Abstract
The earwig (Dermaptera) fauna of Penang Island, Malaysia, was evaluated by means of an extensive field survey together with revision of the few published data. Based on the results of the field survey, 31 species are recognized (2 Diplatyidae, 3 Pygidicranidae, 5 Anisolabididae, 2 Labiduridae, 14 Spongiphoridae, 4 Chelisochidae, 1 Forficulidae). Fifteen of these taxa are new to Peninsular Malaysia (=West Malaysia): Diplatys annandalei Burr, 1911, Diplatys mutiara n. sp., Euborellia philippinensis Srivastava, 1979, Metisolabis punctata (Dubrony, 1879), Pseudovostox brindlei Srivastava, 2003, Chaetospania anderssoni Brindle, 1971, Chaetospania javana Borelli, 1926, Chaetospania huisiangi n. sp., Paralabellula boettcheri (Borelli, 1923), Paralabellula rotundifrons (Hincks, 1954), Nesogaster amoenus (Stål, 1855), Hamaxas crassus Borelli, 1926, Proreus coalescens (Borelli, 1927), Hypurgus humeralis (Kirby, 1891), and an unidentified Echinosoma sp. Species composition of the island are compared with the dermapteran fauna of Thailand. Descriptions of females (or female genitalia) are given for some species for the first time.
References
Borelli, A. (1921) Di alcuni Dermateteri raccolti in Malesia dal Prof. C. F. Baker. Bollettino Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della Reale Università di Torino, 35 (736), 1–9.
Borelli, A. (1923) Dermatteri delle isole Filippine. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Università di Torino, 38, 1–20.
Borelli, A. (1926a) Dermatteri delle Isole Filippine, Nota VII. Res Biologicae, Bollettino dell’Instituto di Zoologia della R. Università di Torino, 1 (5), 61–79.
Borelli, A. (1926b) Dermaptères de Java, Sumatra et îles Voisines. Treubia, 8 (3–4), 248–273.
Borelli, A. (1927) Fauna sumatrensis (Beitrag Nr. 36): Dermaptera. Supplementa Entomologica, 15, 69–80.
Borelli, A. (1932a) Dermapteres de la Presqu’ile Malaise. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, Straits Settlements, 7, 80–95.
Borelli, A. (1932b) Dermapteres de Borneo. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museiums, 17 (1), 179–190.
Bormans, A. de. (1883) Etude sur quelques Forficulaires nouveaux ou peu connus précédé d un tableau synoptique des genres de cette famille. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 27, 59–90.
Bormans, A. de. (1894) Viaggio di Leorardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine: LXI. Dermaptères. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Genova, 34, 371–409.
Bormans, A. de (1900) Quelques Dermaptères du Musée civique de Gênes. Annali del Musco Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2.a, 20, 441–467.
Bormans, A. de & Krauss, H. (1900) Forficulidae und Hemimeridae. In: Das Tierreich, 11. Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn, Berlin, 142 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69336Brindle, A. (1968) The Dermaptera of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Part III. Arkiv for Zoologi, Serie 2, 20 (25), 533–552.
Brindle, A. (1971) The Dermaptera of Ceylon. Entomologica scandinavica Supplements, 1, 208–226.
Burmeister, H. (1838) Dermatoptera. Handbuch der Entomologie, Bd2, 2 (1), 743–756.
Burr, M. (1901) The earwigs of Ceylon. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 14 (2), 316–336.
Burr, M. (1910) Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Dermaptera (earwigs). Taylor and Francis, London, xviii + 217 pp., 10 pls.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100789Burr, M. (1911) A Revision of the Genus Diplatys, serv. (Dermaptera). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1911, 21–46, pls. 7–8.
Burr, M. (1912) Die Dermapteren des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in Wien. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 26, 63–108.
Costa, J.T. (2006) The other insect societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 767 pp.
Disney, R.H.L., Neoh, K.-B & Lee, C.-Y. (2009) A new species of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitizing a termite (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Malaysia. Sociobiology, 54, 89–94.
Dohrn, H. (1863a) Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. Entomologische Zeitung (= Stettiner entomologische zeitung), 24, 35–66.
Dohrn, H. (1863b) Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. Entomologische Zeitung (= Stettiner entomologische zeitung), 24, 309–322.
Dohrn, H. (1865) Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. Entomologische Zeitung (= Stettiner entomologische zeitung), 26 (1–3), 68–99.
Dohrn, H. (1867) Neue und bisher nicht genugend bekannte Forficulinen. Entomologische Zeitung (= Stettiner entomologische zeitung), 28, 343–349.
Dubrony, A. (1879) Enumeration des Orthoptères rapportés par MM. J. Doria, O. Beccari, et L. M. d’Albertis des regions Indienne et Austro-Malaise. Annali del Museo civico di storia natural di Genova, 14, 348–383.
