Abstract
During the last decades, R/V Meteor and R/V Polarstern deep-sea investigations in the south Atlantic and neighbouringSouthern Ocean collected new samples of stalked crinoids belonging to the families Bathycrinidae, Phrynocrinidae andHyocrinidae which are herein described. The species found are Bathycrinus australis A.H. Clark, 1907b (the most abun-dant), Dumetocrinus aff. antarcticus (Bather, 1908), Hyocrinus bethellianus Thomson, 1876, Feracrinus heinzelleri newspecies, and Porphyrocrinus cf. incrassatus (Gislén, 1933). As only stalk fragments of bathycrinids were frequently col-lected, a distinction between the two Atlantic species B. australis and B. aldrichianus is proposed using characters of co-lumnal articulations. A few specimens attributed to Porphyrocrinus cf. incrassatus, Hyocrinus bethellianus and Hyocrinussp. collected by the N/O Jean Charcot on the Walvis Ridge are also described, plus a new specimen of Porphyrocrinusincrassatus collected in the central mid-Atlantic. Biogeography and close affinities between species in the genera Bathy-crinus and Porphyrocrinus suggest an Antarctic origin of some stalked crinoids among the north Atlantic deep-sea fauna.The presence of B. australis in both the Angola and Cape basins suggests that the Walvis Ridge is not a bio-geographicalbarrier for this relatively eurybathic species, which can attach to hard substrates as well as anchor in sediment. The genusDumetocrinus seems to be an example of colonization of the west Antarctic platform from deeper environment where its ancestor lived.References
Améziane, N. & Roux, M. (1997) Biodiversity and historical biogeography of stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) in the deep sea. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1557–1570.
Améziane, N. & Roux, M. (2011) Stalked crinoids from Southern Tasmanian Seamounts. Part 1: Family Hyocrinidae. Journal of Natural History, 45 (3), 137–170.
Bather, F.A. (1899) A phylogenic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report 1898, 916–923.
Bather, F.A. (1908) Ptilocrinus antarcticus n. sp. a crinoid dredged by the Belgian Antarctic expedition. Bulletin de l’Académie royale de Belgique, 3, 296–299.
Bohn, J.M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin–Results of the DIVA-1 expedition of FS “Meteor” (Cruise M48/1). Zootaxa, 1276, 1–31.
Bourseau, J.P., Améziane-Cominardi N., Avocat R. & Roux M. (1991) Echinodermata: Les crinoïdes pédonculés de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, A Zoologie, 151, 229–333.
Carpenter, P.H. (1884) Report upon the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1874–1876. Part I - General morphology, with description of the stalked crinoids, 11, 1–442.
Clark, A.H. (1907a) Two new crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 507–512.
Clark, A.H. (1907b) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551–554.
Clark, A.H. (1908a) Notice of some Crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51, 8, 233–248.
Clark, A.H. (1908b) New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 34, 205–208.
Clark, A.H. (1915) Die crinoden der Antarktis. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 16, Zoologie, 8, 101–209.
Clark, A.H. (1917) A revision of the recent genera of the family Bourgueticrinidae with the description of a new genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 7, 388–392.
Clark, A.H. (1949) Echinoderms from the mid-Atlantic dredged by the “Atlantis” in the summer of 1948. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 39, 371–377.
Clark, A.M. (1973) Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 25, 7, 267–288.
Clark, A.M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159–186.
Clark, A.M. (1982) Inter-relationships of recent stalked non-isocrinid Crinoidea. Australian Museum Memoir, 16, 121–128.
Danielssen, D.C. & Koren, J. (1877) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition: Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23, 3, 45–83.
Döderlein, L. (1912) Die gestielten Crinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wiss. Ergebnisse deutsche Tiefsee-Exped. "Valdivia" 1898–1899. Jena, G. Fischer, 17, 1, 34.
Duco, A. & Roux, M. (1981) Modalités particulières de croissance liées au milieu abyssal chez les Bathycrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoïdes pédonculés), Oceanologica Acta, 4, 389–394.
Eléaume, M., Hemery, L.G., Bowden, D.A., Roux, M. (2011) A large new species of the genus Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae) from Antarctic seamounts, Polar Biology, 34, 1385–1397.
Gislén, T. (1925) Two stalked crinoids from the Kei Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorish Forening, 79, 85–95.
Gislén, T. (1933) A small collection of crinoids from St. Helena. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorish Forening, 93, 475–483.
Gislén, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift N.F., 34, 10, 1–30.
Gislén, T. (1951) Crinoidea with a survey of bathymetric distribution of the deep-sea crinoids. Reports of the Swedish Deep-sea Expedition, 2, Zoology, 4, 49–59.
Gislén, T. (1956) Crinoids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report, 2, 61–62.
