Abstract
The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.References
Anderson, R.H. (1947) The trees of New South Wales. NSW Government Printer, Sydney, 453 pp.
Axelrod, D.I. (1963) Fossil floras suggest stable, not drifting continents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 68, 3257–3263.
Anon (1877) Wallace's Geographical Distribution of Animals Source. The American Naturalist, 11, 232–238.
Archer, M. & Clayton, G. (1984) Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia. Hesperian, Perth, pp. 1203.
Ashby, E. (1926). The regional distribution of Australian chitons (Polyplacophora). Reports of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, 17, 366–393.
Barker, W.R & Greenslade, P.J.M. (1982) Evolution of the flora and fauna of arid Australia. Peacock, Adelaide, 392 pp.
Barlow, B.A. (1984) Proposal for delineation of botanical regions in Australia. Brunonia, 7, 195–201.
Beard, J.S. (1985) Comment on Barlow's Proposal for Delineation of Botanical Regions in Australia. Brunonia, 8, 381–385.
Beard, J.S. (1981) The history of the phytogeographic region concept in Australia. In: Keast, A. (Ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 335–375.
Beard, J.S. (1980) A new phytogeographic map of Western Australia. Research Notes of the Western Australian Herbarium, 3, 36–58.
Beard, J.S. (2001) A historic vegetation map of Australia. Austral Ecology, 26, 441–443.
Beard, J.S. & Sprenger, B.S. (1984) Geographical data from the Vegetation Survey of Western Australia, with map of aeolian landforms 1:3 000 000. Vegetation Survey of Western Australia Occasional paper No. 2. Vegmap Publications, Applecross, Western Australia, 62pp.
Beadle, N.C.W. (1948) The Vegetation and Pastures of Western New South Wales. Government Printer, Sydney, 281 pp.
Bennett, I. & Pope, E.C. (1953) Intertidal zonation of the exposed rocky shores of Victoria, together with a rearrangement of the biogeographical provinces of temperate Australian shores. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 4, 105–59.
Bierce, A. (2000) The Unabridged Devil’s Dictionary. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 440 pp.
Bishop, M.J. (1981) The biogeography and evolution of Australian land snails. In: Keast, A. (Ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 923–954.
Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. & Reilly, P.N. (1984) The Atlas of Australian Birds. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 738 pp.
Borchardt, D.H. (1976). Tenison-Woods, Julian Edmund (1832–1889). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tenison-woods-julian-edmund-4700/text7787, accessed 28 March 2012.
Browne, J. (1983) The secular ark: Studies in the history of biogeography. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 273 pp.
Burbidge, N. (1960) The phytogeography of the Australian region. Australian Journal of Botany, 8, 75–211.
Burbidge, N.T. (1969) Bentham, George (1800–1884). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bentham-george-2979/text4345, accessed 26 July 2011.
Camerini, J.R. (1993) Evolution, biogeography, and maps: An early history of Wallace’s Line. Isis, 84, 700–727.
Cameron, L.M. (1935) The Regional Distribution of Vegetation in New South Wales. Australian Geographer, 2, 18–32.
Campbell, G. (1943) Australian faunal regions. Emu, 42, 242–245.
Carnahan, J.A. (1976) Natural vegetation. Atlas of Australian Resources, Second Series. Department of National Resources, Canberra, 36 pp.
de Candolle, A.P. (1820) Essai élélmentare de géographie botanique. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 18, 1–64.
Clarke, E. de C. (1926). Natural Regions in Western Australia. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 12, 117–132.
Chippendale, G. (1972) Checklist of Northern Territory Plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 96, 207–267.
Conn, B.J. (1993) Natural regions and vegetation of Victoria. In: Foreman, D.B. & Walsh, N.G. (Eds.). Flora of Victoria Volume 1, Inkata Press, Melbourne, pp. 79–158.
Cracraft, J. (1991) Patterns of diversification within continental biotas: hierarchical congruence among the areas of endemism of Australian vertebrates. Australian Systematic Botany, 4, 211–227.
Crisp, M.D. & Weston, P.H. (1995) Mirbelieae. In: Doyle, J.J. & Crisp, M.D. (Eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 245–282.
