Abstract
This study reviews the charopid snails of Gyrocochlea s.l. This genus has been used as a convenient ‘catch-all’ for thosespecies characterised by chiefly biconcave brown shells that have a strong radially-ribbed teleoconch. The genuscurrently comprises 34 species but could include many more undescribed species that reside in museum collections usingthis broad conchological definition. The study aims to establish a framework for defining natural monophyletic groupswithin the genus and its relatives based on both morphological and molecular data. In doing so, a number of new generaand species that must be characterised to circumscribe this new definition are also described. The study utilisesqualitative and quantitative conchological data, scanning electron microscopy—primarily of the shell protoconch,anatomical studies of the male reproductive system and DNA sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and theinternal transcribed spacer 2 region of the ribosomal RNA cistrons.This study reaffirms Gyrocochlea s.s. (type species: Helix vinitincta Cox, 1868) as a geographically restricted genuscomprising only a handful of species occurring in the Border Ranges of NSW and Qld following Stanisic (1990) but withthe additional exclusion of Gyrocochlea curtisiana (Hedley, 1912) which will require re-assignment to a new genus.Gyrocochlea vinitincta (Cox) is re-examined and new anatomical details presented. Eight new genera comprisingCumberlandica n. gen., Planorbacochlea n. gen., Barringtonica n. gen., Comboynea n. gen., Cancellocochlea n. gen.,Dictyoropa n. gen., Richmondaropa n. gen. and Macphersonea n. gen. are diagnosed to accommodate species rangingfrom mid-eastern to north-eastern NSW. Seventeen new species are described comprising Cumberlandica wilsoniana n.sp., Cu. wombeyanensis n. sp., P. dandahra n. sp., P. manningensis n. sp., P. nambucca n. sp., P. watagan n. sp., P.graemei n. sp., P. reticulata n. sp., P. yessabahensis n. sp., P. parriwiensis n. sp., Barringtonica polblue n. sp., B.montana n. sp., Comboynea boorganna n. sp., Co. mountaineer n. sp., Co. winghamensis n. sp., Cancellocochleacoolongolook n. sp. and Ca. heatherae n. sp. Gyrocochlea impressa Hedley, 1924, G. planorbis Hedley, 1924, G.conferta Hedley, 1924, G. prava Hedley, 1924, G. eurythma Hedley, 1924, G. conjuncta (Iredale, 1941), G. ponderiStanisic, 2010, G. hawkesburyana Stanisic, 2010 and G. canalis Stanisic, 2010 are variously reassigned to the newgenera. Neotypes are erected for Gyrocochlea impressa Hedley, 1924 (holotype crushed) and Roblinella conjunctaIredale, 1941 (holotype presumed lost). Lectotypes are designated for Gyrocochlea conferta Hedley, 1924 andGyrocochlea eurythma Hedley, 1924. The anatomy of the Sydney Basin Diphyoropa saturni (Cox, 1864) is figured forthe first time and comparisons made between the shell morphology of this species and the general Gyrocochlea shellform. A number of species from other genera are also investigated using molecular techniques to provide a broader viewof the east coast charopid radiation. The biogeographical implications of generic ranges and the conservation status of species are discussed.References
Barker, G.M. (2005) The character of the New Zealand land snail fauna and communities: some evolutionary and ecological perspectives. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 68, 53–102.
Belbin, L. & Collins, A. (2008) PATN, V. 3.1. Blatant Fabrications Pty. Ltd., Brisbane. Available at http://www.patn.com.au/patn_v3.htm (Accessed 3 March 2011)
Branson, B. A. (1975) Radiodiscus hubrichti (Pulmonata: Endodontidae) new species from the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The Nautilus, 89, 47–48.
Climo, F.M. (1981) Classification of New Zealand Arionacea. National Museum of New Zealand Records, 2, 9–15.
Colgan D. J. & da Costa P. (2009). DNA haplotypes cross species and biogeographic boundaries in estuarine hydrobiid snails of the genus Tatea. Marine and Freshwater Research, 60, 861–872.