Gutt, J., Barratt, I., Domack, E., d’Udekem d’Acoz, C., Dimmler, W., Grémare, A., Heilmayer, O., Isla, E., Janussen, D., Jorgensen, E., Kock, K. -H., Lehnert, L. S., López-Gonzáles, P., Langner, S., Linse, K., Manjón-Cabeza, M. E., Meißner, M., Montiel, A., Raes, M., Robert, H., Rose, A., Sañé Schepisi, E., Saucède, T., Scheidat, M., Schenke, H. -W., Seiler, J., Smith, C. (2011) Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Research II, 58, 74–83.
Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Galathea Report, 13, 1–262.
Hess, H. (2011a) Bourgueticrinina. In: Seldon P. (ed), Ausich W.I. (coordinating author) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T (Echinodermata 2, Revised), University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 3: T146–158.
Hess, H (2011b) Hyocrinida. In: Seldon P. (ed), Ausich W.I. (coordinating author) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T (Echinodermata 2, Revised), University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 3: T172–177.
John, D. (1937) Crinoidea. Résultats du voyage de S.Y. « Belgica », Expédition antarctique belge, Rapport scientifique, Zoologie, Anvers, 1–11.
Mc Knight, D.G. (1973) Stalked crinoids from the New Zealand region. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 1, 14, 199–210.
Macurda, D.B. & Meyer, D.L. (1976) The morphology and life habits of the abyssal crinoids Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyville Thomson and its paleontological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 4, 647–667.
Madsen, F.J. (1961) On the zoogeography and origin of the abyssal fauna. Galathea Report, 4, 177–218.
Maldonado, A., Barnolas, A., Bohoyo, F., Galindo-Zaldivar, J., Hernandez-Molina, J., Lobo, F., Rodriguez-Fernandez, J. Somoza, L. & Tomas Vazquez, J. (2003) Contourite deposits in the central Scotia Sea: the importance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Weddell Gyre flows. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 198, 187–221.
Messing, C.G. (2007) The crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) of Palau. Pacific Science, 61, 1, 91–111.
Mironov, A. N. (2000) New taxa of stalked crinoids from the suborder Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 79, 6, 712–728 (in Russian).
Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133–153.
Mironov, A. N. & Sorokina O.A. (1998a) Three genera of stalked crinoids of the family Hyocrinidae (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskii Journal, 77, 4, 404–416 (in Russian).
Mironov, A. N. & Sorokina O.A. (1998b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovavia, Moscow, 2, 1–117 (in Russian).
Rasmussen, H.W. (1978) Crinoidea, Articulata, In: R.C. Moore & Teichert C., Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, 1, Geological Society of America (Ed.), Boulder, Colorado, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, T813–928.
Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la "Thalassa" dans le golfe de Gascogne : anatomie comparée des pédonculés et systématique. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, série 3, 426, 325–384.
Roux, M. (1980a) Les Crinoïdes pédonculés (Echinodermes) photographiés sur les dorsales océaniques de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique. Implications biogéographiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, 291, série D, 901–904.
Roux, M. (1980b) Les articulations du pédoncule des Hyocrinidae. Intérêt systématique et conséquences. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, série 4, 2, sect. A(1), 31–57.
Roux, M. (1987) Evolutionary ecology and biogeography of recent stalked crinoids as a model for the fossil record. In: Jangoux M. & Lawrence J.M. (Ed.) Echinoderm Studies. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 2, 1–53.
Roux, M. (2002) Two new species of the genus Thalassocrinus (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Hyocrinidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Species Diversity, 7, 173–186.
Roux, M. (2004) New hyocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata) from submersible investigations in the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 58, 4, 597–613.
Roux, M. & Lambert, P. (2011) Two new species of stalked crinoids from the north-eastern Pacific in the genera Gephyrocrinus and Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae). Effects of ontogeny and variability on hyocrinid taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2825, 1–54.
Roux, M., Messing, C.G. & Améziane, N. (2002) An artificial key to the genera of living stalked crinoids (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 70, 3, 799–830.
Roux, M. & Pawson, D.L. (1999) Two new Pacific Ocean species of hyocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata), with comments on presumed giant-dwarf gradient related to seamounts and abyssal plains, Pacific Science, 53, 3, 289–298.
Strugnell, J.M., Rodgers, A.D., Prodöhl, P.A., Collins, M.A. & Allcock, A.L. (2008) The thermohaline expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep-sea octopuses. Cladistics, 24, 853–860.
Thomson, C.W. (1872) On the crinoids of the “Porcupine” deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764–773.
Thomson, C.W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 13, 47–55.
Vaney, C. (1908) Ptilocrinus brucei. In D.W. Wilton, Résultats de l’Expédition nationale Antarctique du S.Y. Scotia, 1902–1904, 4, Zoologie, 1, 1–133.
Vaney, C. & John, D.D. (1939) Scientific results of the voyage of S.Y. Scotia, 1902–04: The Crinoidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 59, 661–672.