Abstract
The Indo-Australian crowned weevil genus Asytesta Pascoe, 1865 is revised. Forty-one species are recognized, including18 that are new: A. alexandriae, A. alexriedeli, A. allisoni, A. biakana, A. cheesmanae, A. concolora, A. emarginata, A.fayae, A. frontalis, A. gressitti, A. julieae, A. marginalis, A. morobeana, A. sedlaceki, A. thompsoni, A. tuberculata, A.vivienae, and A. woodlarkiana, new species. One subspecies, A. lugubris bidentata Voss is elevated to species status, A.bidentata Voss, new status. Four species are newly synonymized: A. circulifera Lea, 1928 = A. rata Heller, 1910, A.definita Faust, 1898 = A. humeralis Pascoe, 1865, A. granulifera Lea, 1928 = A. aucta Faust, 1898, and A. setipes Lea,1928 = A. lugubris Heller, 1895 new synonyms. Six new species groups are proposed. Lectotypes are designated for 18species. Two species are transferred from Asytesta to other genera: A. maura Pascoe to Microporopterus Lea and A.ypsilon Heller to Meroleptus Faust, new combinations. A checklist and key for all crowned weevil genera, key to speciesgroups and species of Asytesta, adult habitus illustrations, distribution maps, and line drawings of diagnostic charactersare provided.A phylogeny for the genus based on 82 adult morphological characters (187 states) for 41 ingroup taxa is alsopresented. All genera and species of the crowned weevil group as redefined here (including Cyamomistus Heller,Eudyasmus Pascoe, Glochinorhinus Waterhouse, Nothotragopus Zimmerman, Panopides Pascoe, and Zygara Pascoe),were included in the analysis to test the monophyly of Asytesta. Monophyly of Asytesta was supported only with thesynonymy of the monotypic genus Zygara. Accordingly, Zygara is a new junior synonym of Asytesta and Zygara doriae (Kirsch) is returned to its original combination with Asytesta; A. doriae Kirsch resurrected status.References
Allison, A., Samuelson, G.A. & Miller, S.E. (1993) Patterns of beetle species diversity in New Guinea rain forest as reveled by canopy fogging: Preliminary findings. Selbyana 14, 16–20.
Alonso–Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. (1999) A World Catalogue of Families and Genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, 315 pp.
Basset, Y., Samuelson, G.A., Allison, A. & Miller, S.E. (1996) How many species of host-specific insects feed on a species of tropical tree? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 59, 201–216.
Bigger, M. & Schofield, P. (1983) Checklist of Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Attelabidae, Scolytidae and Platypodidae of Melanesia. Overseas Development Administration Miscellaneous Publication No. 60, London, United Kingdom, 62 pp.
Bremer, K. (1988) The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795–803.
Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1877) Diagnoses de Curculionides exotiques. Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques, 2(186), 189.
Dallwitz, M.J. (1980) A general system for coding taxonomic descriptions. Taxon, 29, 41–46.
Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1999 & onwards) User’s guide to the DELTA Editor. http://delta-intkey.com
Dorn, C.A. (1879) Exotsiches. Entomologische Zeitung, 40, 364–367.
Faust, J. (1898) Curculioniden aus dem Malayischen und Polynesischen Inselgebiet II. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59(1–6), 140–213.
Faust, J. (1899) Viaggo di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia orientale. XXIII. Curculionidae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 40, 1–130.
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
Gressitt, J.L. (1966) Chrysomelid beetles from the Papuan subregion, 3 (Eumolpinae 1). Pacific Insects, 8(3), 777–800.
Gressitt, J.L. & Hornabrook, R.W. (1977) Handbook of Commin New Guinea Beetles, Wau Ecology Institute Handbook No. 2. [1985 printing], Sheck wah Tong Press, Hong Kong. 87 pp.
Gressitt, J.L. & N. Nadkarni (1978) Guide to Mt. Kandi: Background to Montane New Guinea Ecology, Wau Ecology Institute Handbook No. 5. , Wing Tai Cheung Printing Co., Hong Kong. 135 pp.
Gemminger, M. & Harold, E.v. (1871) Familia LXII. Curculionidae. In: Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonimicus et systematicus. E.H. Gummi (G. Beck), Monachii, Munich, 8, 2181–2668 pp.
Heller, K.M. (1894) Zygopiden-Studien mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Mecopus. Abhandlungen undBerichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 4(2), 1–48.
Heller, K.M. (1895) Erster Beitrag zur Papuaniscen Käferfauna. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 16, 1–17.
Heller, K.M. (1903) Sechs neue Käfer aus Deutsch Neu-Guinea. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1903(2), 305–314.
Heller, K.M. (1908) Vierter Beitrag zur Papuanischen Käferfauna. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 12(1), 1–34 + 1 pl.
Heller, K.M. (1910) Fünfter Beitrag zur Papuanischen Käferfauna hauptsächlich auf Grund der Ausbeute von Dr. Schlaginhaufen. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch–Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 13(3), 1–42 + 1 pl.
Heller, K.M. (1914a) Coleoptera. Nova Guinea. Resultats des expédition scientifique Néerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinée en 1907 et 1909 sous les auspices du Dr H. A. Lorentz, 9, 615–666.
Heller, K.M. (1914b) Neue papuanische Käfer. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 3, 305–318 + pl. XII.
Heller, K.M. (1914c) Neue käfer von den Philippinen. The Philippine Journal of Science, Section D. 8(2), 135–163.
Heller, K.M. (1929) Fauna Buruana. Coleoptera, Fam. Curculionidae. Treubia, 7(3), 105–138 + pl. III.
Heller, K.M. (1933) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der papuanischen Rüsselkäfergattung: Arachnopus Guér. (Zygopini). Entomologische Blätter, 29(1), 18–25.