Colgan, D.J., Ponder, W.F. & Eggler, P.E. (2000) Gastropod evolutionary rates and phylogenetic relationships assessed using partial 28S rDNA and histone H3 sequences. Zoologica Scripta, 29, 29–65.
Colgan, D.J., Ponder, W.F., Beacham, E. & Macaranas, J.M. (2003) Molecular phylogenetic studies of Gastropoda based on six gene segments representing coding or non-coding and mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Molluscan Research, 23, 123–148.
Colgan, D.J., O’Meally, D. and Sadlier, R.A. 2009. Phylogeographic patterns in reptiles on the New England Tablelands at the southwestern boundary of the McPherson Macleay Overlap. Australian Journal of Zoology 57, 317–328.
Correa Sandoval, A. (1999) Zoogeografía de los gastrópodos terrestres de la región oriental de San Luis Potosí, México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 47, 493–502.
Cox, J.C. (1868) A Monograph of Australian Land Shells. William Maddock, Sydney. 111pp.
Emberton, K.C., Pearce, T.A., Kasigwa, P.F., Tattersfield, P. & Habibu, Z. (1997) High diversity and regional endemism in land snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1123–2236.
Fatemi, M., Gross, C.L., & Bruhl, J.J. (2007) The first phenetic analysis of species limits in Bertya (Euphorbiaceae). Australian Systematic Botany, 20, 448–463.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
Gabriel, C.J. (1930) Catalogue of the land shells of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (new series), 43, 62–88.
Gabriel, C.J. (1947) Additions to and alterations in the catalogue of the land shells of Victoria (including descriptions of new species). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 15, 109–125.
Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hausdorf, B. (2005) The genus Lillioconcha in Colombia (Gastropoda: Charopidae). Journal of Natural History, 39, 2795–2808.
Hedley, C. (1892) Observations on the Charopidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 7, 157–169.
Hedley, C. (1912) On some land shells collected in Queensland, by Mr. Sidney W. Jackson. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 7, 253–270.
Hedley, C. (1924) Some notes on Australian land shells. Australian Zoologist, 3, 215–221.
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MrBayes; Bayesian inference for phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
Hyman, I.T. & Stanisic, J. (2005) New charopid landsnails, chiefly from limestone outcrops in eastern New South Wales (Eupulmonata: Charopidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 50, 219–302.
Iredale, T. (1937) A basic list of the land Mollusca of Australia. Australian Zoologist, 8, 287–333.
Iredale, T. (1939) A review of the land Mollusca of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 25, 1–88.
Iredale, T. (1941a) Guide to the land shells of New South Wales. Part 2. The Australian Naturalist, 10, 262–269.
Iredale, T. (1941b) Guide to the land shells of New South Wales. Part 3. The Australian Naturalist, 11, 1–8.
Iredale, T. (1944) The land Mollusca of Lord Howe Island. Australian Zoologist, 10, 299–334.
Iredale, T. (1945) The land Mollusca of Norfolk Island. Australian Zoologist, 11, 46–71.
Kameda, Y., Kawakita, A. & Kato. M. (2007). Cryptic genetic divergence and associated morphological differentiation in the arboreal land snail Satsuma (Luchuhadra) largillierti (Camaenidae) endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 519-533.
Kershaw, R.C. (1955) Studies on Australian Charopidae. Part 2. Some genera. Victorian Naturalist, 72, 28–30.
Kershaw, R.C. (1956) Studies on Australian Charopidae. Part 3. Planate genera. Victorian Naturalist, 72, 137–143.
Kershaw, A.P. (1981) Quaternary vegetation and environments. In A. Keast (Ed.) Ecological Biogeography of Australia. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 83–101.
McArthur, A.G. & Koop, B.F. (1999) Partial 28S rDNA sequences and the antiquity of the hydrothermal vent endemic gastropods. Molecular Phylogenetics and.Evolution, 13, 255–274.
Marshall, B.A. & Barker, G.M. (2008) A revision of the New Zealand landsnails referred to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 and Pseudallodiscus Climo, 1971, with the introduction of three new genera (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Charopidae). Tuhinga, 19, 57–167.