Engel, M.S. & Haas, F. (2007) Family-group names for earwigs (Dermaptera). American Museum Novitates, 3567, 1‒20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)539[1:FNFED]2.0.CO;2Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburg and Leipzig, 832 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36510Fabricius, J.C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome 2. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, 519 pp.
Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. & May, L.-E. (2011) Heritage trees of Penang. Areca Books, Penang, Malaysia, 397 pp.
Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 772 pp.
Haan, W. de (1842) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, K.J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Overzeesche Bezittingen. Natuurkuundige Commissie in Indie, Leiden, pp. 12–243.
Haas, F., Hwen, J.T.C. & Tang, H.B. (2012) New evidence on the mechanics of wing unfolding in Dermaptera. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 70, 95–105.
Hebard, M. (1929) Notes on Malayan and Philippine Dermaptera, with the description of two new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 55 (4), 335–344.
Hincks, W.D. (1949) Some earwigs (Dermaptera) from New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (B), 18 (11–12), 201–206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1949.tb01410.xHincks, W.D. (1954) The Dermaptera of Sumba and F1ores. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 65 (1), 9–23.
Hincks, W.D. (1959) A Systematic Monograph of the Dermaptera of the World. Part II. Pygidicranidae excluding Diplatyinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 218 pp.
Hoshiba, H., Sakai, S. & Imanishi, M. (1988) Chromosome studies on the two chelisochid earwigs with special reference to the 46 dermapteran species. Proceedings of the Japanese Academy, Series B, 64, 303–306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.64.303Hudson, L. (1973) A systematic revision of the New Zealand Dermaptera. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 3, 219–254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1973.10430603Kamimura, Y. (2000) Possible removal of rival sperm by the elongated genitalia of the earwig, Euborellia plebeja. Zoological Science, 17, 667–672.
Kamimura, Y. & Lee, C.-Y. (2014a) Mating and genital coupling in the primitive earwig species Echinosoma denticulatum (Pygidicranidae): implications for genital evolution in dermapteran phylogeny. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 72 (1), 11–21.
Kamimura, Y. & Lee, C.-Y. (2014b) Genital morphology and mating behavior of Allostethus (Insecta: Dermaptera), an earwig genus of enigmatic phylogenetic position. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 72 (3), 331–343.
Kamimura, Y., Tee, H.-S. & Lee, C.-Y. (2016) Ovoviviparity and genital evolution: a lesson from an earwig species with coercive traumatic mating and accidental breakage of elongated intromittent organs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. [in press]
Kevan, D.K. McE. & Vickery, V.R. (1977) An annotated provisional list of non-saltatorial orthopteroid insects of Micronesia, compiled mainly from the literature. Micronesia, 30, 269–353.
Kirby, W.F. (1891) A revision of the Forficulidae, with descriptions of new species in the British Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 23, 502–531.
Klass, K.-D. (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 251–307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.xKlass, K.-D. (2003) The female genitalic region in basal earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae s.l.). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 61, 173–225.
Kočárek, P. (2009) A case of viviparity in a tropical non-parasitizing earwig (Dermaptera Spongiphoridae). Tropical Zoology, 22, 237–241.
Kočárek, P. (2010) Case 3522. Palicinae Burr, 1910 (Dermaptera, Spongiphoridae): proposed emendation of the current spelling to Palexinae to remove homonymy with Palicidae Bouvier, 1898 (Crustacea, Decapoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 67, 211–212.
Lee, C.-Y., Ngee, P.-S., Lee, L.-C. & Na, J.P.-S. (2004) Survey of termite diversity in Pantai Acheh Forest Reserve, Penang Island, Malaysia. Jurnal Biosains, 15, 91–99.
McClure, H. E., Lim, B.-L. & Winn, S.E. (1967) Fauna of the dark cave, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pacific Insects, 9 (3), 399–728.
Motschulsky, V. de. (1863) D’un catalogue des insects de l’ile Ceylan. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des naturalistes de Moscou, 36, 1–153.
Nishikawa, M. (1973) Dermaptera of Malay Peninsula taken by the Japanese IBP Team. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia, 7, 317–322.
Nishikawa, M. (2005) A checklist of the Dermaptera recorded from Thailand. Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, 1, 149–164.
Pallas, P.S. (1773) Anhang zum zweyten Theil. Descriptiones Animalium. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reiches, 2, 701–732.
Popham, E.J. (2000) The geographical distribution of the Dermaptera (Insecta) with reference to continental drift. Journal of Natural History, 34, 2007–2027.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144837Sakai, S. (1982) A new proposed classification of the Dermaptera with special reference to the check-list of the Dermaptera of the world. Bulletin of Daito Bunka University, 20, 1–108.
