Abstract
The mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway is revised to include 18 species, based on morphological and molecular data. Wedistinguish the widespread pest species F. virgata (Cockerell) from morphologically similar species and provide a reviseddescription and illustration for the adult female of F. virgata. We resurrect Dactylopius dasylirii Cockerell stat. rev. fromsynonymy with Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell as Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) and apply this name to many North Amer-ican and Caribbean populations previously recognised as F. virgata; F. dasylirii is the most difficult to distinguish mor-phologically from F. virgata and exhibits morphological and molecular variation among some populations. We designatea lectotype for D. dasylirii Cockerell. Eight new species of Ferrisia are described and illustrated based on the adult female,and named as Ferrisia colombiana sp. n., F. cristinae sp. n., F. ecuadorensis sp. n., F. kondoi sp. n., F. milleri sp. n., F.pitcairnia sp. n., F. uzinuri sp. n. and F. williamsi sp. n. The relationships of five of these new species and five namedspecies are discussed in relation to a previously published phylogenetic tree that was based on nucleotide sequence data.Taxonomically informative morphological features (such as the size, shape and position of discoidal pores associated withthe dorsal enlarged tubular ducts and the ventral oral-collar tubular ducts), identified for each of the genetic groups (clades)on the tree, are used to help to diagnose the species. We also describe and illustrate the adult female of a form of F. gilliGullan, found on Magnolia and some other host plants, that has numerous clusters of small ventral oral-collar ducts onthe body margins. For seven named species—F. claviseta (Lobdell), F. malvastra (McDaniel), F. meridionalis Williams,F. multiformis Granara de Willink, F. quaintancii (Tinsley), F. setosa (Lobdell) and F. terani Williams & Granara de Will-ink—we provide revised illustrations of the adult females as well as diagnostic morphological notes and information ondistribution and host plants. We also recognise Eurycoccus copallinae Ferris as a junior synonym (syn. n.) of Dactylopiusquaintancii Tinsley (now F. quaintancii) and designate a lectotype for E. copallinae. We include photographs of the liveappearance of the adult females of six Ferrisia species and also a key to all known species of Ferrisia based on the mor-phology of the adult females. We transfer the species currently known as Ferrisia floridana (Ferris) to a new monotypicgenus, Pseudoferrisia gen. n., as Pseudoferrisia floridana (Ferris) comb. n., and provide a description of the genus and its type species (Ferrisiana floridana Ferris), as well as a new illustration of the adult female.References
Awadallah, K.T., Ammar, E.D. & Rashad, A. (1979a) Description of immature stages of the white mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Zeitschrift für Deutsche Entomologen, 26, 9–20.
Awadallah, K.T., Ammar, E.D., Tawafik, M.F.S. & Rashad, A. (1979b) Life history of the white mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Zeitschrift für Deutsche Entomologen, 26, 101–110.
Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Intercept Ltd., Andover, United Kingdom. 686 pp.
Ben-Dov, Y. (2005) The malvastrum mealybug Ferrisia malvastra (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): distribution, host plants and pest status in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 33, 154–156.
Ben-Dov, Y. (2012) ScaleNet, Pseudococcidae. Available from: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (last accessed June 2012)
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893a) The West Indian species of Dactylopius. The Entomologist, 26, 177–179.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893b) A list of West Indian Coccidae. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 1, 252–256.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1896) New species of insects taken on a trip from the Mesilla Valley to the Sacramento Mts., New Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 4, 201–207.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1898). The Coccidae of the Sandwich Islands. The Entomologist, 31, 239–240.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1899) Article VII. - First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 5, 389–398.
Costa Lima, A. (1939) Espécies de Pseudococcus observadas do Brasil (Homoptera: Coccoidea-Pseudococcidae). Boletim Biologico, 4, 1–10.
Culik, M.P., Martins, D. dos S. & Gullan, P.J. (2006) First records of two mealybug species in Brazil and new potential pests of papaya and coffee. Journal of Insect Science, 6 (23), 1–6.
