Abstract
Insect life stages are known imperfectly in many cases, and classifications are usually based on adult morphology. This isunfortunate as information on other life stages may be useful for biomonitoring. The major impediment to using elmid(Coleoptera) larvae for freshwater biomonitoring is the lack of larval descriptions and illustrations. Reliable molecular proto-cols may be used to associate larvae and adults. After adults of seven species of Mexican Macrelmis were identified morpho-logically, seven larval specimens were associated to them based on two gene fragments: Cox1 and Cob. The phylogeneticanalysis allowed identifying the larval specimens as Macrelmis leonilae, M. scutellaris, M. species 7, M. species 10, and M.species 11. Two species based on adults associated uncertainly with one larva, and one larva did not match with any adult. Adult/larval association in elmids using DNA sequence data seems to be promising in terms of speed and reliability.References
Barrett, R. H. D & Hebert, P.D.N. (2005) Identifying spiders through DNA barcodes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83, 481–491.
Boudabous, R., Bounamous, A., Jouet, D., Depaquit, J., Augot, D., Ferte, H., Berchi, S., Couloux, A., Veuille. M. & Babba, H. (2009) Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between two closely related species, Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi and Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) riouxi (Diptera: Psychodidae), based on direct sequencing and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102, 347–353.
Bertrand, H. (1972) Larves et nimphes des coléoptères aquatiques du globe. Imprimerie F. Paillart. Paris. 804pp.
Brown H.P. 1984. Neotropical dryopoids III. Major nomenclatural changes affecting Elsianus Sharp and Macrelmis Motschulsky, with checklist of species (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Elminae). Coleopterists Bulletin, 38, 121–129.
Brown, H. P. (1987) Biology of riffle beetles. Annual Review of Entomology, 32, 253–273.
Caterino, M. S. & Tishechkin, A.K. (2006) DNA identification and morphological description of the first confirmed larvae of Hetaeriinae (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Systematic Entomology, 31, 405–418.
Čiampor, F. & Ribera, I. 2006. Hedyselmis opis: Description of the larva and its phylogenetic relation to Graphelmis (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Elminae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, 627–636.
Čiamporova-Zaťovičová, Z., Ciampor, F. & Kodada, J. (2007) Stenelmis puberula Reitter (Coleoptera: Elmidae)- description of larva and its association with adults, using DNA sequences. Zootaxa, 1661, 17–28.
DeSalle, R., Egan, M. G. & Siddall, M. (2005) The unholy trinity: Taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 360, 1905–1916.
Dinsdale, A., Cook, L., Riginos, C., Buckley, Y. M. & De Barro, D. P. (2010) Refined global analysis of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodoidea: Aleyrodidae) Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 to identify species level genetic boundaries. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 103, 196–208.
Goloboff, P. (1993) Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics, 9, 83–91.
Goloboff, P. A., J. S. Farris, M. Källersjö, B. Oxelman, M. J. Ramírez & C. A. Szumik. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics, 19, 324–332.
Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S. & Nixon, K. C. (2008) TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 24, 774–786.
Hayashi, M. & Sota, T. (2010) Identification of elmid larvae (Coleoptera: Elmidae) from Sanin District of Honshu, Japan, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Entomological Science, 13, 417–424.
Hinton, H. E. (1940) A monographic revision of the Mexican water beetles of the family Elmidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 217–396.
Hinton, H. E. (1945) Description of two new species of Elsianus Sharp, with a key to the graniger species-group (Col. Elmidae). Entomology Monthly Magazine, 81, 90–92.
Hoy, M. A. (2003) Insect molecular genetics: An introduction to principles and applications. Second Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. San Diego. 554 pp.
Jäch, M. A. & Balke, M. (2008) Global diversity of water beetles (Coleoptera) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 419–422.
Jimbo, U., Kato, T. & Ito, M. (2011) Current progress in DNA barcoding and future implications for entomology. Entomological Science, 14, 107–124.
Manzo, V. & Archangelsky. M. (2001) Description of the larva of Macrelmis isis (Hinton, 1946), with distributional notes of the species (Coleoptera: Elmidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 144, 45–54.
Manzo, V. & Archangelsky, M. (2008) A key to the known larvae of South American Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea), with a description of the mature larva of Macrelmis saltensis Manzo. Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology, 44, 63–74.
Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaida, G. & Ng, P. K. L. (2006) DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology, 55, 715–728.
Miller, K. B., Alarie, Y. & Withing, M. F. (2007) Description of the larva of Notaticus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) associated with adults using DNA sequence data. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100, 787– 797
Miller, K. B., Alarie, Y., Wolf, G.W. & Whiting, M. F. (2005) Association of insect life stages using DNA sequences: The larvae of Philodytes umbrinus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Systematic Entomology, 30, 499–509.
Prendini, L. (2005) Comments on “Identifying spiders through DNA barcodes”. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83, 481–491.
Santiago-Fragoso, S. 1984. Revisión taxonómica de algunos géneros de la familia Elmidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) para México y Centroamérica. PhD Thesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, D.F. 252pp
Santiago-Fragoso S. & P. Spangler. 1995. Elmidae (Coleoptera). 421–438p. In: Llorente-Bousquets J., A.N. García-Aldrete, y E. González-Soriano. Biodiversidad, taxonomía y biogeografía de artrópodos de México: hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento. Conabio and UNAM. Mexico, D.F.
Smith, P. T. & Brown, B. V. (2008) Utility of DNA sequences for inferring phylogenetic relationships and associating morphologically dissimilar males and females of the bee-killing flies, genus Melaloncha (Diptera: Phoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 713–721
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596–1599.
Wheeler, Q. D. (2004) Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 571–583.
Will, K. W. & Rubinoff, D. (2004) Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification. Cladistics, 20, 47–55.
Zhou, X., Kjer, K. M. & Morse, J. C. (2007) Associating larvae and adults of Chinese Hydropsychidae caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) using DNA sequences. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26, 719–742.