Sakai, S. (1985) Dermapterorum Catalogus XVI-XVIII: Iconographia I-III. Pygidicranidae and Diplatyidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 1080 pp.
Sakai, S. (1987) Dermapterorum Catalogus XIX-XX: Iconographia IV-V. Chelisochidae and Anisolabididae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 1567 pp.
Sakai, S. (1990) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXI-XXII: Iconographia VI-VII. Labiduridae and Apachyidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, xxii + 889 pp.
Sakai, S. (1991) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIII: Iconographia VIII. Spongiphoridae I. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 708 pp.
Sakai, S. (1992) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIV: Iconographia VIII. Spongiphoridae II. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 757 pp.
Sakai, S. (1993) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXV: Iconographia IX. Spongiphoridae III. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 595 pp.
Sakai, S. (1994) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVI: Iconographia X. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 889 pp.
Sakai, S. (1995a) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVII: Iconographia XI. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 926 pp.
Sakai, S. (1995b) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVIII: Iconographia XII. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 712 pp.
Sakai, S. (1995c) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIX: Iconographia XIII. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 970 pp.
Sakai, S. (1995d) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXX: Iconographia XIV. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 748 pp.
Sakai, S. (1996) Dermapterorum Catalogus XXXI: Notes on contemporary classification of Dermaptera and recent references of Dermaptera. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, 588 pp.
Schneider, K. & Klass, K.-D. (2013) The female genitalic region in Eudermaptera (Insecta: Dermaptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 183–203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.004Smith, G.B., Veera Singham, G., Kuah, M.-K. & Lee, C.-Y. (2011) Two new inquiline silverfish (Zygentoma: Ateluridae, Lepismatidae) from Malaysia. Sociobiology, 57, 19–34.
Srivastava, G.K. (1979) On a new species of genus Euborellia Burr (Dermaptera : Carcinophoridae) from Philippines. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 2 (1), 49–51.
Srivastava, G.K. (1983) Notes on some Borelli’s types of Dermaptera (Ins.) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino, 1 (2), 227–242.
Srivastava, G.K. (1992) Taxonomic status of certain genera of Pygidicranidae (Dermaptera). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 92 (1–4), 41–52.
Srivastava, G.K. (1995) On the classification of Spongiphoridae (= Labiidae) with a list of species. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 95, 71–105.
Srivastava, G.K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 97, 73–100.
Srivastava, G.K. (2003a) Fauna of India and the adjacent Countries, Dermaptera Part II: Anisolaboidea. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 235 pp.
Srivastava, G.K. (2003b) Studies on Oriental Dermaptera preserved in the B. P. Museum, Hawaii, U. S. A. In: Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, No. 210. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 1–72.
Srivastava, G.K. (2013) Fauna of India and the adjacent countries, Dermaptera Part III: Apachyoidea and Forficuloidea. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 469 pp.
Srivastava, G.K. & Kovac, D. (1993) Notes on some Dermaptera from Malaya with description of two new species. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 93 (1–2), 253–266.
Stål, C. (1855) Entomologiska Notiser. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 12, 343–353.
Stål, C. (1860) Orthptera, species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies resa omkring jorden, Vetenskaplica Iakttagelser, II (Zoologi), 1 (Insecta), 299–348.
Steghaus-Kovac, S. & Maschwitz, U. (1993) Predation on earwigs: A novel diet specialization within the genus Leptogenys (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 40 (3), 337–340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242370Steinmann, H. (1986) Dermaptera. Catadermaptera I. In: Das Tierreich. 102. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1–343.
Steinmann, H. (1987) Two new genera and species for the subfamily Labiinae (Dermaptera: Labiidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 33 (1–2), 177–186.
Steinmann, H. (1989a) Dermaptera. Catadermaptera II. In: Das Tierreich. 105. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1–504.
Steinmann, H. (1989b) World Catalogue of Dermaptera. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, 934 pp.
Steinmann, H. (1990) Dermaptera. Eudermaptera I. In: Das Tierreich. 106. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1–558.
Steinmann, H. (1993) Dermaptera. Eudermaptera II. In: Das Tierreich. 108. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1–711.
Tworzydło, W., Biliński, S.M., Kočárek, P. & Haas, F. (2010) Ovaries and germline cysts and their evolution in Dermaptera (Insecta). Arthropod Structure & Development 39, 360–368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2010.05.004Yersin, M.A. (1860) Note sur quelques Orthoptères nouveaux ou peu connus d’Europe. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 3 (8), 509–537.
Zacher, F. (1911) Studien über die System der Protodermaptera. Zoologische Jahrbücher Systematik, 30, 303–340.