Crisp, M.D., Linder, H.P. & Weston, P.H. (1995) Cladistic biogeography of plants in Australia and New Guinea: congruent pattern reveals two endemic tropical tracks. Systematic Biology, 44, 457–473.
Crisp, M.D., West, J.G. & Linder, H.P. (1999) Biogeography of the terrestrial flora. In: Orchard, A.E. & Thompson, H.S. (Eds.). Flora of Australia, Volume 1. Second Edition. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 321–367.
Cogger, H.G. & Heatwole, H. (1981) The Australian reptiles: Origins, biogeography, distribution patterns and island evolution. In: Keast, A. (Ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 1331–1374.
Colgan, D.J, O’Meally, D. & Sadlier, R.A. (2009) Phylogeographic patterns in reptiles on the New England Tablelands at the south-western boundary of the McPherson Macleay Overlap. Australian Journal of Zoology, 57, 317–328.
Cotton, B.C. (1930) Fissurellidae from the "Flindersian" region, Southern Australia. No. 1. Records of the South Australian Museum, 4, 212–222.
Currey, J.E.B. (1966) Reflection on the colony of New South Wales: George Caley explorer and natural history collector for Sir Joseph Banks. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 239pp.
Dice, L.R. (1943) The biotic provinces of North America. University Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 78 pp.
Diels, L. (1906) Die Pflanzenwelt von West-Australien südlich des Wendekreises. In: Engler, A. & Drude, O. (Eds.). Vegetation der Erde VII. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–413.
Doing, H. (1970a) Botanical Geography and Chorology in Australia. Mededelingen van de botanische tuinen en het Belmonte Arboretum der Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, 13, 81–89.
Doing, H. (1970b) Botanical Geography and Chorology in Australia. Belmontia (Miscelanous Papers No. 6), 13, 81–88.
Drude, O. (1890) Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. J. Engelhorn Verlag, Stuttgart, 582 pp.
Eaton, E.H. (1900) The Zoology of the Horn Expedition. The American Naturalist, 34, 25–31.
Ebach, M.C. & Goujet, D.F. (2006) The first biogeographical map. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1–9.
Ekman, S. (1953) Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 417 pp.
Endean, R. (1957) The biogeography of Queensland shallow-water echinoderm fauna (excluding Crinoidea), with a rearrangement of the faunistic provinces of tropical Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 8, 233–73.
Environment Australia (2000) Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and development of Version 5.1: Summary Report. Environment Australia, Canberra, 36 pp.
Escalante, T., Rodríguez, G., Cao, N., Ebach, M.C. & Morrone, J.J. (2007) Cladistic biogeographic analysis suggests a Caribbean diversification prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange and the Mexican Transition Zone. Naturwissenschaften, 94, 561–565.
Favenc, E. (1888) The History of Australian Exploration from 1788 to 1888. Turner and Henderson, Sydney, 474 pp.
Fell, H.B. (1962) West-wind drift dispersal of echinoderms in the southern hemisphere. Nature, 193, 759–761.
Ferrar, A.N. (1984) The graphical records of Matthew Flinder’s Voyage to Terra Australis. Journal of Navigation, 37, 94–103.
Flinders, M. (1814). A Voyage to Terra Australis. G. & W. Nicol, London, 613 pp.
Fittkau, E.J., Iilies, E.J.J., Klinge, H., Schwabe, G.H. & Sioli, H. (1969) Biogeography and ecology in South America. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 516 pp.
Gardner, C.A. (1944) The vegetation of Western Australia with special reference to the climate and soils. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 28, 11–87.
Gardner, C.A. & Bennetts, H.W. (1956) The Toxic Plants of Western Australia. West Australian Newspapers Ltd, Perth, 253 pp.
Good, R. (1964) The Geography of flowering plants. Longman, London, 518 pp.
Gressitt, J.L. (1982) Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 983 pp.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873–1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–76 (Zoology), 22, 1–82.
Hagmeier, E. (1966) A numerical analysis of the distribution patterns of North American mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 125–155.
Harden, G.J. (1990) Flora of New South Wales, Volume 1. New South Wales University Press, Kensington, New South Wales, 601 pp.
Hedley, C. (1893) On the Relation of the Fauna and Flora of Australia to Those of New Zealand. Natural Science, 3, 187–191.
