Abstract
The genus Balgus Fleutiaux 1920 was currently comprised of nine species and can be easily distinguished from other Thylacosterninae by the presence of tubercles on the pronotal disk. In this paper a taxonomic revision and a reconstruction of the phylogeny of the genus were performed. Morphological data were analyzed using maximum parsimony (MP) and by Bayesian inference (BI). For BI the Mkv model was used. The genus Balgus and eight of the nine species were redescribed. The subspecies B. schnusei cayennensis Chassain, 2003 was considered a synonym of B. schnusei (Heller, 1914), and the genus was considered monophyletic. An identification key to all species of the genus was generated.
References
Agnarsson, I. & Miller, J.A. (2008) Is ACCTRAN better than DELTRAN? Cladistics, 24, 1–7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00229.xBergsten, J. (2005) A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics, 21, 163–193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00059.xBlackwelder, R.E. (1944) Check List of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Bulletin United States National Museum, 185 (2), 275–276.
Blanchard, C.E. (1843) Insectes de I'Amérique Méridionale recueillis par Alcide d'Orbigny. In: d'Orbigny, A. (Eds.), Voyage dans I'Amérique méridionale. Vol. 6. Chez V. Levrault, Paris, pp. 146–147.
Bocakova, M., Bocak, L., Hunt, T., Teravainen, M. & Vogler, A.P. (2007) Molecular phylogenetics of Elateriformia (Coleoptera): evolution of bioluminescence and neoteny. Cladistics, 23, 477–496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00164.xBonvouloir, H. (1875) Monographie de la Famille des Eucnémides (parts 3 & 4). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Sereis 4, 10, 561–907.
Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lawrence, J.F., Lyal, C.H.C., Newton, A.F., Reid, C.A.M., Schmitt, M., Ślipiński, S.A. & Smith, A.B.T. (2011) Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys, 88, 1–972.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807Bremer, K. (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00179.xBrower, A.V.Z. & de Pinna, M.C.C. (2012) Homology and errors. Cladistics, 28, 529–538.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00398.xBrower, A.V.Z. & de Pinna, M.C.C. (2013) About nothing. Cladistics, 30 (3), 1–7.
Calder, A.A. (1996) Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy. Vol 2. Click Beetles: Genera of Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 401 pp.
Calder, A.A., Lawrence, J.F. & Trueman, J.W.H. (1993) Austrelater, gen nov. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with description of the larva and comments on elaterid relationships. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 7, 1349–1394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IT9931349Casari, S.A. (2013) New species of Dilobitarsus Latreille with tetra-tuberculated pronotum (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 57 (4), 377–391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000046Chassain, J. (2003) Balgus schnusei (Heller) cayennensis, sous-espèce nouvelle d`Élateride de la faune de Guyane Française (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Thylacosterninae). Revue Française d'Entomologie, Nouvelle Serie, 25 (2), 81–84.
Chassain, J. & Touroult, J. (2010) Les Élatérides de Guyane (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Le Coléoptériste: Coléoptères de Guyane, 2, 14–30.
Chassain, J. & Touroult, J. (2013) Les espèces guyanaises des genres Balgus Fleutiaux et Pterotarsus Guérin-Méneville avec description de deux espèces nouvelles. Le Coléoptériste: Coléoptères de Guyane, 7, 73–86.
Cobos, A. (1961) Sobre la posicion sistematica del gênero Potergus Bonvouloir y revision de las categories supragenericas de la familia Throscidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin de l'Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 37 (35), 1–6.
Costa, C. (1984) Note on the bioluminescence of Balgus schnusei (Heller, 1974) (Trixagidae, Coleoptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 28 (4), 397–398.
Crowson, R.A. (1955) The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd, London, 187 pp.
Dalman, J.W. (1823) Analecta entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Holmiae, 104 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66069Dollo, L. (1893) Les Lois de l'évolution. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie de Paléontologie & d'Hydrologie, 7, 164–166.
Douglas, H. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships of Elateridae inferred from adult morphology, with special reference to the position of Cardiophorinae. Zootaxa, 2900, 1–45.
Efron, B. (1979) Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7, 1–26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552Felsenstein, J. (1978) Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Systematic Zoology, 27, 401–410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2412923Felsenstein, J. (1983) Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 14, 313–333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525Fleutiaux, E. (1920) Études sur les Melasidae (Coleoptera Serricornia), Premieré partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 60, 93–104.
