Abstract
We describe a new species of toad of the genus Rhaebo from the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador. The newspecies is characterized by have a large-size (SVL 156.7 mm in adult female, 92.8–127.0 mm in adult males), lacking apreocular ridge and most cephalic crests except for the low parietals crests; having the cloacal opening towards the middlelevel of thighs; rounded to slightly oval parotoids; and dark to cream brown groin. The new species was previouslyconfused with Rhaebo glaberrimus, but the latter differs by having the cloacal opening at the ventral level of the thighs,small body size, skin texture mainly smooth, and a pink or yellowish color in the groin. The new species is also similar toRhaebo guttatus that differs by having a preocular ridge and a different ventral coloration (throat, chest and belly withcream round spots). We also comment on the identity of R. glaberrimus and R. guttatus, correct some reports published in the literature, and present new information on their natural history and distribution.References
Aguilar, C., Ramírez, C., Rivera, D., Siu-Ting, K., Suarez, J. & Torres, C. (2010) Anfibios andinos del Perú fuera de Áreas Naturales Protegidas: amenazas y estado de conservación. Revista Peruana de Biología, 17(1), 005–028.
Almendáriz, A. (1987) Contribución al conocimento de la Herpetofauna Centroriental Ecuatoriana. Revista Politécnica, 12, 77–133.
Ardila-Robayo, M.C. & Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1997) In: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (Ed.), Zonificación ambiental para el plan modelo colombo-brasilero (eje Apaporis-Tabatinga: PAT). Editorial Linotipia Bolívar, Bogotá, pp. 255–264.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. (1999 "1998") Sistemática y Biogeografía de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1–93.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L., Barros, T. & Paz, J.C. (2001) Geographic distribution. Bufo guttatus. Herpetological Review, 32 (2), 112.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2008) The taxonomic status of Rhaebo anderssoni (Melin, 1941) (Anura, Bufonidae). Salamandra, 44 (1), 59–62.
Bustamante, M.R., Menéndez, P.A. &. Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. (2005) Geographic distribution. Bufo guttatus (Spotted Toad). Herpetological Review, 36 (3), 331.
Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. (2003) Herpetofauna de la Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Amazonía Ecuatoriana. In: De la Torre, S. & Reck, G. (Eds), Ecología y Ambiente en el Ecuador. Memorias I Congreso de Ecología y Ambiente. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Quito, pp 1–21.
Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. (2006) La Herpetofauna de la Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Ecuador: Diversidad & Ecología de los Anfibios & Reptiles de una Comunidad Taxonómicamente Diversa. Tesis de biología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador, 129 pp.
Chacón, A., Díaz de Pascual, A. & Barrio, C.L. (2002 "2000") Presencia de Bufo glaberrimus (Anura: Bufonidae) en Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica, 20 (4), 65–69.
Cochran, D.M. & Goin, C.J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum, Bulletin, 288, 1–655.
Cope, E.D. (1862) Catalogues of the reptiles obtained during the explorations of the Parana, Paraguay, Vermejo and Uraguay Rivers, by Capt. Thos. J. Page, U. S. N.; and of those procured by Lieut. N. Michler, U. S. Top. Eng., Commander of the expedition conducting the survey of the Atrato River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 346–359.
De la Riva, I., Köhler, J., Lötters, S. & Reichle, S. (2000) Ten years of research on Bolivian amphibians: updated checklist, distribution, taxonomic problems, literature and iconography. Revista Española de Herpetología, 14, 19–164.
Duellman, W.E. (1978) The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication, 65, 1–352.
Duellman, W.E. (2005) Cuzco Amazonico. The lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 433 pp.
Duellman, W.E. & Salas, A. (1991) Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Occasional Papers Museum Natural History University Kansas, 143, 1–13.
Frost, D.R. (2011) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5 (31 January, 2011). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., Bain, R., De Sá, R.O., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J.,Wilkinson, M., Hanning, A., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1–370.
Günther, A. (1869 "1868") On new batrachians. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 483–484.
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo “typhonius” group. In Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the tropics. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany, pp. 113–123.
Lötters, S., De la Riva, I., Reichle, S. & Soto, G. (2000) First Records of Bufo guttatus from Bolivia, with comments on Bufo glaberrimus (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträege, 49, 75–78.
Lynch, J.D & Renjifo, J.M. (2001) Guía de anfibios y reptiles de Bogotá y sus alrededores. Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, Departamento Técnico Administrativo del Medio Ambiente (DAMA). Bogotá, Colombia.
Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. (2007) A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa, 1662, 53–59.
Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. (2008) Análisis Sistemático de los Sapos del género Rhaebo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Tesis Inédita, Carrera de Maestría en Ciencias-Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 154pp.
Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. (2009) Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos, 5 (1), 29–47.
Myers, C. & Duellman, W.E. (1982) A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado and other tree frog records and geographical notes from western Panama. American Museum Novitates, 2752, 1–32.
Parmelee, J.R. (1999) Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 11, 1–59.
Pramuk, J.B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407–452.
Pramuk, J.B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr., J.W., & Noonan, B.P. (2007) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72–83
Rivero, J.A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1–207 + 1 plate.
Rodríguez, L.O. & Duellman, W.E. (1994) Guide to the frogs of the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru. Asociación de Ecología y Conservación, Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research and Natural History Museum. Special Publication, of The University of Kansas Natural History Museum, 22, 1–80, 12 plates, map.
Rodríguez, L., Córdova, J.H. & Icochea, J. (1993) Lista preliminar de los anfibios del
Perú. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, (A) 45, 1–12.
Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. & Lynch, J.D. (1996) Lista actualizada de la fauna Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 20 (77), 365–415.
Savage, J.M. & Heyer W.R. (1967) Variation and distribution in the tree-frog genus Phyllomedusa in Costa Rica, Central America. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna, 5 (2), 111–131
Schlüter, A. (1981) Erstnachweis von Bufo glaberrimus Günther, 1868 für Peru (Amphibia, Salientia, Bufonidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 16, 221–223.
Schlüter, A., Icochea J. & Pérez. J.M. (2004) Amphibians and reptiles of the lower Río Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: updated species list with ecological and biogeographical notes. Salamandra, 40(2), 141–160.
Stebbins, R.C. & Hendrickson, J.R. (1959) Field studies of amphibians in Colombia, South America. University of California Publications in Zoology, 56, 496–540.