Hedley, C. (1894) The Faunal Regions of Australia. Reports of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science, 5, 444– 446.
Hedley, C. (1904) The effect of the Bassian isthmus upon the existing marine fauna: a study in ancient geography. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 28, 876–883.
Heilprin, A. (1887) The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals. Kegan Paul, London, 435 pp.
Henderson, R.J.F. (1974) Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium, 16, 1–78.
Hill, R.S. (1993) Program and abstracts, Southern Temperate Ecosystems, Origin and Diversification: Hobart, Tasmania, January 18th–22nd. The Connection, Hobart, 109 pp.
Hooker, J.D. (1859) The Flora of Australia, its [sic] origin, affinities, and distribution; being an introductory essay to the Flora of Tasmania. Lovell Reeve, London, cxxviii pp.
Horton, D. (1973) The concept of zoogeographic subregions. Systematic Zoology, 22, 191–195.
Huxley, J.S. (1939) Ecology and Taxonomic Differentiation. Journal of Ecology, 27, 408–420.
Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia Technical Group (1998) Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia: an ecosystem-based classification for marine and coastal environments Version 3.3. Environment Australia, Commonwealth Department of the Environment. Canberra, 102 pp.
Iredale, T. (1929) The avifaunal districts of Australia. From Report of the Hobart Meeting, 1928, Australian Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 244–245.
Iredale, T. (1937) A basic list of the land Mollusca of Australia. Australian Zoologist 8, 287–333.
Iredale, T. & May, W.L. (1916) Misnamed Tasmanian chitons. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 12, 94–117.
Iredale, T. & Whitley, G.P. (1938) The fluvifauna of Australia. South Australian Naturalist, 18, 64–68.
Jeffrey, S.W., Rochford, D.J. & Cresswell, G.R. (1990) Oceanography of the Australasian Region. In: Clayton, M.N. & King, R.J. (Eds.). Biology of Marine Plants. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, pp. 243–265
Jessop, J.P. & Toelken, H.R. (1986) Flora of South Australia. South Australian Government Printing Division, Adelaide, 2248 pp.
Keast, A. (1959) Australian birds: their zoogeography and adaptations to an arid continent. In: Keast, A., Crocker, R.L. & Christian, C.S. (Eds.). Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 89–114.
Keast, A. & Miller, S.E. (1996) The origin and evolution of the Pacific island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes. SPB Academic publishing, Amsterdam, 531 pp.
Kitching, R. (1988) The Ecology of Australia’s wet tropics: proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane August 25–27, 1986. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, 326 pp.
Key, K.H.L. (1959) The ecology and biogeography of Australian grasshoppers and locusts. In: Keast, A., Crocker, R.L. & Christian, C.S. (Eds.). Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 192–210.
Kott, P. (1952) The Ascidians of Australia. I. Stolidobranchiata Lahille and Phlebobranchiata Lahille. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 205–334.
Knox, G.A. (1963). The biogeography and intertidal ecology of the Australasian coasts. Annual Review of Oceanography and Marine Biology, 1, 341–404.
Ladiges, P.Y. (1998) Biogeography after Burbidge. Australian Systematic Botany, 11, 231–242.
Ladiges, P.Y., Humphries, C.J. & Martinelli, L.W. (1991) Austral biogeography. CSIRO, Melbourne, 227 pp.
Ladiges, P.Y., Udovicic & Nelson, G. (2003) Australian biogeographic connections and the phylogeny of large genera in the plant family Myrtaceae. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 989–998.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A.D.M.D. & A.P.D. Candolle. 1805. Flore française, ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France: Disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d’analyse, et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique Tome 2. Desray, Paris, 940 pp.
Leichhardt, L. (1847) Journal of an overland expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, a distance of upwards of 3000 miles, during the years 1844 – 1845. T & W Boone, London, 554 pp.
Littlejohn, M.J. (1981) The amphibia of mesic Southern Australia: A zoogeographic perspective. In: Keast, A. (Ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 1303–1330.
Main, A.R., Lee, A.K. & Littlejohn. M.J. (1958) Evolution in Three Genera of Australian Frogs. Evolution, 12, 224–233.