Daane, K.M., Cooper, M.L., Triapitsyn, S.V., Walton, V.M., Yokota, G.Y., Haviland, D.R., Bentley, W.J., Godfrey, K. & Wunderlich, L.R. (2008) Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex. California Agriculture, 62(4), 167–176.
Daane, K.M, Almeida, R.P.P., Bell, V.A., Walker, J.T.S., Botton, M., Fallahzadeh, M., Mani, M., Miano, J.L., Sforza, R., Walton, V.M. & Zaviezo, T. (2012) Biology and management of mealybugs in vineyards. In: Bostanian N.J., Charles, V. & Isaacs, R. (eds). Arthropod Management in Vineyards: Pests, Approaches, and Future Directions. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York & London.
Downie, D.A. & Gullan, P.J. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Systematic Entomology, 29, 238–259.
Entwhistle, P.F. (1972) Pests of Cocoa. Longman Group Ltd. 779 pp.
Entwhistle P.F. & Longworth, J.F. (1963) The relationships between cacao viruses and their vectors: the feeding behaviour of three mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) species. Annals of Applied Biology, 52, 387–391.
Fernald, M.E. (1903) A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1–360.
Ferris, G.F. (1919) Observations on some mealy-bugs (Hemiptera; Coccidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 12, 292–299.
Ferris, G.F. (1950) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (ser. 5) [v. 5]. The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. 278 pp.
Ferris, G.F. (1953) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. 506 pp.
Freidberg, A., Susman, I. and Kaplan, F. (1989) Cotton Insects of Israel. The Cotton Production & Marketing Board, Israel. 128 pp.
Fullaway, D.T. (1923) Notes on the mealy-bugs of economic importance in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5, 305–321.
Ghose, S.K. & Paul, P.K. (1972) Observations on the biology of the mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Calcutta), 25, 39–48.
Granara de Willink, M.C. (1991) Una nueva especie de Ferrisia Fullaway en la Republica Argentina (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Insecta Mundi, 5(3-4), 181–184.
Green, E.E. (1896) Catalogue of Coccidae collected in Ceylon. Indian Museum Notes, 4, 2–10.
Green, E.E. (1916) Observations on some recently described Coccidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 7, 51–52.
Gullan, P.J., Downie, D.A. & Steffan, S.A. (2003) A new pest species of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 723–727.
Gullan, P.J., Kaydan, M.B. & Hardy, N.B. (2010) Molecular phylogeny and species recognition in the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology, 35, 329–339.
Gullan, P.J. & Martin, J.H. (2009) Sternorrhyncha (jumping plant-lice, whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects). pp. 957–967. In: Resh, V.H. & Cardé, R.T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition. Elsevier, San Diego.
Hardy, N.B., Gullan, P.J. & Hodgson, C.J. (2008) A subfamily-level classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on integrated molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 33, 51–71.
Haviland, D., Beede, R., Godfrey, K. & Daane, K. (2006) Ferrisia gilli: a new mealybug pest of pistachios and other deciduous crops. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 8207, 8 pp.
Haviland, D.R., Beede, R.H. & Daane, K. M. (2012) Seasonal phenology of Ferrisia gilli (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in commercial pistachios. Journal of Economic Entomology (in press).
Hempel, A. (1900). As coccidas Brasileiras. Revista do Museu Paulista, São Paulo, 4, 365–537.
Hughes, W.A. & Lister, C.A. (1953) Lime die-back in the Gold Coast, a virus disease of the lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christmann) Swingle. Journal of Horticultural Science, 28, 131–140.
ICTVdB Management (2006) 00.015.0.05.003. Cacao swollen shoot virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed.). Columbia University, New York, USA.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c/- The Natural History Museum, London. 306 pp.
Keuchenius, P.E. (1915) Onderzoekingen en beschouwingen over eenige schadlijke schildluizen van de Koffiekultuur op Java. Mededeelingen van het Besoekisch Proefstation, Djember 16, 1–65.
