds.) Insects of Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa, pp. 615–635.
Oliver, D.R. & Dillon, M.E. (1994) Systematics of some species of Micropsectra (Diptera: Chironomidae) living in low-order streams in southern Ontario, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 126, 199–217.
Oliver, D.R., Dillon, M.E. & Cranston, P.S. (1990). A catalogue of Nearctic Chironomidae. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch Publication 1857/b, 89 pp.
Oliver, D.R., McClymont, D. & Roussel, M.E. (1978) A key to some larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) from the Mackenzie and Porcupine River watersheds. Canadian Fisheries & Marine Service, Technical Report, 791, 73 pp.
Oliver, D.R. & Roussel, M.E. (1983a) The insects and arachnids of Canada Part 11. The genera of larval midges of Canada (Diptera: Chironomidae). Agriculture Canada, Research Branch Publication 1746, 263 pp.
Oliver, D.R. & Roussel, M.E. (1983b) Redescription of Brillia Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with descriptions of Nearctic species. The Canadian Entomologist, 115, 257–279.
Pinder, L.C.V. (1976) Micropsectra aristata, a new species of chironomid (Dip. Nematocera) from southern England. Hydrobiologia, 51, 275–280.
Roback, S.S. (1957) The immature tendipedids of the Philadelphia area (Diptera: Tendipedidae). Monograph of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 1–152.
Roback, S.S. (1978) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States III. Tanypodinae-Anatopynini, Macropelopini and Natarsiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 129, 151–202.
Roback, S.S. (1981) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States V. Pentaneurini-Thienemannimyia Group. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 133, 73–128.
Roback, S.S. & Ferrington, L.C. (1983) The immature stages of Thienemannimyia barberi (Coquillett) (Diptera: Chironomidae; Tanypodinae). Freshwater Invertebrate Biology, 2, 107–111.
Rossaro, B. (1991) Chironomidae and water temperature. Aquatic Insects, 13, 87–98.
Sæther, O.A. (1969) Some Nearctic Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 170, 154 pp.
Sæther, O.A. (1975) Nearctic and Palaearctic Heterotrissocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 193, 67pp.
Sæther, O.A. (1982) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from SE U.S.A., with descriptions of Plhudsonia, Unniella and Platysmittia n. genera and Atelopodella n. subgen. Entomologica scandinavica, 13, 465–510
Sæther, O.A. (1983) The larvae of Prodiamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica scandinavica supplement, 19, 141–147.
Sæther, O.A. (1985) A review of the genus Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932 with the description of three new species (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana supplement, 11, 59–108.
Sæther, O.A. (1995) Metriocnemus van der Wulp: seven new species, revision of species, and new records (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annales de Limnologie, 31, 35–64.
Sæther, O.A. (2003) A review of Orthocladius subgen. Symposiocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 25, 281–317.
Sæther, O.A. & Schnell, Ø. A. (1988) Two new species of the Rheocricotopus (R.) effusus group (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana supplement, 14, 65–74.
Sæther, O.A. & Sublette, J.E. (1983) A review of the genera Doithrix. gen.. Georthocladius Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wülker and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica supplement, 20, 1–100.
Sæther, O.A. & Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica supplement, 48, 1–69.
Schindler, D.W., Bayley, S.E., Parker, B.R., Beaty, K.G., Cruikshank, D.R., Fee, E.J., Schindler, E.U. & Stainton, M.P. (1996) The effect of climate warming on properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 1004–1017.
Schmid, P.E. (1993) A Key to the larval Chironomidae and their instars from Austrian Danube region streams and rivers with particular reference to a numerical taxonomic approach. Part I Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Orthocladiinae. Wasser und Abwasser supplement, 3/93, 514 pp.
Simpson, K.W., Bode, R.W. (1980) Common larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) from New York State streams and rivers with particular reference to the fauna of artificial substrates. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 439, 105 pp.
Simpson, K.W., Bode, R.W. & Albu, P. (1983) Keys for the genus Cricotopus adapted from "Revision der Gattung Cricotopus van der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera: Chironomidae)" by M. Hirvenoja. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 450, 133 pp.
Sublette, J.E., Stevens, L.E. & Shannon, J.P. (1998) Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA I: systematics and ecology. The Great Basin Naturalist, 58, 97–146.
Thienemann, A. (1954). Chironomus Leben, Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. Binnengewasser, 20, 1–834.
Tokeshi, M. (1986) Population dynamics, life history and species richness in an epiphytic chironomid community. Freshwater Biology, 16, 431–441.
Ward, G.M. & Cummins, K.M.W. (1978) Life history and growth patters of Paratendipes albimanus in a Michigan headwater stream. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 71, 272–248.
Ward, G.M. & Cummins, K.M.W. (1979) Effects of food quality on growth of a stream detritivore, Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Ecology, 60, 57–64.
Ward, J.V. (1994) Ecology of alpine streams. Freshwater Biology, 32, 277–294.