Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of 13 mitochondrial DNA genes of Austrofundulus Myers 1932 indicates that as presently recognized, A. limnaeus is composed of several populations with monophyletic haplotype lineages, which together are paraphyletic with respected to A. transilis. These populationswere previously united based on shared plesiomorphic morphometric characters. Austrofundulus myersi is removed from synonymy; four new species: A. rupununi, A. leohoignei, A. guajira, and A. leoni are described; and A. limnaeus is restricted to populations along the eastern side of Lake Maracaibo. In contrast, populations of A. transilis from the Río Apure Llanos and the lower Río Unare basin show little divergence. The proposed phylogeny: (A. myersi (A. leoni (A. limnaeus (A. guajira (A. leohoignei (A. rupununi (A. transilis))))))) is strongly supported by high bootstrap values and Bremer decay indexes, and unique length variations in the 12S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. The distributions and the relationships of the newly erected species are concordant with the geological history of northern South America.Un análisis filogenético de 13 genes del ADN mitocondrial de Austrofundulus muestra que como actualmente este configurada, la especie Austrofundulus limnaeus es parafilética, y consiste de varias linajes monofiléticas que estuvieron unidas en base de características morfométricas plesiomórficas que comparten. Se remueve Austrofundulus myersi de la sinonímia de A. limnaeus, se describen cuatro especies nuevas: A. rupununi, A. leohoignei, A. guajira y A. leoni, y se restringe A. limnaeus a las poblaciones del lado este del Lago de Maracaibo. Muy distinta la situación de las diferentes poblaciones de A. transilis de las cuencas del Río Apure y Unare, que muestra poca divergencia genética. La filogenia propuesta es: (A. myersi (A. leoni (A. limnaeus (A. guajira (A. leohoignei (A. rupununi (A. transilis))))))) se apoya fuertemente por los altos valores bootstrap y los índices Bremer de descomposición y por variaciones únicas en la longitud del gen 12S de la ribosoma de RDN (rRDN). Las distribuciones zoogeográficas y las relaciones filogenéticas de las especies nuevas descritas concuerdan bien con la historia geológica del norte de Sudamérica.References
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