Khalid, M. & Shafee, A.S. (1988). Five new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Manipur, India. Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5, 65–73.
King, G.B. (1902) Descripcao de Dactylopius magnolicida. Von Ihering. Revista do Museu Paulista, São Paulo, 5, 616–617.
Kirkaldy, G.W. (1902) Hemiptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis, 3, 93–174.
Kondo, T. (2010) Los insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) del mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) en Colombia. Kondo, D.T. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional. Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira. Año 10/No. 13/Diciembre/2009. pp. 41–44.
Kondo, T., Ramos-Portilla, A.A. & Vergara-Navarro, E.V. (2008) Updated list of mealybugs and putoids from Colombia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae). Boletín del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle, 9, 29–53.
Liebhold, A.M. & Tobin, P.C. (2008) Population ecology of insect invasions and their management. Annual Review of Entomology, 53, 387–408.
Lindinger, L. (1935) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 49, 121–123.
Lobdell, G.H. (1930) Twelve new mealybugs from Mississippi (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23: 209–236.
Mamet, J.R. (1951) Notes on the Coccoidea of Madagascar - II. Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (Ser. A), 5, 213–254.
McDaniel, B. (1962) A new species of scale insect from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Pseudococcidae, Coccoidea). Texas Journal of Science, 14, 323–327.
McKenzie, H.L. (1962) Third taxonomic study of California mealybugs, including additional species from North and South America (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia, 32, 637–688.
McKenzie, H.L. (1967) Mealybugs of California with Taxonomy, Biology, and Control of North American Species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley. 526 pp.
Miller, D.R. & Watson, G.W. (1995) Douglas J. Williams, the modern guru of coccidology. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29, 1–4.
Morrison H. & Morrison, E.R. (1966) An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture, 1015, 1–206.
Newstead, R. (1894) Scale insects in Madras. Indian Museum Notes, 3, 21–32.
Newstead, R. (1908) On the gum-lac insect of Madagascar, and other coccids affecting the citrus and tobacco in that island. Quarterly Journal. Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics, 3, 3–13.
Nur, U. (1977) Electrophoretic comparison of enzymes of sexual and parthenogenetic mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division, 127, 69–84.
Paul, S.K. & Ghose, S.K. (1989) Descriptions of various instars of Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera). Environment and Ecology, 7, 838–845.
Roivainen, O. (1976) Transmission of cocoa viruses by mealy bugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland, 48, 433–453.
Schiefer, T.L. (2000) Notes on scale insects described by Gladys Hoke Lobdell. The Scale, 24, 7–12.
Takahashi, R. (1929) Aphididae and Coccidae of the Pescadores. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 19, 425–431.
Thorold, C.A. (1975) Diseases of Cocoa. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 423 pp.
Thresh, J.M. & Tinsley, T.W. (1959) The viruses of cacao. Technical Bulletin, West African Cocoa Research Institute, No. 7, 32 pp.
Tinsley, J.D. (1898) Some new species of Coccidae. Canadian Entomologist, 30, 220–224.
Varshney, R.K. (1982) Ferrisia lobdellae, a new name for Ferrisia setosa (Lobdell, 1930) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84, 857–858.
Vayssière, P. (1912) Deux coccides nouveaux de l’Afrique occidentale [Hem.]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 17, 366–368.
Williams, D.J. (1985a) Australian Mealybugs (Special Publication No. 953). British Museum (Natural Hist.), London. 431 pp.
Williams, D.J. (1985b) A new species of Ferrisia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cassava (Manihot esculenta) from Paraguay and on ragweed (Ambrosia tenuifolia) from Argentina. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 255–257.
Williams, D.J. (1996) A synoptic account of the mealybug genus Ferrisia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 132, 1–10.
Williams, D.J. (2004) Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London, and Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur. 896 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (1992) Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, London, England. 635 pp.
Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2: The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International Institute of Entomology, London. 260 pp.