Gardner, J.C.M. (1936) A larva of the subfamily Balginae (Col., Elateridae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 5 (1), 30–32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1936.tb01301.xGoloboff, P.A., Farris, S. & Nixon, K. (2000) TNT (Tree analysis using New Technology). Version 1.1. Published by the authors, Tucumán, Argentina. Available from: http://www.cladistics.com/aboutTNT.html/ (accessed 11 January 2016)
Gould, S.J. (1970) Dollo on Dollo's law: Irreversibility and the status of evolutionary laws. Journal of the History of Biology, 3 (2), 189–212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137351Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1843) Revue critique de la tribu des eucnémides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 2 (1), 163–199.
Hauser, D.L. & Presch, W. (2005) The effect of ordered characters on phylogenetic reconstruction. Cladistics, 7, 243–265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00037.xHeller, K.M. (1914) Ein neuer Eucnemide aus Peru (Col.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 3 (3), 73–74.
Kundrata, R. & Bocak, L. (2011) The phylogeny and limits of Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera): is there a common tendency of click beetles to soft-bodiedness and neoteny? Zoologica Scripta, 40 (4), 364–378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00476.xKundrata, R., Bocakova, M. & Bocak, L. (2014) The comprehensive phylogeny of the superfamily Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 162–171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.012Laporte, F.L.N.C. [Comte de Castelnau] (1835) Études entomologiques, ou descriptions d'insectes nouveaux et observations sur la synonymie. Revue Entomologique, 3, 157–181.
Latreille, P.A. (1834) Distribution méthodique et naturelle des genres de diverses tribus d'insectes coléopteres, de la famille des serricornes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 3, 113–170.
Lawrence, J.F., Muona, J., Teräväinen, M., Ståhls, G. & Vahtera, V. (2007) Anischia, Perothops and the phylogeny of Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia). Insects Systematic and Evolution, 38, 205–239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631207794761001Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.E. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera Based on Morphological Characters of Adults and Larvae. Annales Zoologici, 61 (1), 1–217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725Lewis, P.O. (2001) A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology, 50 (6), 913–925.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876Liò, P. & Goldman, N. (1998) Models of Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny. Genome Research, 8, 1233–1244.
Muona, J. (1987) The generic names of the beetle family Eucnemidae (Coleoptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 18, 79–92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631287X00043Nixon, K.C. (2002) Winclada. Version 1.0. Published by the author, Ithaca. Available from: http://www.cladistics.com/aboutWinc.htm/ (accessed 11 January 2016)
Nylander, J.A.A., Ronquist, R., Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2004) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology, 53 (1), 47–67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150490264699de Pinna, M.C.C. (1991) Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics, 7, 367–394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.xPol, D. & Siddall, M.E. (2001) Biases in Maximum Likelihood and Parsimony: A Simulation Approach to a 10-Taxon Case. Cladistics, 17, 266–281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/clad.2001.0172Rambaut, A. (2012) FigTree: Tree Figure Drawing Tool. Version 1.4.0. Published by the author. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 11 January 2016)
Ronquist, F. (2004) Bayesian inference of character evolution. Phylogenetics Series, 19 (9), 475–481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.002Ronquist, F.R. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19 (12), 1574–1575.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180Schenkling, S. (1928) Melasidae. Pars 96. In: Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus auspiciis et auxilio. W. Junk., Berlin, pp. 1–110.
Sereno, P.C. (2007) Logical basis for morphological characters in phylogenetics. Cladistics, 23, 565–587.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00161.xSiddall, M.A. (1998) Success of Parsimony in the Four-Taxon Case: Long-Branch Repulsion by Likelihood in the Farris Zone. Cladistics, 14, 209–220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00334.xTanner, V.M.A. (1927) Preliminary study of the genitalia of female Coleoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 53 (1), 5–55.
Vahtera, V., Muona, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (2009) Phylogeny of Thylacosterninae (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Cladistics, 25, 147–160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00239.xWright, A.P.M. & Hills, D.M. (2014) Bayesian Analysis Using a Simple Likelihood Model Outperforms Parsimony for Estimation of Phylogeny from Discrete Morphological Data. PLoS ONE, 9 (10), 1–6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109210