Abstract
New species of the genus Niphargus is described and named as N. kermanshahi sp. nov. from a karst spring in west of Iran. This species is identified based on the analysis of morphological characters and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. Taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of this species is discussed in comparison to other Iranian species of Niphargus genus.
References
Altermatt, F., Alther, R., Fišer, C., Jokela, J., Konec, M., Küry, D., Mächler, E., Stucki, P. & Westram, A. (2014) Diversity and distribution of freshwater amphipods in Switzerland (Crustacea: Amphipoda). PLOS ONE, 9, e110328.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110328Bousfield, E.L. (1977) A new look at the systematics of gammaridean amphipods of the world. Crustaceana supplement, 4, 282–316.
Brad, T., Fišer, C., Jean-François, F. & Serban, M. S. (2015) Niphargus dancaui sp. nov. (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) – a new species thriving in sulfidic groundwaters in southeastern Romania. European Journal of Taxonomy, 164, 1–28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.164Dobreanu, E. & Manolache, C. (1933) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Amphipoden Rumniens. Notationes Biologicae, 1, 103–108.
Esmaeili-Rineh, S. & Sari, A. (2013) Two new species of Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) from two caves in Iran. Journal of Natural History, 47, 2649–2669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.802041Esmaeili-Rineh, S., Sari, A., Delić, T., Moškrič, A. & Fišer, C. (2015a) Molecular Phylogeny of the Subterranean Genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Middle East: A Comparison with European Niphargids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175, 812–826.
Esmaeili-Rineh, S., Sari, A. & Fišer, C. (2015b) Making future taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in the Middle East easier: DELTA database of Middle East species with description of four new species from Iran. Zootaxa, 4020 (3), 401–430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4020.3.1Fišer, C., Sket, B. & Trontelj, P. (2008) A phylogenetic perspective on 160 years of troubled taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda), Zoologica Scripta, 37 (6), 665–680.
Fišer, C. & Zagmajster, M. (2009) Cryptic species from cryptic space: the case of Niphargus fongi sp. (Amphipoda, Niphargidae). Crustaceana, 82, 593–614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854009X407704Fišer, C., Çamur-Elipek, B. & Özbek, M. (2009a) The subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the Middle East: a faunistic overview with descriptions of two new species. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 248, 137–150.
Fišer, C., Trontelj, P., Luštrik, R. & Sket, B. (2009b) Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability, Zootaxa, 2061, 1–22.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hartke, T.R., Fišer, C., Hohagen, J., Kleber, S., Hartmann, R. & Koenemann, S. (2011) Morphological and molecular analysis of closely related species in the stygobiontic genus Niphargus (Amphipoda), Journal of Crustacean Biology, 31 (4), 701–709.
Hekmatara, M., Zakšek, V., Heidari, M.B. & Fišer, C. (2013) Two new species of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Iran. Journal of Natural History, 47, 1421–1449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743616Hou, Z. & Li, S. (2010) Intraspecific or interspecific variation: delimitation of species boundaries within the genus Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridae), with description of four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean society, 260, 215–253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00603.xHuelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees, Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
Karaman, S. (1952) Podrod Stygoniphargus u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj [Das Subgenus Stygoniphargus in Slovenien und Kroatien]. Prirodoslovna istraživanja, 25, 3–38.
Karaman, G.S. (1998) First discovery of the family Niphargidae (Gammaridea) in Iran (Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda 243). Glas Od Prir Nauka–Crnog Akad Nauka Umjet, 12, 9–22.
Karaman, G.S. (2014a) New member of the family Niphargidae from Croatia, Niphargus radzai, sp. n. (Contribution to the Knowledge of the Amphipoda 273). Zootaxa, 3811 (4), 585–598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3811.4.9Karaman, G.S. (2014b) Two poorly known species of the subterranean family Niphargidae (Gammaridea) from Slovenia and Croatia (Contribution to the knowledge of Amphipoda 276). Natura Montenegrina, 13 (1), 281–308.
Karaman, G.S. (2016) One new species of the family Niphargidae from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda 289). Ecologica Montenegrina, 6, 15–33.
Khalaji-Pirbalouty, V. & Sari, A. (2006) A description of Gammarus balutchi n. sp. (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) from Iran, based on light and electron microscopy. Zoologische Mededelingen, 80, 91–100.
Latreille, P.A. (1816) Amphipoda. In: Nouveau Dictionaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux Arts, à l'Agriculture, à l'Économie rurale et domestique, à la Médecine, etc. Par une société de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. 2nd edition. Volume 1. Deterville, Paris. pp. 467–469.
Lefébure, T., Douady, C.J., Gouy, M., Trontelj, P., Briolay, J. & Gibert, J. (2006) Molecular phylogeography of Niphargus virei. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1797–1806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02888.xLefébure, T., Douady., C.J, Malard, F. & Gibert, J. (2007) Testing dispersal and cryptic diversity in a widely distributed groundwater amphipod (Niphargus rhenorhodanensis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 676–686.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.020Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (2013) A phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zootaxa, 3610 (1), 1–80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3610.1.1Mathieu, J., Jeannerod, F. Hervant, F. & Kane, T.C. (1997) Genetic differentiation of Niphargus rhenorhodanensis (Amphipoda) from interstitial and karst environments. Aquatic Sciences, 59, 39–47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02522549Meleg, I.N., Zakšek, V., Fišer, C., Kelemen, B.S. & Moldovan, O.T. (2013) Can environment predict cryptic diversity? The case of Niphargus inhabiting western carpathian groundwater. PLoS ONE, 8, e76760.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076760Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253–1256.
Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. (2009) Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST).Version 1.7.4.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180Schiödte, J.G. (1849) Bidrag til den underjordiske fauna. Det kong danske vidensk Selsk krifter Femte Raekke Naturv Mathem Afd Andet Bind. Copenhagen, 2, 39 pp.
Sket, B. (1999a) High biodiversity in hypogean waters and its endangerment – situation in Slovenia, Dinaric karst, and Europe. Crustacean, 72, 767–779.
Sket, B. (1999b) The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered, Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1319–1338.
Stock, J.H., Mirzajani, A.R., Vonk, R., Naderi, S. & Kiabi, B.H. (1998) Limnic and brackish water Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Iran. Beaufortia, 48, 173–234.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T. (1994) Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673–4680.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673Trontelj, P., Douady, C., Fišer, C., Gibert, J., Gorički, Š., Lefébure, T., Sket, B. & Zakšek, V. (2009) A molecular test for hidden biodiversity in groundwater: how large are the ranges of macro-stygobionts? Freshwater Biology, 54, 727–744.
Väinölä, R., Witt, J. D.S., Grabowski, M., Bradbury, J.H., Jazdzewski, K. & Sket, B. (2008) Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 241–255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6Verovnik, R., Sket, B. & Trontelj, P. (2005) The colonization of Europe by the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda) proceeded from ancient refugia and was directed by habitat connectivity. Molecular Ecology, 14, 4355–4369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02745.xZakšek, V., Sket, B. & Trontelj, P. (2007) Phylogeny of the cave shrimp Troglocaris: evidence of a young connection between Balkans and Caucasus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 223–235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.009