Mayr, E. (1944) Wallace's line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Quarterly Review of Biology, 19, 1–14.
Mayr, E. (1952) The problem of land connections across the South Atlantic, with special reference to the Mesozoic. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 99, 79–258.
Merriam, C.H. (1892) The geographical distribution of life in North America with special reference to the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 1–64.
Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G. & Lee, M. (2007) Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Australian Scientific Publishing Pty Ltd, Sydney, pp. 942.
McMichael, D.F. & Hiscock, I.D. (1958) A monograph of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 9, 372–508.
McMichael D.F., & Iredale, T. (1959). The land and freshwater Mollusca of Australia. In: Keast, A., Crocker, R.L. & Christian, C.S. (Eds.). Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 224–245.
Millar, A.J.K. (2007) The Flindersian and Peronian Provinces. In: McCarthy, P.M. & Orchard, A.E. (Eds.). Algae of Australia: Introduction. Australian Biological Resources Study, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, pp. 554–559.
Morgan, G. & Terrey, J. (1992) Nature Conservation in Western New South Wales. A report prepared by Landwater Management for the National Parks Association of NSW Inc., Sydney, 138pp.
Moore, J.A. (1961) The Frogs of Eastern New South Wales. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 121, 149–386.
Moreira-Muñoz, A. (2011) Plant Geography of Chile. Springer, Dordrecht, 343pp.
Morris, D. (1974). Mueller, Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von (1825–1896). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mueller-sir-ferdinand-jakob-heinrich-von-4266/text6893, accessed 12 October 2011.
Mueller, F. von (1858) Botanical report on the North-Australian Expedition, under the command of A. C. Gregory, Esq. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean, 2, 137–63.
Mueller, F., von (1882) Systematic census of Australian plants. McCarron, Bird & Co., Melbourne.
Nelson, G.J. (1978) From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the history of biogeography. Journal of the History of Biology, 11, 296–305.
Newton, J.H. (1845) Animal topography: or, the geographical distribution of animals, illustrated in familiar verse with descriptive notes, and accompanied by a zoological map of the world. William Spooner, London, 99 pp.
Nicholls, G.E. (1933) The Composition and Biogeographical Relations of the Fauna of Western Australia. Reports of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science, 21, 93–138.
Orchard, A.E. (1988) A natural regions map for Tasmania. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 122, 47–51.
Ortmann, A.E. (1896) Grundzüge der marinen Tiergeographie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 96 pp.
Parenti, L.R. & Ebach, M.C. (2009) Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth. University of California Press, Berkeley, 295 pp.
Perrier, E. (1878) Étude sur la répartition géographique de astérides. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'historie Naturelle, 2, 1–108.
Pianka, E.R. (1969a) Habitat specificity, speciation, and species density in Australian desert lizards. Ecology, 50, 498–502.
Pianka, E.R. (1969b) Sympatry of desert lizards (Ctenotus) in Western Australia. Ecology, 50, 1012–1030.
Pockley, P. (1997) Cash-strapped ANZAAS is set for closure. Nature, 389, 532.
Powell, A.W.B. (1957) Marine provinces of the Indo-West Pacific. Proceedings of the Eighth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association, 3, 359–370.
Prichard, J.C. (1836) Researches into the physical history of mankind, Third Edition. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, London, 376 pp.
Richards, J.A. (1979) Blaxland-Lawson-Wentworth. Blubber Head Press, Hobart, 222 pp.
Schilder, F.A. (1956) Lehrbuch der allegemeinen zoogeographie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 150 pp.
Schilder, F.A. & Schilder, M. (1938) Prodome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 23, 119–180.
Schilder, F.A. & Schilder, M. (1939) Prodome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 23, 181–252.
Schmidt, K.P. (1954) Faunal Realms, Regions, and Provinces. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 29, 322–331
Schmarda, L.K. (1853) Die Geographische Verbreitung der Thiere. Carl Gerold and Son Verlag, Vienna, 642 pp.
Schodde, R. (1989) Origins, radiations, and sifting in the Australasian biota - Changing concepts from new data and old. Australian Systematic Botany Newsletter, 60, 2–11.
Sclater, P.L. (1858) On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 2, 130–145.