Martin, H.A. (1987) Cainozoic history of the vegetation and climate of the Lachlan River Regions, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 109, 213–251.
Martin, H.A. (1997) The stratigraphic palynology of bores along the Darling River downstream of Bourke, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 118, 51–67.
Muratov, I.V., Abdou, A. & Bouchet, P. (2005) Charopid land snails (Gastropoda Pulmonata Charopidae) from Mayotte, Comores: alive and well. Tropical Zoology, 18, 171–208.
Moretti, S., Armougom, F., Wallace, I.M., Higgins, D.G., Jongeneel, C.V. & Notredame C. (2007). The M-Coffee web server: a meta-method for computing multiple sequence alignments by combining alternative alignment methods. Nucleic Acids Research 35 (Web Server issue):W645–648.
Moritz, C., Richardson, K.S., Ferrier, S., Monteith, G., Stanisic, J., Williams, S.E. & Whiffin, T. (2001) Biogeographical concordance and efficiency of taxon indicators for establishing conservation priority in a tropical rainforest biota. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London series B, 268, 1875–1881.
Pérez, A.M. and López, A. (S.J.) (2003) Listado de la malacofauna continental (Mollusca: Gastropoda) del Pacífico de Nicaragua. Revista Biologia Tropical, 51(Suppl. 3), 405–451.
Preston, H.B. (1913) Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12, 522–538.
Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. (2004) Tracer 1.3, Available at http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer (accessed at 3 March 2011)
Schileyko A.A. (2001) Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 7. Endodontidae, Thyrophorellidae, Charopidae. Ruthenica, supplement 2, 881–1034.
Simone, L.R.L. (2006) Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Brazil. Editoria Gráfica Benardi/FAPESP, São Paulo, 390 pp.
Smith, B.J. (1992). Non-Marine Mollusca. In Houston, W.W.K. (Ed), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra, 405 pp.
Smith, B.J. & Kershaw, R.C. (1979) Field Guide to the Non-Marine Molluscs of South Eastern Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 285 pp.
Smith, B.J., & Kershaw, R.C. (1985) Description of three Tasmanian charopid genera (Pulmonata: Mollusca) with notes on their type species. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, 88.
Solem, A. (1983) Endodontoid Land Snails from Pacific Islands (Mollusca : Pulmonata : Sigmurethra). Part II. Families Punctidae and Charopidae, Zoogeography. Field Museum, Chicago, 336 pp.
Stanisic, J. (1987). Studies on the Charopidae of tropical and subtropical Australia. 1. Oreokera: A primitive genus from the high mountains of North Queensland (Mollusca : Pulmonata : Charopidae). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia, 8, 1–21
Stanisic, J. (1990) Systematics and biogeography of eastern Australian Charopidae (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30, 1–241.
Stanisic, J. (1993a) Danielleilona gen. nov., from the Wet Tropics, northeastern Queensland (Pulmonata: Charopidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 34, 11–20.
Stanisic, J. (1993b) Lenwebbia paluma sp. nov., from the Wet Tropics, northeastern Queensland (Pulmonata: Charopidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 34, 21–26.
Stanisic, J. (1994) The distribution and species diversity of land snails in eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 36, 207–214.
Stanisic, J. (1997) An area of exceptional land snail diversity: the Macleay Valley, northeastern New South Wales. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 56, 441–448.
Stanisic, J., Shea, M., Potter, D. and Griffiths, O. (2010) Australian Land Snails Volume 1: A Field Guide to Eastern Australian Species. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, 591pp.
Swofford, D.L. (2003). PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony. Version 4. 0. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 596–1599.
Wade, C.M., Mordan, P.B. & Clarke, B. (2001) A phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London series B, 268, 413–422.
Wallace, I.M., O'Sullivan, O., Higgins, D.G. & Notredame, C. (2006) M-Coffee: combining multiple sequence alignment methods with T-Coffee. Nucleic Acids Research 34, 1692–1699.