Heller, K.M. (1935) Coleoptera Curculionidae. Nova Guinea. Résultats des Expeditions Scientifiques à la Nouvelle Guinée, 17(2), 155–202 + 1 pl.
Holzenthal, R.W. (2007) Adobe Illustrator, a Tutorial for Benthologists. North American Benthological Society, Digital Illustration Workshop, 03 June 2007, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A. (unpublished notebook and CD). Available from R.W. Holzenthal, University of Minnesota, U.S.A.
Hustache, A. (1936) Curculionidae: Cryptorrhynchinae. In: S. Schenkling (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. W. Junk, Berlin, 151, pp. 1–317.
Hustache, A. (1934) Curculionidae: Zygopinae. In: S. Schenkling (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. W. Junk, Berlin, 136, pp. 1–96.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.
Kass, R.E. & Raftery, A.E. (1995) Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773–795.
Kirsch, T. (1879) Zwei neue Coleopteren-Arten aus Neu-Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 14, 18–20.
Lacordaire, T. (1866) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu 'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Roret, Paris, 7, 620 pp.
Lea, A.M. (1905) Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryptorhynchides. Part VII. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 30(2), 235–258.
Lea, A.M. (1928) Cryptorhynchides (Curculionidae) mostly from Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 4(1), 49–90.
Lechen, R.A.B. & Buckley, T.R. (2007) Multistate Characters and Diet Shifts: Evolution of Erotylidae (Coleoptera). Systematic Biology, 56(1), 97–112.
Lee D. & Bryant, H.N. 1999. A reconsideration of the coding of inapplicable characters: assumptions and problems. Cladistics, 15, 373–378.
Lewis, P.O. (2001) A likelyhood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology, 50(6), 913–925.
Lyal, C.H.C. (1993) Cryptorhynchinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Fauna of New Zealand, 29. Maanaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 307 pp.
Maddison, W.P. (1993) Missing Data versus Missing Characters in Phylogenetic Analysis. Systematic Biology, 42, 576–581.
Marshall, G.A.K. (1915) Part II. Curculionidae. In: Arrow, G.J. Marshall, G.A.K. Gahan, C.J. & Blair, K.G. Report on the Coleoptera collected by the British Ornithologists' Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 20(17), 497–543 + pl. 39.
Nichols, S.W., compiler. (1989) The Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology, including supplement A by George S. Tulloch. New York Entomological Society, New York, xvii + 1–840 pp.
Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S.E., Drozd, P. & Cizek, L. (2002) Host specialization of leaf-chewing insects in a New Guinea rainforest. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 400–412.
Novotny, V., Basset, Y. (2005) Host specificity of insect herbivores in tropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences, 272, 1083–1090.
Nylander, J.A.A., Ronquist, F, Huelsenbeck, J.P., Nives-Aldrey, J.L. (2004) Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Combined Data. Systematic Biology, 53(1), 47–67.
Olivier, A.G. (1807) Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec leurs caractères génériques et spécifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminée. Coléoptères. Desray, Paris, 5, 612 pp. + 59 pl.
Pascoe, F.P. (1865) On some new genera of Curculionidae. Part I. Journal of Entomology, London, 2(13), 413–432 + pl. XVII.
Pascoe, F.P. (1883) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Curculionidae, mostly Asiatic. Part II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12(68), 88–101.
Pascoe, F.P. (1885) List of the Curculionidae of the Malay Archipelago collected by Dr. Odoardo Beccari, L. M. d'Albertis, and others. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 22, 201–332 + pl. I–III.
Pascoe, F.P. (1871) Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curculionidae. Part II. Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, 11(51), 154–218 + pl. VI–IX.
Pleijel, F. (1995) On Character Coding for Phylogeny Reconstruction. Cladistics, 11, 309–315.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. & van der Mark, P. (2005) MrBayes 3.1 Manual. Draft 5/26/2005, Florida State University. Available from: http://mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu/wiki/index.php/Manual_3.2 (02 June 2009).
Setliff, G.P. (2007) Annotated checklist of weevils from the Papuan region (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Zootaxa, 1536, 1–296.
Setliff, G.P. (2008a) Revision of the genus Panopides Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Coleopterists Bulletin, 62(1), 83–98.
Setliff, G.P. (2008b) Review of the Indonesian genus Nothotragopus Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Coleopterists Bulletin, 62(2), pp. 203–214.
Seitz, V., Ortiz Garcia, S. & Liston, A. (2000) Alternative Coding Strategies and the Inapplicable Data Coding Problem. Taxon, 49, 47–54.
Sorenson, M.D. & Franzosa E.A. (2007) TreeRot, version 3. Boston University, Boston, MA.
Strong, E.E. & Lipscomb, D. (1999) Character Coding and Inapplicable Data. Cladistics, 15, 363–371.
Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Tuffley C. & Steel, M. (1997) Links between maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony under a simple model of site substitution. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 59(3), 581–607.
Voss, E. (1958) Die von Biró auf Neu Guinea aufgefundenen Rüsselkäfer, II (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Annals Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 50, 209–222.
Voss, E. (1960) Die von Biró auf Neu Guinea aufgefundenen Rüsselkäfer, III. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 52, 313–346.
Waterhouse, G.R. (1853) Descriptions of new genera and species of Curclionides. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2(5&6), 172–176, 177–207.
Wilkinson, M. (1995) A comparison of two methods of character construction. Cladistics, 11, 297–308.
Zimmerman, E.C. (1992) Colour Plates 305–632. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 6, viii + 707 pp.
Zimmerman, E.C. (1994) Orthoceri, Anthribidae to Attelabidae, The Primitive Weevils. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 1, xxxii + 741 pp.