Serventy, D.L. & Whittell, H.M. (1951) A handbook of the birds of Western Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 384 pp.
Serventy, D.L. & Whittell, H.M. (1962) Birds of Western Australia, Third Edition. Perth, Paterson Brokensha, 427 pp.
Simpson, G.G. (1961) Historical Zoogeography of Australian Mammals. Evolution, 15, 431–446.
Sloane, T.G. (1905) Australian Carabidae. Check-list. Part i. Subfamily Carabinae. Supplement to the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Part i), 30, 1–18.
Sloane, T.G. (1915) On the faunal subregions of Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 28, 139–48.
Specht, R.L. (1958) Geographical relationships of the flora of Arnhem Land. In: Specht, R.L. & Mountford, C.P. (Eds.). Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land, Volume 3, Botany and Plant Ecology. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 415–478.
Spencer, W.B. (1896) Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia: Part I - Introduction, narrative, summary of results, supplement to zoological Report, map. Melville, Mullen & Slade, Melbourne, 220 pp.
Smith, B.J. (1984) Regional endemism of the south-eastern Australian land mollusc fauna. In: Solem, A. & van Bruggen, A.C. (Eds.). World-wide snails: biogeographical studies on non-marine Mollusca. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 178–188.
Stejneger, L. (1901) Scharff’s history of the European fauna. The American Naturalist, 35, 87–116.
Straughan, D. (1967) Marine Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of eastern Queensland and New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 201–261.
Suchantke, A. (2001) Eco-Geography. Lindisfarne Press, Great Barrington Massachusetts, 250 pp.
Takhtajan, A. (1986) Floristic regions of the world. University of California Press, Berkeley, 522 pp.
Tate, R. (1889) On the influence of physiological changes in the distribution of life in Australia, Report of the First Meeting of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 312–326.
Tate, R. (1890) A handbook of the flora of extratropical South Australia, containing the flowering plants and ferns. The Eduction Department, Adelaide, Australia, 303 pp.
Temple, D. (1997) 1996 ANZAAS Congress. WISENET Journal, 43, http://www.wisenet-australia.org/issue43/anzaas.htm. Accessed on 21 March 2012.
Tenison-Woods, J.E. (1875) Notes on the physical and zoological relations between Australia and Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 29, 42–52.
Tenison-Woods, J.E. (1878) The echini of Australia. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 145–176.
Tenison-Woods, J.E. (1882) On the natural history of New South Wales: an essay. Thomas Richards, Government Printers, Sydney, 50 pp.
Tenison-Woods, J.E. (1883) Botanical notes on Queensland, No. V. The Forest or Scrubs. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 7, 565–585.
Tenison-Woods, J.E. (1888) On the anatomy and life history of Mollusca peculiar to Australia. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 22, 106–186.
Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I.D. (1995) An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: a Framework for Establishing the National System of Reserves, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, 36 pp.
Turner, H. (1996) Sapindaceae and the biogeography of eastern Australia. Australian Systematic Botany, 8, 133–167.
Udvardy, M.D.F. (1975) A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN Occasional Paper (No. 18). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 49 pp.
Verran, H. (2009) Natural Resource Management's “Nature” and its Politics. Communication, Politics, and Culture, 42, 3–18.
Walker, K.F. (1981) The distribution of freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) in the Australian zoogeographic region. In: Keast, A. (Ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 1231–1250.
Wallace, A.R. (1876) The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth’s surface. Macmillan, London, 503 pp.
Waters, J.M., Wernberg, T., Connell, S.D., Thomsen, M.S., Zuccarello, G.C. & Kraft G.T. (2010) Australia's marine biogeography revisited: Back to the future? Austral Ecology, 35, 988–992.
Wells, A. (1998) Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Volume 29.6. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 264 pp.
Werger, M.J.A. (1978) Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Dr W Junk Publishers, The Hague, 1439 pp.
Whitley, G. (1932) Marine zoogeographical regions of Australia. Australian Naturalist, 8, 166–67.
Williams, R.J. (1955) Vegetation regions. Atlas of Australian Resources, Canberra, 23 pp.
Womersley, H.B.S. (1960) The marine algae of Australia. Botanical Review, 25, 545–614.