Abstract
Guancha tetela was originally described as a species having a peduncle and a skeleton exclusively composed of sagittal triactines. Therefore, according to the most recent phylogeny of Clathrinida, it should be placed in the genus Clathrina. This species was collected on the Northeastern Brazilian coast in 1968 and it was not collected again until 2011 in Curaçao. In this study, we reanalyzed the type material and the new specimens from Curaçao under a morphological-molecular approach. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of tetractines in the skeleton of all the studied specimens, including a slide of the holotype. In the molecular phylogeny G. tetela grouped with genera containing tetractines, but as an independent new lineage, different from all the other genera of Clathrinida. Based on these results, we propose the erection of a new genus, Nicola gen. nov., to include species whose body is composed of tubes without anastomosis nor branches but that run in parallel and coalesce at the apical and basal regions. Moreover, the skeleton is exclusively composed of sagittal triactines and tetractines.
References
Arndt, W. (1928) Porifera, Schwämme, Spongien. Tierwelt Deutschlands, 4, 1–94.
Arndt, W. (1941) Lebendbeobachtungen an Kiesel-und Hornschwämmen des Berliner Aquariums. Zoologische Garten, N.F., 13, 140–166.
Azevedo, F., Hajdu, E., Willenz, P. & Klautau, M. (2009) New records of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from the Chilean coast. Zootaxa, 2072, 1–30.
Bidder, G.P. (1898) The skeleton and the classification of calcareous sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 64, 61–76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1898.0070Borojevic, R. & Peixinho, S. (1976) Éponge calcaires du nord-nord-est du Brésil. Bulletin du Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, 3 (402), 988–1036.
Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1141–1152.
Boury-Esnault, N. & Rützler, K. (1997) Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 55 pp.
Bowerbank, J.S. (1864) A monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 1. Ray Society, London, 290 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2038Breitfuss, L. (1896) Kalkschwämme der Bremer-Expedition nach Ost-Spitzbergen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19, 426–432.
Breitfuss, L. (1898) Kalkschwammfauna des Westküste Portugals. Zoologische Jahrbücher, 2, 89–102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.26898Breitfuss, L. (1932) Die Kalkschwammfauna des arktischen Gebietes. Fauna Arctica, 6, 235–252.
Breitfuss, L. (1935) La Spugne calcarea dell’Adriatico con riflesso a tutto il Mediterraneo. Memorie Reale Comitato Talassographico Italiano, 223, 1–45.
Brøndsted, H.V. (1931) Die Kalkschwämme. Deutschen Südpolar Expedition 1901–3, 20, 1–47.
Burton, M. (1930) The Porifera of the Siboga expedition III. Calcarea. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 18 pp.
Dendy, A. & Row, H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 47, 704–813.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1913.tb06152.xFelsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408678Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology, 59 (3), 307–321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010Hartman, W. (1958) A re-examination of Bidder’s classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology, 7, 97–110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411971Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwämme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 418 pp.
Hôzawa, S. (1929) Studies on the calcareous sponges of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo, Zoology, 1, 277–389.
Imešek, M., Pleše, B., Pfannkuchen, M., Godrijan, J., Pfannkuchen, D.M., Klautau, M. & Ćetković, H. (2014) Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sarà, 1958. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 14, 21–29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-013-0156-0Jenkin, C.F. (1908) The Calcarea of the National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History Reports, 4, 182–311.
Katoh, K. & Toh, T. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9 (4), 286–298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003) Revision of the Genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 1–62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.xKlautau, M., Azevedo, F., Cóndor-Luján, B., Rapp, H.T., Collins, A & Russo, C. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel’s taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53, 447–461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict039Lackschewitsch, P. (1886) Über die Kalkschwämme Menorcas. Zoologische Jahrbücher, 1, 297–310.
von Lendenfeld, R. (1891) Die Spongien der Adria. I. Die Kalkschwämme. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 212 pp.
Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Guimarães, A.C.R., Salgado, A. Lamarão, F.R.M., Vieiralves, T., Mansure, J.J. & Albano, R.M. (2004) Intragenomic, Intra – and interspecific variation in the rDNA ITS of Porifera revealed by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Bolletino dei Musei e Degli Istitui Biologicci dell´Università di Genova, 68, 413–423.
Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1868) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Spongien I. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 4, 221–240.
Minchin, E.A. (1896) Suggestions for a natural classification of the Asconidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 349–362.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680470Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14 (9), 817–818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817Rapp, H.T. (2006) Calcareous sponges of the genera Clathrina and Guancha (Calcinea, Calcarea, Porifera) of Norway (north-east Atlantic) with the description of five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 331–365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00221.xRonquist, F. & Huelsenback, J.P. (2003) MrBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180Rossi, A., Russo, C.A.M., Solé-Cava, A., Rapp, H. & Klautau, M. (2011) Phylogenetic signal in the evolution of body colour and spicule skeleton in calcareous sponges. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 1026–1034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00739.xSambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. (1987) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual. 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1659 pp.
Tanita, S. (1943) Studies on the Calcarea of Japan. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 17, 353–490.
Topsent, E. (1936) Étude sur les Leucosolenia. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique de Monaco, 711, 1–47.
Vosmaer, G.C. (1881) Vorloopig Berigt omtrent het onderzoek door den ondergeteekende aan de nederlandsche Werktafel in het Zoölogisch Station te Napels verrigt, 20 Nov. 1880–20 Feb. 1881. Nederlandse Staatscourant, La Haye, 109 pp.
Vosmaer, G.C. (1887) Klassen und Ordnungen der Spongien (Porifera). In: Bronn, H.G. (Ed.), Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg, pp. 1–496.